IJRISS Logo

Developing Entrepreneurial Talent for Competitive Start-Ups: A Systematic Literature Review

Authors

Dyah Kusumastuti

Management Department, Sangga Buana University, Bandung, Indonesia (Indonesia)

Heri Purwanto

Information Systems Department, Sangga Buana University, Bandung, Indonesia (Indonesia)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100700901

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 10/7 | Page No: 13285-13304

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-08-01

Accepted: 2026-08-06

Published: 2026-08-14

Abstract

Entrepreneurial talent is increasingly treated as a developable resource for start-up formation and competitiveness, but evidence remains fragmented across entrepreneurship education, founder competence, human capital, digital entrepreneurship, team composition, and entrepreneurial ecosystems. This systematic literature review examines how entrepreneurial talent is conceptualized, developed, activated, and associated with start-up outcomes. A PRISMA-guided, Scopus-bounded search of titles, abstracts, and keywords was completed on 30 June 2026. The search identified 346 records; after the publication-period, document-type, language, and scope criteria were applied, 125 English-language journal articles published from 2020 onward formed the formal review corpus. Quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method, conceptual, bibliometric, review, case-study, and experimental designs were synthesized narratively. Because these designs and outcomes were heterogeneous, quality was interpreted descriptively and claims were calibrated to evidence maturity rather than combined into a single cross-design score. Four domains emerged: entrepreneurial-talent conceptualization; education and talent development; start-up outcomes; and ecosystem, digital, and contextual enablement. The synthesis defines entrepreneurial talent at the individual level as a developable portfolio of knowledge, skills, abilities, experience, motivation, self-efficacy, resilience, and digital fluency, while distinguishing founding-team competence, venture-level dynamic capability, and ecosystem enablement as analytically separate but interacting levels. Evidence supports a stage-contingent pattern from opportunity recognition and experimentation to commercialization, survival, and scaling, but many studies remain cross-sectional or rely on intention and readiness measures. The review therefore proposes, rather than validates, a multilevel framework linking development, activation, team complementarity, resource orchestration, ecosystem conditions, and objective venture outcomes. Findings should be interpreted as Scopus-bounded and call for longitudinal, multilevel, and outcome-based research.

Keywords

Entrepreneurial talent, start-up development, entrepreneurial competencies, founder development, entrepreneurial ecosystem

Downloads

PDF JATS XML

References

1. Aadland, T., Hägg, G., Lundqvist, M. A., Stockhaus, M., & Williams Middleton, K. (2023). Mitigating the lack of prior entrepreneurial experience and exposure through entrepreneurship education programs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 30(11), 19–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2022-0607 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Abatecola, G., & Uli, V. (2016). Entrepreneurial competences, liability of newness and infant survival: Evidence from the service industry. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 1082–1097. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2014-0094 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Abu Bakar, A. R., Ahmad, S. Z., Wright, N. S., & Skoko, H. (2017). The propensity to business startup: Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(3), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2016-0049 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Adeel, S., Daniel, A. D., & Botelho, A. (2023). The effect of entrepreneurship education on the determinants of entrepreneurial behaviour among higher education students: A multi-group analysis. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100324 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Adeniyi, A. O., Gamede, V., & Derera, E. (2024). Individual entrepreneurial orientation for entrepreneurial readiness. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02728-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Alsos, G., Hägg, G., Lundqvist, M., Politis, D., Stockhaus, M., Williams-Middleton, K., & Djupdal, K. (2023). Graduates of venture creation programs – where do they apply their entrepreneurial competencies? Small Business Economics, 60(1), 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00641-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Antlová, K., Rydvalová, P., & Lamr, M. (2019). Universities support of students entrepreneurial activities. IDIMT 2019: Innovation and Transformation in a Digital World - 27th Interdisciplinary Information Management Talks, 169–176. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85071488275 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Arthurs, J. D., & Busenitz, L. W. (2006). Dynamic capabilities and venture performance: The effects of venture capitalists. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.04.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Åstebro, T., & Hoos, F. (2021). Impact measurement based on repeated randomized control trials: The case of a training program to encourage social entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15(2), 254–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1391 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Bell, R., & Bell, H. (2016). An enterprise opportunity for entrepreneurial students: Student enterprise development and experience assessed through the student voice. Education and Training, 58(7–8), 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2014-0150 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Bendickson, J., Matherne, C. F., Credo, K. R., Franques, M. C. O., & Sheats, L. (2023). Assessing Entrepreneurial Types and Goals With Diverse Student Groups. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 6(1), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/25151274211029012 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Botella-Carrubi, D., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Ulrich, K., & Blanco González-Tejero, C. (2024). The role of entrepreneurial skills as a vehicle for business growth: a study in Spanish start-ups. Management Decision, 62(8), 2364–2387. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2022-0161 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Botha, M. (2020). Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure and Action of Women Entrepreneurs: Exploring the Moderation Effects of Entrepreneurial Competencies in a Developing Country Context. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00922 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Botha, M., & Taljaard, A. (2019). The bidirectional relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial competencies for nascent and existing entrepreneurs. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v22i1.2230 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Chagi, N. G., & Ncanywa, T. (2026). Enhancing university entrepreneurship programmes for postgraduate students: A case study in one university in the Eastern Cape. Acta Commercii, 26(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v26i2.1529 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Chell, E., & Allman, K. (2003). Mapping the motivations and intentions of technology orientated entrepreneurs. R and D Management, 33(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00287 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Christou, A., Ioannou, A., McQuillan, D., & Yiatros, S. (2026). Embedding GreenComp in Entrepreneurship Education for Engineers: a Qualitative Case Study of Sustainability-Oriented Entrepreneurship Learning. Entrepreneurship Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41959-026-00178-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Corner, P. D., & Wu, S. (2012). Dynamic capability emergence in the venture creation process. International Small Business Journal, 30(2), 138–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611431092 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Dabić, M., Vlačić, B., Kiessling, T., Caputo, A., & Pellegrini, M. (2023). Serial entrepreneurs: A review of literature and guidance for future research. Journal of Small Business Management, 61(3), 1107–1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1969657 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Dam, L. B., & Pillai, D. (2021). Crafting Virtual Community of Indigenous Entrepreneurs: Case in Social Entrepreneurship. South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases, 10(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277977921991916 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Darmanto, S., Ekopriyono, A., Hikmah, H., & Ratnawati, A. T. (2023). The Role of Competence and Digital Entrepreneurs Career Maturity on Business Performance in Disruption Era. Journal of Distribution Science, 21(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.21.02.202302.77 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Deligianni, I., Voudouris, I., Spanos, Y., & Lioukas, S. (2019). Non-linear effects of technological competence on product innovation in new technology-based firms: Resource orchestration and the role of the entrepreneur’s political competence and prior start-up experience. Technovation, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2019.05.002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Elfghi, O., Iyiola, K., Alzubi, A. B., & Aljuhmani, H. Y. (2026). Improvisation and New Venture Performance: Unpacking the Roles of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Learning Orientation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 18(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020975 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Elo, M., Harima, A., & Freiling, J. (2015). To try or not to try a story of diaspora entrepreneurship. Progress in International Business Research, 10, 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220150000010015 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Erikson, T. (2002). Entrepreneurial capital: The emerging venture’s most important asset and competitive advantage. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00062-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Ewens, M., Nanda, R., & Stanton, C. (2024). Founder-CEO Compensation and Selection into Venture Capital-Backed Entrepreneurship. Journal of Finance, 79(5), 3361–3405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.13383 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Fadzil, A. F. M., Salleh, F., Yaacob, M. R., Yazid, A. S., & Sallehudin, H. (2020). The inclinations of entrepreneurial cognition and competencies: The case study of successful e-commerce new venture creation in Malaysia. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(3), 4471–4474. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85082698833 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Faroque, A. R., Mostafiz, M. I., Faruq, M. O., & Bashar, M. F. B. (2020). Revisiting entrepreneurial capabilities and export market orientation: a multi-scale investigation in an emerging economy. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(3), 556–579. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2019-0644 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Feijóo-Quintas, S., Gerbaudo-González, N., Gandoy-Crego, M., Gutiérrez-Moar, M. D. C., Costa, E., & Facal, D. (2024). Higher Education Institutions as Strategic Centers for Promoting Social Innovation in Gerontology: Insights from the Senior Innovation Lab Training Initiative. Geriatrics (Switzerland), 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9030076 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Fox, S., Adewumi, O., Baracchini, C., Dania, T., Edzard, C., Knobloch, C., Mubila, M., Tamakloe-Ekuadzi, L., Trestini, M., & Witthaut, M. (2025). Expanding engagement: Africa–Europe transnational education programmes across the entrepreneurial lifecycle. Discover Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00525-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Galvão, A., Marques, C., & Ferreira, J. J. (2020). The role of entrepreneurship education and training programmes in advancing entrepreneurial skills and new ventures. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(6–7), 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2019-0174 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Gaspar, F. C., & Mota, F. M. (2021). Why do People Refuse Entrepreneurship and How to Improve Entrepre-neurial Education? Review of Economics and Finance, 19, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.55365/1923.X2021.19.04 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Gonçalves, K. Y., Braghini Junior, A., Silva, D. S., & Lermen, F. H. (2025). Knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics (KSAO) for startup management: a comprehensive review of barriers, strategies and a research agenda. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 19(5), 1227–1254. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2024-0232 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Guo, R. (2018). Strategic decision-making logics, entrepreneurial capability and opportunity exploitation in high-tech new ventures. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 19(2), 235–252. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2018.5201 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Hahn, D., Brumana, M., & Minola, T. (2022). Is it all about creating new firms? A broader look at the impact of the Entrepreneurial University on youth employment. Studies in Higher Education, 47(5), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2055327 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Hanchi, S. E., & Kerzazi, L. (2020). Startup innovation capability from a dynamic capability-based view: A literature review and conceptual framework. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 30(2), 72–92. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85085899349 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Hayter, C. S., Merker, J., Eyre, T., & O’Connor, A. C. (2025). Launching lean: insights from early-stage entrepreneurship development programs for scientists. Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-025-10288-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Hogeboom, O., Hoveskog, M., Upward, A., Jones, P. H., & Fath-Kolmes, E. (2025). Lean Startup Supporting Sustainability-as-Flourishing during the Early Stages of Enterprise Development. Journal of Business Models, 13(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.54337/jobm.v13i1.8222 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Hunady, J., Orviska, M., & Pisar, P. (2018). The effect of higher education on entrepreneurial activities and starting up successful businesses. Engineering Economics, 29(2), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.29.2.19069 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Jones, P., & Jones, A. (2014). Attitudes of Sports Development and Sports Management undergraduate students towards entrepreneurship: A university perspective towards best practice. Education and Training, 56, 716–732. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2014-0060 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Kanayo, O., Olamide, E., Ogujiuba, C., & Stiegler, N. (2021). EFFECT OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP SUCCESS IN SOUTH AFRICA: APPLICATION OF TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE DESIGN. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 27(SpecialIssue 3), 1–15. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85104750970 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Karagouni, G., & Caloghirou, Y. (2013). The nature and dimensions of autotelic capabilities in knowledge-intensive low-tech ventures: An introduction. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 9(2), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2013.052361 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Kim, D. H. (2023). The Mediation Effect of Human Capital on the Relationship between Senior Entrepreneurial Competency and Entrepreneurial Performance Using Mediation Model. Global Business and Finance Review, 28(7), 138–154. https://doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2023.28.7.138 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Kolade, O., Egbetokun, A., & Obembe, D. (2020). Skilled hands in turbulent winds: Entrepreneurial skills and new venture performance in conflict-ridden northern nigeria. Journal of International Business Education, 15, 27–54. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85104792358 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Kriz, W. C., & Auchter, E. (2016). 10 Years of Evaluation Research Into Gaming Simulation for German Entrepreneurship and a New Study on Its Long-Term Effects. Simulation and Gaming, 47(2), 179–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878116633972 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Kuckertz, A., & Brem, A. (2023). Supporting innovation and growth through entrepreneurship: reflections on the German Federal Government’s “startup strategy.” Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 12(3–4), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-03-2023-0026 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Lackéus, M. (2014). An emotion based approach to assessing entrepreneurial education. International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), 374–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2014.06.005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Lackéus, M. (2020). Comparing the impact of three different experiential approaches to entrepreneurship in education. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 26(5), 937–971. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2018-0236 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Laine, K., Tynjälä, P., Eteläpelto, A., & Hämäläinen, R. (2019). Students’ self-reported learning outcomes after a business start-up education program. International Journal of Training Research, 17(2), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/14480220.2019.1638621 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Lei, L. (2026). The impact mechanism of entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial model matching on entrepreneurial performance. Venture Capital, 28(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2023.2265564 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Ljungquist, U., & Ghannad, N. (2015). Growth in international new ventures: Facilitating and redundant components beyond start-up. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 7(2), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2015.068567 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Mazzoni, L., Riccaboni, M., & Stam, E. (2025). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and interregional flows of entrepreneurial talent. Small Business Economics, 65(3), 1327–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-025-01022-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. McMahon, S. R., Henshaw, G., Dowin Kennedy, E., Brannon, D. L., Podlesny, A. O., & Powell, K. I. (2026). No (Startup) Experience Required: Entrepreneurship Education Effectiveness for Early Career Graduates. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 9(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/25151274241292282 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Mian, S. A., & Hattab, H. W. (2013). How individual competencies shape the entrepreneur’s social network structure: Evidence from the MENA region. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 11(4), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2013.056876 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Miliou, O., & Ioannou, A. (2024). Evaluation of the Impact of a University Accelerator on Students’ Entrepreneurial Attitudes, Intentions, and Learning Experience. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. https://doi.org/10.1177/25151274241267995 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Miner, J. B. (1990). Entrepreneurs, high growth entrepreneurs, and managers: Contrasting and overlapping motivational patterns. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(4), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90018-O [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Msosa, S. K. (2022). Assessing Students’ Perspectives Towards Entrepreneurship in South Africa. Business Ethics and Leadership, 6(2), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(2).12-23.2022 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Mumi, A., Ngammoh, N., & Suwanpakdee, A. (2025). The nexus of artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship research: Bibliometric analysis. Sustainable Futures, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100688 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Nag, I., Manohar, S., Mittal, A., & Nair, A. J. (2024). Thought clarity to execution chaos: a review on core competencies of grassroots entrepreneurs for instigation, growth and sustainability of startups. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00453-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Nam, Y.-H. (2000). The roles of incubator organizations in hi-tech venture creation in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 17(2), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015813710027 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Ndou, V., Secundo, G., Schiuma, G., & Passiante, G. (2018). Insights for shaping Entrepreneurship Education: Evidence from the European Entrepreneurship centers. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114323 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Nespoli, C., Kozan, A., Scuotto, V., & Giudice, M. D. (2022). Aimage’s entrepreneurial value creation and crowdfunding: Entrepreneurship in times of crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 23(2), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503221081355 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Noorbakhsh, S., & Teixeira, A. A. C. (2024). Do refugee inflows contribute to the host countries’ entrepreneurial rates? A dynamic panel data analysis, 2000–2019. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 18(3), 487–532. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-09-2022-0137 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Ny Avotra, A. A. R., Haider, S. A., Idrees, H., & Tsimisaraka, R. S. M. (2026). Contingent Impacts of Entrepreneurial Competencies and Proactive Sales Orientation on Organizational Improvisation and New Venture Performance Relationships: A Study Across Malaysian Ethnic Entrepreneurs. SAGE Open, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440261454451 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2011). Successful entrepreneurship as developmental outcome: A path model from a lifespan perspective of human development. European Psychologist, 16(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000075 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Ayoola, A. A., Nwosu, H. E., Kanu, C., & Mong, I. K. (2021). Entrepreneurial competencies of undergraduate students: The case of universities in Nigeria. International Journal of Management Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100452 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Omrane, A., & Fayolle, A. (2011). Entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial process: A dynamic approach. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 6(2), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2011.038486 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Park, B., Kim, K., Kim, S., & Geum, Y. (2024). Do Entrepreneurial Competencies Impact Competitive Agility and Entrepreneurial Satisfaction? Evidence from Startups in South Korea. Global Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509241260365 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Perks, K. J. (2009). Influences on international market entry method decisions by European entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 13(SPECIAL ISSUE), 1–19. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/77953399752 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Pitkänen, I., Parvinen, P., & Töytäri, P. (2014). The significance of the new venture’s first sale: The impact of founders’ capabilities and proactive sales orientation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), 680–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12160 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Rasmussen, E., Mosey, S., & Wright, M. (2011). The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Competencies: A Longitudinal Study of University Spin-Off Venture Emergence. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1314–1345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00995.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Reese, D., Rieger, V., & Engelen, A. (2021). Should competencies be broadly shared in new ventures’ founding teams? Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15(4), 568–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1356 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Rizky, M. C., Faried, A. I., & Purba, E. F. B. (2026). More Than Just Skills: How Competencies, Motivations, and Social Capital Shape New Venture Performance. International Review of Management and Marketing , 16(1), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.19567 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Sánchez, J. C. (2011). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0156-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Santos, S. C., Morris, M. H., Caetano, A., Costa, S. F., & Neumeyer, X. (2019). Team entrepreneurial competence: multilevel effects on individual cognitive strategies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(6), 1259–1282. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2018-0126 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Sargani, G. R., Jiang, Y., Zhou, D., Chandio, A. A., Hussain, M., & Khan, N. (2021). Endorsing Sustainable Enterprises Among Promising Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Study of Factor-Driven Economy and Efficiency-Driven Economy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735127 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Kuntarič, A. (2009). The impact of entrepreneurs’ cultural capital on early performance of new ventures: a comparison between Austria and Slovenia. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 3(1), 22–46. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2009.021630 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Schweickart, T., Hill-Whilton, Z., Chitale, S., Cobos, D., Gilon-Yanai, M., Achuonjei, J., Vizgan, G., Gillespie, C., & Gold-Von Simson, G. (2023). The Biomedical Entrepreneurship Skills Development Program for the Advancement of Research Translation: Foundations of Biomedical Startups course, metrics, and impact. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.25 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Seitz, N., & Lehmann, E. E. (2026). Does acqui-hiring pay off? An empirical investigation of founder retention. Small Business Economics, 66(1), 361–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-025-01107-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Sethu, H. S., & Kamath, A. (2018). An intention and competency based perspective of entrepreneurship-a study on hospitality undergraduate students. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 10(7 Special Issue), 2115–2122. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85075322559 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Shahzad, M. F., Khan, K. I., Saleem, S., & Rashid, T. (2021). What factors affect the entrepreneurial intention to start-ups? The role of entrepreneurial skills, propensity to take risks, and innovativeness in open business models. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/JOITMC7030173 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Shekhar, P., & Bodnar, C. (2020). The mediating role of university entrepreneurial ecosystem on students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy. International Journal of Engineering Education, 36(1 A), 213–225. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85078413718 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Shojaei, P., Nikbakht, A., Lalegani, M. M., & Mashayekhpour, S. (2025). Prioritizing CSFs to overcome startups’ obstacles through a rough-MADM framework: a case study of Iranian startups. Foresight, 27(5), 929–955. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-06-2024-0120 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Simões, J., Jose Silva, M., Trigo, V., & Moreira, J. (2012). The dynamics of firm creation fuelled by higher education institutions within innovation networks. Science and Public Policy, 39(5), 630–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs040 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Somjai, S., Girdwichai, L., & Pongsiri, T. (2019). Promoting new venture creation in Thailand through entrepreneurship education: Role of entrepreneurial awareness, mindset and skill development. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(11), 4630–4637. https://doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8371 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Sorgner, A., & Wyrwich, M. (2022). Calling Baumol: What telephones can tell us about the allocation of entrepreneurial talent in the face of radical institutional changes. Journal of Business Venturing, 37(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106246 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. Souto, J. E., & Rodríguez-López, Á. (2021). Entrepreneurial learning in an experiential and competences training context: A business plan in Bachelor thesis. International Journal of Management Education, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100513 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Sriram, V., Mersha, T., & Herron, L. (2007). Drivers of urban entrepreneurship: An integrative model. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 13(4), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550710760012 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2013). Balanced skills among nascent entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 41(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9423-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Sun, X., & Usman, M. A. (2024). Pixels to Paychecks: Understanding The Determinant of Latent Entrepreneurial Transition in Digital Context. SAGE Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241288928 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Surie, G., & Torras, M. (2007). The co-evolution of technology and entrepreneurship: lessons for development from India and Korea. International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, 1(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTE.2007.016955 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Szymanska, I., Sesti, T., Motley, H., & Puia, G. (2020). The effects of hackathons on the entrepreneurial skillset and perceived self-efficacy as factors shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Administrative Sciences, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030073 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. Teixeira, A. A. C., & Coimbra, C. (2014). The determinants of the internationalization speed of Portuguese university spin-offs: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 270–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-014-0132-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. Tibaingana, A., Sendawula, K., Buyinza, F., Kimuli, S. N. L., Ssemuyaga, E., Tumusiime, C., Mulongo, R., & Atukwasa, R. (2024). Entrepreneurship skills: do all dimensions of skills matter for sustainable business start-up? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-03-2023-0021 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. Treanor, L., Noke, H., Marlow, S., & Mosey, S. (2021). Developing entrepreneurial competences in biotechnology early career researchers to support long-term entrepreneurial career outcomes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120031 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

96. Tsolakidis, P., Mylonas, N., & Petridou, E. (2020). The impact of imitation strategies, managerial and entrepreneurial skills on startups’ entrepreneurial innovation. Economies, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ECONOMIES8040081 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

97. Vörös, Z. (2024). Effect of the different forms of overconfidence on venture creation: Overestimation, overplacement and overprecision. Journal of Management and Organization, 30(2), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2019.93 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

98. Wei, F. (2021). Innovative Strategies of Training Mechanism of Higher Education for New Entrepreneurial Talents. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696978 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

99. Wijaya, R., Mustakim, S. S., & Sutadji, E. (2025). The Impact of Business Coaching on the Entrepreneurial Competencies of Vocational Students in Higher Education. Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia, 23(2), 91–108. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010775797 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

100. Xia, L., Luo, B., & Sun, Y. (2020). How can entrepreneurs achieve success in chaos?: The effects of entrepreneurs’ effectuation on new venture performance in China. Kybernetes, 49(5), 1407–1428. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2019-0035 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

101. Xie, K., Song, Y., Zhang, W., Hao, J., Liu, Z., & Chen, Y. (2018). Technological entrepreneurship in science parks: A case study of Wuhan Donghu High-Tech Zone. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 135, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.021 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

102. Yao, M., Ye, D., Yang, G., Shi, H., & Zheng, X. (2021). Are Entrepreneurial Capabilities and Prior Knowledge the Silver Bullet for the Generation of New Digital Venture Ideas in a Digital Context? Journal of Global Information Management, 29(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.20211101.oa12 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

103. Yi, G., & Uyarra, E. (2018). Process Mechanisms for Academic Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Insights from a Case Study in China. Science, Technology and Society, 23(1), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721817744446 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

104. Yordudom, T., Imjai, N., Sangthong, M., Vongchavalitkul, B., Ru-Zhue, J., & Aujirapongpan, S. (2026). Strengthening strategizing and startup entrepreneurial readiness among Thai Gen Z management students: Do AI literacy, creativity, and seizing skills matter? International Journal of Management Education, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2026.101416 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

105. Závodská, A., Šramová, V., & Liberona, D. (2019). Creating entrepreneurial education programs and ecosystems in universities. International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology, 14(1), 4–29. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWET.2019.100341 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

106. Zhao, K., Zhu, H.-Q., & Sun, R. (2024). Theoretical Construction and Operational Mechanisms of Intrapreneurial Capabilities: An Exploratory Single-Case Study of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprise. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310461 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles