From Invisible Leaks to Measurable Data: A Statistical Analysis of Water Piping Systems: Patterns, Causes, and Predictive Indications in Pulilan, Bulacan

Authors

Domingo, Reylie K.

College of Engineering, Bulacan State University, Philippines (Philippines)

Eugenio, Andre Dennise C.

College of Engineering, Bulacan State University, Philippines (Philippines)

Fulo, Jose S.

College of Engineering, Bulacan State University, Philippines (Philippines)

San Pedro, Clark S.

College of Engineering, Bulacan State University, Philippines (Philippines)

Navarra, Lech Walesa M.

College of Engineering, Bulacan State University, Philippines (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100300073

Subject Category: Environment

Volume/Issue: 10/3 | Page No: 1027-1038

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-03-08

Accepted: 2026-03-13

Published: 2026-03-25

Abstract

The study emphasizes the overall analysis and understanding of factors that can cause piping leakages, patterns that can arise from said leaks, and ways to identify indicators that can assist in the hazard’s occurrence, with the target demographic centered on Pulilan, Bulacan. With the utilization of water distributor documents and records that highlight the Distribution Records, Production, and Rehabilitation History, and Leakage logs covered by the said company. The records indicated that unequal distribution and leakage anomalies were highlighted as the main areas of attention within the study. Ultimately, recommendations such as scheduled pipeline inspections, automated monitoring, swift repair response time, and aging pipeline replacements were mentioned.

Keywords

Water leakages, Unequal Piping Distribution

Downloads

References

1. Ávila, C. A. M., Sánchez-Romero, F., López-Jiménez, P. A., & Pérez-Sánchez, M. (2021). Leakage management and pipe system efficiency: Its influence on the improvement of efficiency indexes. Water, 13(14), 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141909 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Al Qahtani, T., Al-Ghamdi, A., Al-Mutairi, A., & Al-Zahrani, M. (2020). A review on water leakage detection methods in the water distribution network. Applied Research on Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 68(2), 152–163. https://www.akademiabaru.com/doc/ARFMTSV68_N2_P152_163.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Delgado-Aguiñaga, J. A., & Begovich, O. (2017). Water leak diagnosis in pressurized pipelines: A real case study. In O. Begovich & J. A. Delgado-Aguiñaga (Eds.), Applied condition monitoring (pp. 235–262). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_12 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. El-Zahab, S., & Zayed, T. (2019). Leak detection in water distribution networks: An introductory overview. Smart Water, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40713-019-0017-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Hussein Farh, H. M., Ben Seghier, M. E., Taiwo, R., & Zayed, T. (2023). Analysis and ranking of corrosion causes for water pipelines: A critical review. NPJ Clean Water, 6(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-023-00275-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Joseph, K., Sharma, A. K., Van Staden, R., Wasantha, P., Cotton, J., & Small, S. (2023). Application of software and hardware-based technologies in leaks and burst detection in water pipe networks: A literature review. Water, 15(11), 2046. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112046 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Jun, H., Loganathan, G. V., Kim, J. H., & Park, S. (2008). Identifying pipes and valves of high importance for efficient operation and maintenance of water distribution systems. Water Resources Management, 22(6), 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-007-9188-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Meydani, R., Giertz, T., & Leander, J. (2022). Decision with uncertain information: An application for leakage detection in water pipelines. Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 13(3), 04022027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000644 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Qi, Z., Zheng, F., Guo, D., Zhang, T., Shao, Y., Yu, T., Zhang, K., & Maier, H. R. (2018). A comprehensive framework to evaluate hydraulic and water quality impacts of pipe breaks on water distribution systems. Water Resources Research, 54(10), 8174–8195. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR022736 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Santos, E. (2024). Beyond leakage: Non-revenue water loss and economic sustainability. Urban Science, 8(4), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040194 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Serafeim, A. V., Fourniotis, N. T., Deidda, R., Kokosalakis, G., & Langousis, A. (2024). Leakages in water distribution networks: Estimation methods, influential factors, and mitigation strategies—A comprehensive review. Water, 16(11), 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Simmons, J. A., & Clough, R. B. (1981). Theory of acoustic emission. In Acoustic emission (pp. 464–497). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-026724-1.50058-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Wang, X., & Xu, Y. (2022). Investigation on the phenomena and influence factors of urban ground collapse in China. Natural Hazards, 113(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05304-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Warke, W. R. (2002). Stress-corrosion cracking. In Failure analysis and prevention (pp. 823–860). ASM International. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Zhong, H., Tang, Y., Yan, H., Zhang, Y., Dong, L., & Wang, B. (2023). Corrosion of pipelines in urban water systems: Current research status and future trends based on bibliometric analysis. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 56, 104288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104288 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles