Implementation of Gawad Kalinga Program: The Case of Barangay Datu Abdul Dadia Panabo City

This study examined the implementation of the Gawad Kalinga (GK) program in Barangay Datu Abdul Dadia, Panabo City, to understand its processes, challenges, and outcomes from the beneficiaries' perspectives. Anchored in a qualitative single-case study design, researchers conducted in-depth interviews with eight (8) purposively selected GK beneficiaries who had resided in the community for at least two years. Thematic analysis revealed three major themes: program governance with institutional support, community participation with discipline, and economic empowerment through capacity building. While participants acknowledged the program's positive impact on shelter provision, livelihood access, and value formation, they also highlighted implementation barriers, including resource limitations, policy inefficiencies, and inconsistent beneficiary participation. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening key component programs, particularly community organizing, education, and livelihood, for sustained community transformation. The study contributes to the discourse on participatory governance and poverty alleviation by illustrating how integrating the Capabilities Approach and the Resource-Based View can foster inclusive, sustainable development in marginalized communities.

Gawad Kalinga, community-based housing, program implementation, sustainability, adaptive governance, beneficiary perspectives, poverty alleviation

1. Abrigo, C. M., & Torres, E. M. (2022). Face-to-face with the new normal: Libraries’ readiness and perspectives toward the changing service environment. Library Management, 43(3-4), 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-12-2021-0111 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Alegado, R. (2020). Philippine Housing Challenges. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/709164545/housing [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Asian Development Bank. (2022). Asian Development Bank Annual Report 2022. https://www.adb.org/multimedia/ar2022/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Babbie, E. R. (2020). PRACTICE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH. CENGAGE LEARNING. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=2638432 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Ballesteros, (2021). Managed Retreat as Adaptation Option: Investigating Different Resettlement Approaches and Their Impacts Lessons from Metro Manila. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020829 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Barney, J. B., Wright, M., & Ketchen, D. J., Jr. (2001). The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27(6), 625–641. https://jom.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract27/6/625 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Battisti, E., & Salvatore, R. (2021). Resource-Based View Theory Application on Educational Service Quality. IJEAST. https://www.ijeast.com/papers/174-186,Tesma606,IJEAST.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Brillantes, A. B., Jr., & Fernandez, M. T. (2008). Is there a Philippine public administration? Or better still, for whom is Philippine public administration? Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 52(2–4), 245–267. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/interviews/book239402 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Carrilho, J., & Trindade, J. (2022). Systematic approach to sustainable urban development: reviewing challenges of informal settlements and peri-urban growth. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2025.2495660 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Chambers, R. (2005) Ideas for Development. Earthscan, London. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2423166 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Chen, Y.-W., Su, W.-H., & Chen, K.-Y. (2023). The academic development trajectories and applications of flexible manufacturing systems based on main path analysis method. Processes, 11(4), 1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Coates, J. (2015). “Unseeing” Chinese students in Japan: Understanding educationally channelled migrant experiences. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(3), 125–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400306 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Conchada, G., & Estabillo, J. (2020). Gawad Kalinga: Innovation in the City (and Beyond). De La Salle University. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/rbh_final.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2155979 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), Article e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Del Rosario, E. P., & Manuel, M. E. (2021). Evaluating community-based housing: The Gawad Kalinga model in the Philippines. International Journal of Community Development, 15(2), 133–149. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/rbh_final.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Dizon, L., & Dator-Bercilla, J. (2021). Promoting Philippine Culture and Values towards Bayanihan. Philippine Development Plan (NEDA). https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Chapter-07.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Edwards, M., & Hulme, D. (1996). Too close for comfort? The impact of official aid on nongovernmental organizations. World Development, 24(6), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00019-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Flick, U. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (6th ed.). https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/an-introduction-to-qualitative-research/book261109 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Frediani, A. A., & Cea, C. (2019). How to apply the capability approach to housing policy? Concepts, theories and challenges. Housing, Theory and Society, 36(3), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2019.1706630 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Garrido, M. (2019). The Patchwork City: Class, Space, and Politics in Metro Manila. Yale University. https://environmentalhumanities.yale.edu/event/marco-garrido-university-chicago-patchwork-city-class-space-and-politics-metro-manila-council [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Gawad Kalinga Builders Institute. (2023). Gawad Kalinga Builders Institute (GKBI). Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation, Inc. https://gk1world.com/GKBI [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation. (2025). Mission and platforms of solidarity. https://gk1world.com/ourwork [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation. (2025). Programs: Shelter and Land Security. GK1World. https://www.gk1world.com/give/shelter-and-land-security [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation. (2025). Our Work / Platforms of Solidarity (Program Overview). GK1World. https://www.gk1world.com/ourwork [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Given, L. M. (2016). 100 questions (and answers) about qualitative research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483398655 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Gonzales, R. A. (2021). Managing success and failure in community-based housing projects: A case study of Gawad Kalinga in the Philippines. Journal of Housing and Urban Development, 42(3), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02777887.2021.1909351 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Guillemin, M., & Gillam, L. (2015). Emotions, narratives, and ethical mindfulness. Acad Med. 2015 Jun;90(6):726–731. https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/abstract/2015/06000/emotions,_narratives,_and_ethical_mindfulness.14.aspx [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Habaradas, R. (2010). Gawad Kalinga: Innovation in the city (and beyond) [Paper]. De La Salle University Research Repository. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/rbh_final.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Habaradas, R. B., & Aquino, M. A. (2019). More than just a housing problem: Learning from Gawad Kalinga’s experience. De La Salle University. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/rbh_final.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Hadlos, A. (2021). Determining the depth of households’ participation influencing the level of their residential satisfaction in a post-Haiyan resettlement. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 64, 102490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102490 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Horbachevska, T., Uvarova, O., & Vovk, D. (2024). Freedom of religion and non-discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation in Ukraine: Corporate policy commitments in situations of conflicting social expectations. Human Rights Review, 25(2), 205–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-024-00720-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Kim, E., & Yoo, J. (2015). Conditional cash transfer in the Philippines: How to overcome institutional constraints for implementing social protection. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 2(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.72 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Kimhur, B. (2020). How to apply the capability approach to housing policy? Concepts, theories and challenges. Housing, Theory and Society, 37(3), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2019.1706630 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Lombardini, S., Bowman, K., & Garwood, R. (2017). A ‘How-to’ guide to measuring women’s empowerment: Sharing experience from Oxfam’s impact evaluations. Oxfam GB. https://doi.org/10.21201/2017.9750 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://www.sciepub.com/reference/261766? [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.12691/wjssh-9-2-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. National Economic and Development Authority. (2023). Philippine Development Plan 2023–2028: Towards a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society with inclusive growth and a high trust society. National Economic and Development Authority. https://pdp.depdev.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/082023-Philippine-Development-Plan-2023-2028_with_link.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1609406917733847 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Nussbaum, M. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Harvard University Press. https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/creating-capabilities-the-human-development-approach-2/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Ocampo, M. (2015). The Capability Approach and Human Development: Some Reflections. UNDP Human Development Reports. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/osmanitemplate.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Orbeta, A. C. Jr., Melad, K. A. M., & Potestad, M. V. (2020). Correlates of test performance of 15-year-old students in the Philippines: Evidence from PISA (Discussion Paper No. 2020-57). Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2020.57 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Ortega, A. A. (2022). Spaces in Transition: Mapping Manila’s Peri-Urban Fringe. UP Population Institute. https://www.uppi.upd.edu.ph/research/projects/sit [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Pandey, B., Brelsford, C., & Seto, K. C. (2025). Where is the peri-urban? Mapping the areas 'around, beyond and between'. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2025.1436287 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=Patton,+M.+Q.+(2015).+Qualitative+research+%26+evaluation+methods+(4th+ed.).+SAGE+Publications [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Housing characteristics in the Philippines: 2020 Census of Population and Housing (Reference No. 2023-018). Philippine Statistics Authority. https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_SR%20on_Housing%20Characteristics_rev_03Jan2023_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Porio, E. (2014). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in Metro Manila: Challenging governance and human security needs of urban poor communities. Asian Journal of Social Science, 42(1–2), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04201006 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Porio, E. (2021). Building climate-resilient cities: Leadership in urban adaptation. Ateneo de Manila University. https://www.ateneo.edu/features/2025/03/14/building-climate-resilient-cities-dr-emma-porio-ateneos-leadership-urban [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Prakash, M., Ramage, S., Kavvada, A., & Goodman, S. (2020). Open earth observations for sustainable urban development. Remote Sensing, 12(10), 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101646 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Pulhin, J. M., & Tan, A. E. S. (2024). Collective action and adaptive capacity of communities during disasters: The case of oil spill in Guimaras, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 15(1), 6–16. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/3910 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Reginio, J., & Agcaoili, D. (2024). Implementation of Integrated Livelihood Program: Basis in Formulating Policy Recommendations. JETIR. https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2505311.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Rocha Menocal, A. (2020). What does “inclusive governance” mean? Clarifying theory and practice (OECD Development Policy Papers No. 27). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24809.72806 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Romano, G. (2022). Moving Beyond Growth: Global South and Decolonial Perspectives. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/poverty/cfis/roadmap/subm-roadmap-eradicating-poverty-aca-133-ritu-verma-input-1.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Santos, L. M. (2020). Sustainability and efficiency in community-driven housing initiatives: Insights from Gawad Kalinga in the Philippines. Development Studies Research, 9(1), 1–12. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0149206309350775?utm_source=researchgate.net&utm_medium=article [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Santos, L. M., & Cruz, R. P. (2021). The resource-based view and community development: A strategic evaluation of Gawad Kalinga’s housing model. Journal of Development Management, 18(3), 88–104. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0149206309350775?utm_source=researchgate.net&utm_medium=article [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press. https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-8/amartya-sens-development-freedom-ten-years-later [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Shaw, R., & Prakash, A. (2020). Peri-urban Ecosystems and Urban Resilience. Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/Peri-urban-Capacity-Toolkit.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Shinn, M., Samuels, J., Fischer, S. N., Thompkins, A., & Fowler, P. J. (2015). Longitudinal impact of a Family Critical Time Intervention on children in high-risk families experiencing homelessness: A randomized trial. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56(3–4), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9742-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Simon, D. (2022). Urban–Rural Linkages and Ecosystem Restoration. UNCCD. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022-03/UNCCD%20GLO%20WP%20urban-rural%20linkages.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Tendler, J. (1997). Good government in the tropics. Johns Hopkins University Press. https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801854521 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. United Nations-Habitat. (2022). World Cities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities. UN-Habitat Philippines. https://unhabitat.org.ph/knowledge-hub/2022-world-cities-report/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Valdecañas, S. F., & Cuyegkeng, M. A. C. (2023). Engaging stakeholders to achieve the SDGs: The case of the Province of Bataan. Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 11(2), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-6893.1207 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. World Bank. (2024). The Philippines Human Capital Review: Investing in the early years to boost human potential (Report No. P180603). World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099062024032533487/p18060313496220b71b50416ae4e2822cf2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/case-study-research-and-applications/book250150 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Zhorzholiani, T. (2024). The impact of unemployment on economic development: Georgia’s example. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 20(37), 235. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n37p235 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study