Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Efficacy as Predictors to Entrepreneurial Intentions of General Academic Strand Students
Authors
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Students (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Teachers Division of Davao de Oro (Philippines)
Department of Education, Senior High School Teachers Division of Davao de Oro (Philippines)
Article Information
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.10200324
Subject Category: Social science
Volume/Issue: 10/2 | Page No: 4419-4432
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-02-26
Accepted: 2026-03-04
Published: 2026-03-09
Abstract
This study investigated how entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial efficacy influence entrepreneurial intention among General Academic Strand (GAS) senior high school students, and to begin with, it aimed to determine the students’ levels of entrepreneurial l attitude, entrepreneurial efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention, as well as examine the relationships among these variables and identify how entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial efficacy affect entrepreneurial intention. To accomplish this, the researchers employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational approach and involved 87 GAS students, while data were analyzed using the mean and Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient. The results indicated that the students demonstrated moderate levels of entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention; moreover, the findings revealed significant relationships among the variables, with both entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial efficacy exerting a significant influence on entrepreneurial intention. Consequently, this suggests that students who possess positive entrepreneurial attitudes and strong confidence in their entrepreneurial abilities are more likely to develop higher entrepreneurial intentions, and overall, the study underscores the importance of fostering both attitudes and efficacy to strengthen students’ entrepreneurial intention.
Keywords
General Academic Strand, Entrepreneurial Attitude
Downloads
References
1. Abbas, J., Awan, U., Khan, M. A., & Shah, F. A. (2023). Financial innovation and digitalization promote business growth: The interplay of green technology innovation, product market competition and firm performance. Innovative Growth & Development, 7, 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100111 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Abun, D., et al. (2023). Perceptions and participation in entrepreneurship of accountancy, business, and management students. Divine Word International Journal of Management and Humanities, 2(2), 391–415. Retrieved from https://www.dwijmh.org/index.php/dwijmh/article/view/28 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Afriyie, E. O., Snowden, M., Winful, E. C., Opoku-Asante, K., Ocloo, E. C., Quaye, J. N. A., Opuni, F. F., & Hyams-Ssekasi, D. (2025). Does the entrepreneurship learning approach influence self-efficacy? The role of students’ entrepreneurial competence and satisfaction. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14, Article 507. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00507-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Ahmed, Ali., Ucbasaran, D., & Williams, T., (2022). Integrating Psychological Resilience, Stress, and Coping in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review and Research Agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 46 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211046542 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Al-Jubari & Alshebami, Ali, Ibrahim & Alyoussef, Ibrahim & Raza, Muhammad. (2020). Entrepreneurial education as a predicator of community college of Abqaiq students’ entrepreneurial intention. Management Science Letters. 3605-3612. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.6.033. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Anwar, I. et al. (2021). Traits and entrepreneurial intention: Testing the mediating role of entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy. Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 13(1), 40–60. https://doi.org/10.1504/JIBED.2021.112276 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Asarak, Y. A., & Aguilar, L. E. (2024). Entrepreneurial education and attitude orientation of ABM students: The mediating role of motivation. European Journal of Education Studies, 12(7), Article 6100. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i7.6100 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Aznita, A., Rauf, R. K. A., Hasim, N., Tanius, E., & Nordin, H. N. M. (2022). Perception of Malaysian entrepreneurs on Islamic values implementation towards organizational sustainability. European Proceedings of Multidisciplinary Sciences, 3, 56–69. https://doi.org/10.15405/epms.2022.10.6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Aznita, Ahmad., Abu Basar, S., Ibrahim, N. A., & Abdul Rahman, A. R. (2020). Silence Behavior in Public and Private Higher Learning Institutions in Selangor, Malaysia. Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 2(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.26677/tr1010.2020.425 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Bayani, A. A., Gholipoor, A. R., Asadi, J., Tajari, T., (2023). Designing a Model of Persuasion of Entrepreneurial Behavior Based on Cognitive and Emotional Approaches (A Qualitative Study). Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.22055/jiops.2023.42389.1313 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Bayani, J. F., Dimayuga, E. D., Guevara, R. F., & Limbo, G. A. (2022). Antecedents of entrepreneurial motivation, self-efficacy, attitude, and COVID-19 pandemic perception as factors of entrepreneurial intention: Development and validation of a predictive model for business students. De La Salle University Digital Repository. https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdb_dsi/81 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Bazkiaei, H. et al. (2020). Do entrepreneurial education and big‑five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among university students? Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1801217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1801217 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Buyco, S. F., et al. (2023). Entrepreneurial attitude and intentions among Accountancy, Business, and Management students at Tacurong National High School. Unpublished manuscript. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27069.84965 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Castro, D. L., Daing, C., & Ramos, R. V. (2022). Academic performance and attitude towards entrepreneurship education among Grade Twelve students. American Journal of Social Development and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsde.v1i1.1103 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Chu, C. et al. (2020). Emotional competence, entrepreneurial self‑efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention: A study based on China college students’ social entrepreneurship project. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 547627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547627 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Demillo, G. M., & Demillo, R. M. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention of business students in Davao del Sur State College. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A (Administration and Management), 22(7), 21–32. Retrieved from https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/102705 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Demillo, G., & Marcelino, D. A. (2024). Comparative Profitability Assessment of Major Agricultural Commodities in Jose Abad Santos, Davao Occidental. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5746022 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Pratt, S., & Altinay, L. (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Feng, Z., & Chen, X. (2020). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: The influence of entrepreneurial education among university students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(6), 1234–1250. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2019-0547 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10935864 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Ganefri, W. Kamdi, M. Makky, H. Hidayat & Y. Rahmawati. (2024). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention among university students: The roles of entrepreneurial mindset, digital literacy, and self-efficacy. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 15(4), 85–134.www.jsser.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Ganefri, Kamdi, W., Makky, M., Hidayat, H., & Rahmawati, Y. (2023). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention among university students: The roles of entrepreneurial mindset, digital literacy, and self-efficacy. Sustainability, 15(3), 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032458 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Ghanad, A. (2023). An overview of quantitative research methods. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(08). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i8-52 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. González-Tejero, C. B., Ulrich, K., & Carrilero, A. (2022). The entrepreneurial motivation, Covid-19, and the new normal. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 10(2), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2022.100212 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Hassan, A., Anwar, I., Saleem, I., Islam, B., & Hussain, S. A. (2021). Individual entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial motivations. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(4), 1024–1049. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211007051 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Hassan, S. H., Teo, S. Z., Ramayah, T., & Al-Kumaim, N. H. (2022). The credibility of social media beauty gurus in young millennials’ cosmetic product choice. PLOS ONE, 17(2), e0263416. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263416 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Hisam, M. W., Sanyal, S., & Baawain, A. M. S. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation, network competence and human capital: The internationalization of SMEs in Oman. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(473–483. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO8.473 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Ho, M.-H. R., Uy, M. A., Kang, B. N. Y., & Chan, K.-Y. (2018). Impact of entrepreneurship training on entrepreneurial efficacy and alertness among adolescent youth. Frontiers in Education, 3, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Hossain, M. U., & Al Asheq, A. (2020). Influential factors of social entrepreneurial intention in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(645–651. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO8.645 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Hulsink, W. & Rauch, A., (2023). Just one damned thing after another: Towards an event‑based perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 47(3), 662–681. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211061738 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Karimi, S. (2020). The role of entrepreneurial passion in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Applied Economics, 52(3), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1645287 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Khan, A., & Ali, B. (2023). Creativity and persistence in confronting entrepreneurial challenges. Business Horizons, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.07.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Krueger, N. (2020). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs: 25 years on. Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 1(1), 52–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/26437015.2020.1714363 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: Citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907–933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Lopez, M., & Ramirez, P. (2022). The influence of entrepreneurial attitude on students’ motivation to engage in business ventures. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 25(3), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEE-07-2022-0123 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Maheshwari, M., Samal, A., & Bhamoriya, V. (2020). Role of employee relations and HRM in driving commitment to sustainability in MSME firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 69(1743–1764. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-12-2019-0599 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. Makai, A. L., & Dőry, T. (2023). Perceived university support and environment as a factor of entrepreneurial intention: Evidence from Western Transdanubia Region. PLoS ONE, 18(6), e0283850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283850 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Mantog, J. R., & Amoguis, M. J. B. (2025). Influence of entrepreneurial potential competencies and characteristics on the entrepreneurial intention of next generation entrepreneurs. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3(7), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.360 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Masri, N., Abdullah, A., Asimiran, S., & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2021). Relationship between engagement in learning entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention among vocational college students. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 29(S1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.s1.02 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. Masri, N., et al. (2021). Relationship between engagement in learning entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention among vocational Shahzad, M. F., Khan, K. I., Saleem, S., & [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. Mei, H., Lee, C.-H., & Xiang, Y. (2020). Entrepreneurship education and students’ entrepreneurial intention in higher education. Education Sciences, 10(9), 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10090257 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. Miao, M., Lang, Q., Borojo, D. G., Yushi, J., & Zhang, X. (2020). The impacts of Chinese FDI and China–Africa trade on economic growth of African countries: The role of institutional quality. Economies, 8(3), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8030053 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. Nabi, N., (2023). Credit Risk and Operational Risk on Financial Performance of Banks in South Asian Countries: A Partial Least Squared Structural Equation Model (PLS SEM) Approach.International Journal 3 (2). https://ijacr.net/article/59/details [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. Neneh, B. N. (2020). Entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intention: The role of social support and entrepreneurial self‑efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 47(3), 587–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1770716 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. Newman, A., Obschonka, M., & Block, J. (2022). Small businesses and entrepreneurship in times of crises: The renaissance of entrepreneur‑focused micro perspectives. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 40(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426211063390 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. Nguyen, C. P., Doytch, N., Nguyen, B. Q., & Tran, D. T. L. (2024). Do environmental taxes corrupt governments? Economic Analysis and Policy, 81, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.11.002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
46. Nguyen, T. T. (2020). The impact of access to finance and environmental factors on entrepreneurial intention: The mediator role of entrepreneurial behavioural control. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2020.080207 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
47. Osadolor, V., et al (2021). Entrepreneurial self‑efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of the need for independence. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 17(4), 91–119. https://doi.org/10.7341/20211744 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
48. Rashid, S. M. M., Mawah, J., Banik, E., Akter, Y., Deen, J. I., Jahan, A., Khan, N. M., Rahman, M. M., Lipi, N., Akter, F., Paul, A., & Mannan, A. (2021). Prevalence and impact of the use of electronic gadgets on the health of children in secondary schools in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports, 4(10), e388. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.388 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
49. Rashid, S. M. M., Mawah, J., Banik, E., Akter, Y., Deen, J. I., Jahan, A., Khan, N. M., Rahman, M. M., Lipi, N., Akter, F., Paul, A., & Mannan, A. (2021). Prevalence and impact of the use of electronic gadgets on the health of children in secondary schools in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports, 4(10), e388. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.388 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
50. Ringo Ho, Moon-Ho & Uy, Marilyn & Kang, Bianca & Chan, Kim Yin. (2018). Impact of Entrepreneurship Training on Entrepreneurial Efficacy and Alertness among Adolescent Youth. Frontiers in Education. 3. 10.3389/feduc.2018.00013. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
51. Saeed, M. & Li, S., (2020). Determinants of academic entrepreneurship: A strategic entrepreneurship model. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Bisnis, 25(3), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.35760/eb.2020.v25i3.30 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
52. Sahid, S., Norhisham, N. S., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2024). Interconnectedness between entrepreneurial self-efficacy, attitude, and business creation: A serial mediation of entrepreneurial intention and environmental factor. Heliyon, 10(9), e30478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30478 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
53. Shinnar, R., Khoshmaram, M., Shiri, N., & Savari, M., (2020). Environmental support and entrepreneurial behavior among Iranian farmers: The mediating roles of social and human capital.Journal of Small Business Management 58 (5). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12501 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
54. Skrbková, D., & Rydvalová, P. (2024). Entrepreneurial intentions: A comparative study of African and European university economics students. Journal of African Business, 25(4), 792–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2023.2276541 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
55. Soomro, B. A., Memon, M., & Shah, N. (2021). Attitudes towards entrepreneurship among the students of Thailand: An entrepreneurial attitude orientation approach. Education & Training, 63(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2020-0014 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
56. Soomro, Bahadur & Shah, Dr. Naimatullah. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in a developing country: Strategic entrepreneurship as a mediator. Business Strategy & Development. 3. 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.122. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
57. Soomro, Bahadur & Shah, Dr. Naimatullah. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in a developing country: Strategic entrepreneurship as a mediator. Business Strategy & Development. 3. 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.122. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
58. Tahan, S. (2025). Entrepreneurial education and innovation intentions among university students: A structural assessment of opportunity recognition, psychological capital, and fear of failure. Administrative Sciences, 15(7), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15070261 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
59. Teoh, W. M. Y., Chong, S. C., Yuen, Y. Y., Ravichander, S., & Chin, W. C. (2024). Entrepreneurial intentions among business undergraduates: The Malaysian case. Journal of Education for Business, 99(7–8), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2024.2424181 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
60. Thompson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5391.1145. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
61. Villamor, et al. (2024). Perceived access to finance and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as antecedents of entrepreneurial intention among millennial employees. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(6), 598 609. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
62. Wang, X. H., et al. (2023). The effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: Mediation of entrepreneurial efficacy and moderating model of psychological capital. Sustainability, 15(3), Article 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032562 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
63. Yousaf, J. et al. (2021). Entrepreneurial attitude and its impact on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(2), 235–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-01-2021-0015 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
64. Yousaf, Usman, et al. “From Entrepreneurial Education to EntrepreneurialIntention: A Sequential Mediation of Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Attitude.” International Journal of Innovation Science, vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, pp. 364–80, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-09-2020-0133. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
65. Zanabazar, A., & Jigjiddorj, S. (2020). The factors effecting entrepreneurial intention of university students: Case of Mongolia. SHS Web of Conferences, 73, 01034. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207301034 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
66. Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Juhari, Halimatun & Ismail, & Normala & Roslan, Samsilah(2023). Personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE). 12. 9-14. 10.11591/ijere. v12i1.23472. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- The Impact of Ownership Structure on Dividend Payout Policy of Listed Plantation Companies in Sri Lanka
- Urban Sustainability in North-East India: A Study through the lens of NER-SDG index
- Performance Assessment of Predictive Forecasting Techniques for Enhancing Hospital Supply Chain Efficiency in Healthcare Logistics
- The Fractured Self in Julian Barnes' Postmodern Fiction: Identity Crisis and Deflation in Metroland and the Sense of an Ending
- Impact of Flood on the Employment, Labour Productivity and Migration of Agricultural Labour in North Bihar