Gender Mainstreaming in Recruitment and Selection in a Selected Manufacturing Firm in Zimbabwe

Authors

Thandiwe Sitole

Women’s University of Africa Stanley Sitole (Zimbabwe)

Stanley Sitole

Women’s University of Africa (Zimbabwe)

Hazel Mubango

Women’s University of Africa (Zimbabwe)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.1014MG0094

Subject Category: Management

Volume/Issue: 10/14 | Page No: 1281-1293

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-04-06

Accepted: 2026-04-11

Published: 2026-05-11

Abstract

This study investigated gender mainstreaming in recruitment and selection processes within Zimbabwe’s manufacturing agricultural sector. The study used the intersectionality theory that recognises how gender bias interacts with other social identities. Adopting a positivist research philosophy, a quantitative research approach was employed. From a population of 512, stratified sampling and simple random sampling methods were used to select a sample size of 473 employees. A 15-item questionnaire measuring gender mainstreaming practices, challenges, and recruitment effectiveness was used to collect data. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 30, employing descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results revealed that gender mainstreaming positively and significantly affects recruitment and selection effectiveness, while organisational, structural, and cultural barriers exert a negative significant effect. Findings underscored the necessity of moving beyond policy existence to active implementation of standardised competency-based selection, gender-balanced interview panels, mandatory unconscious bias training, and accountability mechanisms linking managerial performance to diverse business outcomes.

Keywords

Gender-bias, gender equality, gender mainstreaming, manufacturing sector

Downloads

References

1. African Union, (2009). Gender policy. Addis Ababa: African Union. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Armstrong, M. (2006). Strategic HRM: The key to improved business performance. CIPD. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Avella, A. M., Hakspiel, J., & Villanueva, M. T. (2024). Conciliation and Co-responsibility for Care. Guide to Promote Gender Equality in Latin American and Caribbean Companies: Dimension 5. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bazaanah, P., & Ngcobo, P. (2024). Shadow of justice: review on women’s struggle against gender-based violence in Ghana and South Africa. SN Social Sciences, 4(7), 126. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Berg, G. (1994). Structures to promote gender within MS. M. Macdonald (ed.). doi: 10.1007/s43545-024-00926-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Bhakuni, S. (2025). Green Human Resource Management: Evaluating Practices, Strategies, and Challenges in Modern Organizations. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 22(8), 391-404. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Board, A.F., (2022). a study on intersectional approaches to gender mainstreaming in adaptation-relevant interventions. Adaptation Fund Board [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Brand, D., & Walker, S. (2021). Leadership, Millennials, And Job Satisfaction. IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management), 5(2), 82-96. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Caywood, K., & Darmstadt, G. L. (2024). Gender mainstreaming at 25 years: Toward an inclusive, collaborative, and structured research agenda. Journal of global health, 14, 04011. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04011 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Cele, M. (2021). The nexus between gender mainstreaming and recruitment and selection is crucial for promoting equality and empowering women. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Clover, D. (2015). Gender mainstreaming, women and politics: A case for feminist adult education. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education, 27(2 SE), 16-30. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Council of Europe. (1998). Gender Mainstreaming: Conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices: Final Report of Activities of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Debusscher, P. (2010). Gender mainstreaming in European commission development policy in Asia: a transformative tool? Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 16(3), 80-111. doi:10.1080/12259276.2010.11666093 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Dos Santos, A., Armanu, A., Setiawan, M., & Rofiq, A. (2020). Effect of recruitment, selection and culture of organizations on state personnel performance. Management science letters, 10(6), 1179-1186. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Dover, T. L., Kaiser, C. R., & Major, B. (2020). Mixed signals: The unintended effects of diversity initiatives. Social Issues and Policy Review, 14(1), 152-181. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Fadele, A. A., & Rocha, A. (2025). Data Collection Methods. In The Art and Science of Quantitative Research (pp. 69-114). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Freitas, K. A. D., Caiado, R. G. G., Santiago, B., & Scavarda, L. F. (2026). Impact pathways: the hidden influence of informal institutions on formal gender diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 46(3), 452-463. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Garton, P. (2021). Types of anchor institution initiatives: An overview of university urban development literature. Metropolitan Universities, 32(2), 85-105. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Gartzia, L. (2021). Gender equality in business action: A multi-agent change management approach. Sustainability, 13(11), 6209. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116209 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Ghanad, A. (2023). An overview of quantitative research methods. International journal of multidisciplinary research and analysis, 6(08), 3794-3803. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Gomathy, C. K. (2022). Overview of recruitment and selection process in HRM. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 11(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Graham, C., & Pinto, S. (2021). The geography of desperation in America: Labour force participation, mobility, place, and well-being. Social Science & Medicine, 270, 113612. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Greavs, G. (2024). The four world conferences on Women: milestones in global gender equality. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Hamza, P. A., Othman, B. J., Gardi, B., Sorguli, S., Aziz, H. M., Ahmed, S. A., Sabir, B. Y., Ismael, N. B., Ali, B. J., Anwar, G. (2021). Recruitment and selection: The relationship between recruitment and selection with organizational performance. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 5(3), 1-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.3.1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Heilman, M. E., Caleo, S., & Manzi, F. (2024). Women at work: Pathways from gender stereotypes to gender bias and discrimination. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11(1), 165-192. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Herschberg, C., Benschop, Y., & Van den Brink, M. 2018a. The peril of potential: Gender practices in the recruitment and selection of early career researchers. Gender and Precarious Research Careers: Routledge, 111–142. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Howard, P. L. (2002). Beyond the'grim resisters': towards more effective gender mainstreaming through stakeholder participation. Development in practice, 12(2), 164-176. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Ini, N. U., Odedairo, B. O., & Oladokun, V. O. (2024). Organisation design in a nursing department: a quantitative and work sampling perspective. International Journal of Process Management and Benchmarking, 18(3), 267-289. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. International Labour Organization [ILO] (2019). Beyond the glass ceiling: Why businesses need women at the top. Geneva: International Labour Organization. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Jeche, V. R. (2024). Harnessing Higher Education for Gender-Inclusive Agricultural Transformation post CESA: A Case Study of Sugar Production in Zimbabwe's Lowveld. What Next for Africa’s Higher Education? What Should Follow the Continental Education Strategy for Africa (CESA 2016-2025), 213. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Källman, L. (2015). Hiring Women Leaders-Effective Evaluation in the Recruitment and Selection Process. Dissertation. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Kalpazidou Schmidt, E., & Cacace, M. (2019). Setting up a dynamic framework to activate gender equality structural transformation in research organizations. Science and Public Policy, 46(3), 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy059 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Khan, B., Chaudhary, D., & Awasthi, S. K. (2024). Bridging the Gap: Unraveling Unconscious Gender Bias in Profession al Settings. Unravelling Authority: Literature, Governance and Society, 86. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Lee-Gosselin, H., Briere, S., & Ann, H. (2013). Resistances to gender mainstreaming in organizations: Toward a new approach. Gender Management: An International Journal. 28(7), 468–485. 10.1108/GM-10-2012-0081. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Li, W., Xu, Z., & Tang, W. (2024). Gender differences in self-rated health among older adults in the Chinese workforce. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1450045. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Lokot, M. (2021). From the inside out: gender mainstreaming and organizational culture within the aid sector. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 664406. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.664406 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Longwe, S. H. (1997). The evaporation of gender policies in the patriarchal cooking pot. Development in practice, 7(2), 148-156. doi:10.1080/09614529754611 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Lussier, R. N., & Hendon, J. R. (2025). Human resource management: Functions, applications, and skill development. Sage publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Miralles-Cardona, C. (2025, July). Teaching gender equality in teacher education: does existing practice actually support gender mainstreaming implementation. In Frontiers in education (Vol. 10, p. 1570115). Frontiers Media SA. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Mutsikiwa, E. (2023). Women’s economic empowerment programmes in reducing intimate partner violence in Zimbabwe (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Mwango, R., Kwonyike, J., & Kavale, S. (2024). Effects of gender mainstreaming on employee recruitment and selection processes in Kwale County, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 11(1), 705-715. https://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v11i1.2879 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Mwanika, K. (2022). Commercial sugarcane farming and rural youth livelihoods in Eastern Uganda. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Ndiso, T. M. (2024). Institutional Factors Influencing Female Teachers’ Progression Into Management of Public Secondary Schools in Kajiado County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Ngoye Laetitia, N. W. (2024). The effects of effective recruitment on organizational performance: A study of Njeiforbi Company, Buea-Cameroon. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. O'Shea, S. C. (2020). Working at gender? An autoethnography. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(6), 1438-1449. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Overstreet, R. E., Skipper, J. B., Huscroft, J. R., Cherry, M. J., & Cooper, A. L. (2019). Multi-study analysis of learning culture, human capital and operational performance in supply chain management: The moderating role of workforce level. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics, 3(1), 41-59. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. New York: Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Payne, S. (2014). Gender mainstreaming as a global policy paradigm: barriers to gender justice in health. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 30(1), 28-40. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Raimundo, I., & Agadjanian, V. (2025). Rowing Against Climate Adversity and Lack of Family Support: The Everyday Lives of Migrants' Wives in Rural Mozambique. African Human Mobility Review, 11(2), 38-60. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Ravindran, T. K. S., Ippolito, A. R., Atiim, G., & Remme, M. (2022). Institutional gender mainstreaming in health in UN Agencies: Promising strategies and ongoing challenges. Global Public Health, 17(8), 1551–1563. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1941183 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Rees, T. (2000). Gender Mainstreaming in education, training and labor market policies. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Saraiva, M., & Nogueiro, T. (2025). Perspectives and realities of disengagement among younger generation Y and Z workers in contemporary work dynamics. Administrative Sciences, 15(4), 133. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Saunders, P. T., & Horne, A. W. (2021). Endometriosis: Etiology, pathobiology, and therapeutic prospects. Cell, 184(11), 2807-2824. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Smith, S. G., & Sinkford, J. C. (2022). Gender equality in the 21st century: Overcoming barriers to women's leadership in global health. Journal of dental education, 86(9), 1144-1173. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Subbarayudu, C. B. V., & Singh, H. P. (2024). A conceptual approach to research methodology and data analytics. Academic Guru Publishing House. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Tandon R, & Farrell M. (2007). Collaborative participatory research in gender mainstreaming in social change organizations. In: Shani AB, Mohrman SA, Pasmore WA, Stymne B, Adler N, editors. Handbook of collaborative management research. USA: Sage Publications; p. 277–292. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Tatár-Kiss, K. (2021). Gender equality provided by active action in recruitment and selection process. Marketing & Menedzsment, 55(3), 49-57. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Thobejane, T. D., Mogorosi, L. D., & Okere, B. C. (2017). A study on gender mainstreaming: The case of a rural university in Limpopo province, South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 15(2), 8913-8929. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Tricco, A. C., Parker, A., Khan, P. A., Nincic, V., Robson, R., MacDonald, H., ... & Straus, S. E. (2024). Interventions on gender equity in the workplace: a scoping review. BMC medicine, 22(1), 149. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Wickenden, M., et al. (2023). Disability and other identities? —how do they intersect? Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Williamson, S., & Colley, L. (2018). Gender in the Australian public service: doing, undoing, redoing or done? Australian Journal of Public Administration, 77(4), 583-596. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles