Enhancing Fiqh of Worship Learning through Simulation: A Systematic Literature Review

This systematic literature review synthesises evidence on simulation-based teaching and learning in Fiqh of worship (Fiqh al-ʿIbādāt) education, with attention to its relevance for private higher education institutions. Simulation is increasingly promoted in Islamic education, but the relevant evidence is scattered across pedagogy, educational technology and Islamic studies, and it is unclear what is known about its effectiveness, its mechanisms and the conditions in which it works. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guideline. Scopus and Mendeley were searched (181 records) and the records were screened against narrowed eligibility criteria that admitted only empirical studies in which simulation (role-play, socio-drama, practice simulation of worship, or virtual reality) was used to teach Fiqh, worship or closely related Islamic religious content. N studies met these criteria. Methodological quality was appraised with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT 2018) by two independent reviewers, data were extracted with a standardised form, and findings were synthesised through thematic synthesis supported by narrative synthesis. Three themes were generated: (1) simulation improves conceptual understanding, procedural accuracy and pedagogical competence; (2) simulation supports the internalisation of religious values and social competencies such as patience, discipline, tolerance and cooperation; and (3) simulation raises engagement and enjoyment, whereas evidence on deeper affective and spiritual outcomes is thin. The evidence suggests that simulation works through guided, embodied rehearsal followed by feedback and reflection, and that its benefits depend on teacher readiness, shariah-accurate scenario design and adequate resources. However, the evidence base is small, concentrated in school-level settings, dominated by short-term and self-reported outcomes, and largely silent on IPTS contexts. Simulation is therefore a promising but under-evidenced approach, and a research agenda for rigorous, context-specific studies is proposed.

Keywords

simulation; fiqh of worship; learning and teaching, SLR

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Enhancing Fiqh of Worship Learning through Simulation: A Systematic Literature Review

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