Contributions of Artificial Intelligence to Achieve Gender Equality in the Decision-Making Processes in Energy Projects

The aim of the research is to identify the contributions of artificial intelligence to achieving gender equality conditions in the decision-making processes of indigenous groups and communities in energy projects. Although local laws and international commitments protect the right to free, prior, and informed consent, experiences in Latin America indicate that women may encounter obstacles to representation in local communities, lack sufficient information, or have their needs, concerns, and desires overlooked regarding the impact of planned activities within their territories. Through the historic and analytical methods, this research will explore the vulnerability of indigenous women, as well as the rules and landmark cases that have interpreted the scope of the free, prior, and informed consent, which is important for the development of energy infrastructure. In this regard, further strategies should be implemented to effectively communicate with indigenous people. It is deemed that the appropriate use of artificial intelligence could be an important tool to explain clearly the risks and benefits of the energy projects and allow women to participate to offer some suggestions for improvements according to their own needs and aspirations, as well as to identify paths to achieve energy justice. The theoretical approach of this research will lead to further developments of artificial intelligence to assist women involved in the energy decision-making processes and explore further horizons for gender equality. In addition, it is important to consider that the uses of artificial intelligence should be aimed at helping vulnerable people. In this regard, the paths and challenges of artificial intelligence as a tool to contribute to the protection of human rights should be explored.

Gender equality; free, prior and informed consent

1. Bárcenas Díaz, A. (2015). La Mujer gobernante en la época Prehispánica. Vida Científica. 3 (5). Retrieved from: https://www.uaeh.edu.mx/scige/boletin/prepa4/n5/e1.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Business and Human Rights Resource Centre (2021). Renewable energy (in)justice in Latin America. Retrieved from: https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/RE_LATAM_final_English.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Chen, Y. et al. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Methods in Natural Language Processing: A Comprehensive Review. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology. 28. 545-550. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1034/5c14c827541f449a17b4bf402eafc7cbde9c.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Dworkin, A. (1979). For Men, Freedom of Speech; For Women, Silence Please. Retrieved from http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVE.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Dworkin, A. (1975). La atrocidad de la violación y el chico de al lado. Retrived from https://www.sanfelipe.edu.uy/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Andrea-Dworkin.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Dworkin, A. (1974). Woman Hating. A radical look at sexuality. New York, Boston: E.P. Dutton. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. ExxonMobil (2025). ExxonMobil Global Outlook. Our view to 2050. Retrieved from https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/sustainability-and-reports/global-outlook/introduction. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Ferrajoli, L. (2007). Los fundamentos de los derechos fundamentales. Trans. P. Andrés et al. Madrid: Trotta. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Gouges, O. (2009). Declaración de los derechos de la Mujer y de la Ciudadana. Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana. 13. 267-279. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Grimm, D. (2017). Human Dignity in Context: Explorations of a Contested Concept. Baden-Baden: Nomos. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Hall, C. (2011). Latin America’s Indigenous Women. Human Rights & Human Welfare. 11 (1). Retrieved from Hall, C. (2011). Latin America’s Indigenous Women. Human Rights & Human Welfare. 11 (1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Hauer, T. (2022). Importance and limitations of AI ethics in contemporary society. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications. 9 (272). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01300-7. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Heffron, R. (2021). Energy Law: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Springer: Dundee, UK. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Holgersson, C. & Wahl, A. (2021) Equality, gender equality and gender – an introduction. KTH series on gender and gender equality. 1. Retrieved from [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. https://www.kth.se/en/om/equality/necessaren-larande-for-jamstalldhet-mangfaldoch-likavillkor/filmer-och-texter-1.1139358. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) Adopted on 27 June 1989 by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation at its seventy-sixth session Entry into force: 5 September 1991. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocitycrimes/Doc.16_Indigenous%20and%20Tribal%20Peoples%20Convention.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2017). Indigenous Women and Their Human Rights in the Americas. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/indigenous/docs/pdf/BrochureMujeresIndigenas-en.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2012). Case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku vs. Ecuador. Retrieved from https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/resumen_245_ing.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2015). Comunidad Garífuna de Punta Piedra y sus Miembros vs. Honduras. Retrieved from: ttps://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_304_esp.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2015). Comunidad Garífuna Triunfo de la Cruz y sus Miembros vs. Honduras. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_305_esp.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2023). Comunidad Indígena Maya Q’Eqchi’ Agua Caliente vs. Guatemala. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_488_esp.pdf. 21. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2005). Comunidad Indígena Yakye Axa vs. Paraguay. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_125_esp.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2020). Comunidades Indígenas Miembros de la Asociación Lhaka Honhat (Nuestra Tierra) vs. Argentina. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_400_esp.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2024). Pueblo Indígena U’wa y sus miembros vs. Colombia. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_530_esp.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2015). Pueblos Kaliña y Lokono vs. Surinam. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_309_esp.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Kellogg, S. (2005). Weaving the Past: A History of Latin America’s Indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the Present: New York: Oxford. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Lyth, A. (2001). The development of the legal protection against sexual violence in armed conflictsadvantages and disadvantages. Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, 12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. MacKinnon, C. (1989). Hacia una teoría feminista del Estado. Translation by Eugenia Martín. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. MacKinnon, C. (2020). Equality. Daedalus. 149 (1), 213-221. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Organization of American States (1988). Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador). Retrieved from: https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/Treaties/a-52.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Organization of American States (1948). American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/american-declaration-rights-dutiesof-man.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Organization of American States (1969). American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San José, Costa Rica". Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/dil/access_to_information_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Organization of American States (2000). Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression. Retrieved from: https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/basics/declaration-principles-freedomexpression.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Organization of American States (1994). Inter‐American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-60.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Organization of American States (1999). Inter‐American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-65.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Organization of American States (1994). Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women “Convention of Belem do Pará”. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-61.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Organization of American States (1985). Inter‐American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture. Retrieved from: https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-51.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Parvatha, N. (2024). AI-Augmented Reality: Bridging the Gap between Virtual and Physical Worlds in Real-Time. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 12 (7), 1362-1373. Retrieved from: https://ijsrm.net. DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v12i07.ec08. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Perini, L. (2023). Indigenous Women Activists in Latin America Against Colonialism, Capitalism and Patriarchy: Voices for a ‘New World. Politics. Rivista di Studi Politici. 19. https://doi.org/10.4000/140lt [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Robles Vázquez, J. & Tovar Silva, Y. G. (2016). Teoría Jurídica Crítica Norteamericana: Una Introducción a los Critical Legal Studies. México: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Rongali, S. K. (2025). Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Artificial Intelligence. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25(01), 2515-2519. Retrieved from: https://journalwjarr.com/node/3251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.1.0277. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Ruge, D. (2009). Indigenous Rights in Latin America: The Gap Between Doctrine and Reality. Human Rights & Human Welfare. 9 (1), pp. 72-86. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. United Nations Organization (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civiland-political-rights. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. United Nations Organization (1976). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. United Nations Organization (2018). Principios rectores sobre las empresas y los derechos humanos. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_sp.p df. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. United Nations Organization (2018). Right of indigenous people. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wpcontent/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. United Nations Organization (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Valladares de la Cruz, L. R. (2020). Mujeres indígenas entre guerras: Viejas y nuevas expresiones de la violencia. Encartes. 2 (4), pp. 145-174. https://encartesantropologicos.mx/mujeres-indigenasviolencia-extractivismo/Encartesissn 2594-2999. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Varsha, P. S. (2023). How can we manage biases in artificial intelligence systems – A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100165 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Vergara Villegas, O. O. et al. (2021). Artificial Intelligence for Industry 4.0 in Iberoamerica. Computación y Sistemas, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2021, pp. 761–773. doi: 10.13053/CyS-25-4-4056 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Wollstonecraft, M. (2018). Vindicación de los derechos de la mujer. Transl. Carmen Martínez Gimeno. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. World Bank (2024). Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty First Century. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099030504222512735/pdf/IDU-bcf13731-4cd1401a-bda5-a706214d6285.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Conflict of Law in the Safeguarding of Malaysian Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Way Forward
• Alternative Dispute Resolution in India: A Brief Overview Justice Delayed is Justice Denied. - William E. Gladstone
• The Role of Museums in Safeguarding Cultural Heritage Rights: Balancing Access and Repatriation
• An Evaluation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights' Significance and Application in Nigeria
• The Role of International Law in Shaping National Immigration Policies.