Instructional Leadership and Organizational Behavior as Predictors of Teaching Competence among Private Basic Education Teachers
Authors
Faculty, Philippine College Foundation Valencia City, Bukidnon (Philippines)
Professor V, Central Mindanao University Musuan, Bukidnon (Philippines)
Associate Professor IV, Central Mindanao University Musuan, Bukidnon (Philippines)
Article Information
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100300270
Subject Category: Education
Volume/Issue: 10/3 | Page No: 3616-3635
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-03-11
Accepted: 2026-03-19
Published: 2026-04-03
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between instructional leadership and organizational behavior to the teaching competence of the Private Basic Education School Teachers in Valencia City, Bukidnon. Specifically it aimed to: describe the level of instructional leadership of teachers in terms of developing and communicating shared goals, monitoring and providing feedback, and promoting professional development; determine the organizational behavior of teachers in the following aspects, products and services, vision and leadership, work environment, and social responsibility; assess the level of teaching competence exhibited by teachers in the following areas of, social regard for learning, learning environment, diversity of learners, and curriculum; ascertain the relationship between instructional leadership and organizational behavior on teaching competence of private school teachers; and identify the variables that best predicts teaching competence.
Keywords
instructional leadership, organizational behavior, teaching competence alignment
Downloads
References
1. Alavosius, M. P., & Mattaini, M. A. (2011). Editorial: Behavior analysis, sustainability, resilience, and adaptation. Behavior and Social Issues, 20, 1–5. https://link.springer.com/article/10.5210/bsi.v20i0.3782 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Almaden, A. M. (2025). Service quality and student satisfaction in high school education. Philippine Journal of Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 37(2), 55–72. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. AlRefaei, A. A. H., Ali, H. M., Aldaba, A. M., & Zumrah, A. R. (2023). Determinants of customer-perceived service quality in higher education: The roles of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 15(4), 663–683. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Anderson, J., & Davis, P. (2020). Exploring the mediating role of teacher engagement in the relationship between organizational behavior and teaching competence. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(3), 345–362. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Arombo, C. (2023). Master teachers-school heads designate’s instructional competencies, instructional leadership practices and challenges. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15(9), 886–903. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10406078 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Ashkanasy, N., & Dorris, A. (2017). Organizational behavior. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.23 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Bacani, M. R., & Corpuz, B. B. (2021). Instructional leadership practices and teacher performance in private basic education schools in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 9(3), 45–55. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Baldera, P. R. (2025). Instructional leadership in practice: A qualitative exploration of public elementary master teachers’ roles. EDUPIJ: Education Sciences, 14(1), 1–20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Ball, D., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59, 389–407. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022487108324554 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-47215-001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Baumert, J., Kunter, M., Blum, W., Brunner, M., Voss, T., Jordan, A., ... & Tsai, Y.-M. (2010). Teachers’ mathematical knowledge cognitive activation in the classroom, and student progress. American Educational Research Journal, 47(1), 133–180. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0002831209345157 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Blömeke, S., Busse, A., Kaiser, G., König, J., & Suhl, U. (2016). The relation between content-specific and general teacher knowledge and skills. Teaching and Teacher Education, 56, 35–46. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-16812-005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Bocean, C., et al. (2018). Social responsibility in education - challenges and perspectives. iCOnEc 2018 – 10th International Conference Competitiveness and Stability in the Knowledge-Based Economy. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329454418_Social_responsibility_in_education_-_challenges_and_perspectives [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Bottoms, G., & Schmidt-Davis, J. (2010). The three essentials: Improving schools requires district vision, district and state support, and principal leadership. Southern Regional Education Board. www.sreb.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Brown, M., & Jones, R. (2019). Organizational behavior in educational settings: Fostering collaboration and trust. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(3), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2018-0152 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Clotfelter, C. T., Ladd, H. F., & Vigdor, J. L. (2012). Teacher credentials and student achievement in high school. Journal of Human Resources, 45(3), 655–681. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13617/w13617.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Cochran-Smith, M., & Zeichner, K. M. (2005). Studying teacher education: The report of the AERA Panel on Research and Teacher Education. Erlbaum. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-07530-000 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Corpuz, R. A. (2023). Administrator’ instructional leadership practices and teacher performance in basic education schools. International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research, 7(2), 45–55. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Corso, M., et al. (2009). Innovation at the intersection between exploration, exploitation and discontinuity. International Journal of Intellectual Capital. https://www.academia.edu/2407596/ Innovation_at_the_intersection_between_exploration_exploitation_and_discontinuity [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Curriculum. (2024). In Merriam-Webster dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/curriculum [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Day, C., Gu, Q., & Sammons, P. (2016). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: How successful school leaders use transformational and instructional strategies to make a difference. Educational Administration Quarterly, 52(2), 221–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X15616863 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. De Guzman, A. B., & Javier, E. R. (2020). School leadership, goal clarity, and teaching performance in Philippine basic education. Philippine Journal of Education, 99(2), 23–38. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Department of Education. (2020). DepEd professional development priorities for teachers and school leaders for school year 2020–2023 (DepEd Memorandum No. 050, s. 2020). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Department of Education. (2023). Basic education statistics and facts: Private schools sector report. DepEd Philippines. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/BESF-2023.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Department of Trade and Industry. (n.d.). Bukidnon province region – X Mindanao. https://cmci.dti.gov.ph/prov-profile.php?prov=Bukidnon [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Digital Promise. (2024, January 16). Instructional leadership teams: Driving student success through feedback loops. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do you mean by “collaborative learning”? Cognitive and Computational Approaches, 1–19. https://telearn.hal.science/hal-00190240/document [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Dimatera, R. D. (2024). Instructional leadership of public elementary school heads and teachers’ classroom practices. Philippine Christian University Research Journal, 19(1), 85–104. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Diversity of Learners. (2024). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/welcoming-diversity-learning-environment-teachers-handbook-inclusive-education [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Ergen, G. (2015). Hierarchical classification of values. International Journal of Progressive Education, 11(3), 162–182. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305443466_Hierarchical_Classification_of_Values [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Espinosa, V. F., & González, J. (2023). The effect of teacher leadership on students’ purposeful learning. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2197282 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Fajana, S. (2002). Human resources management: An introductory. Labofin and Company. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Fapohunda, T. (2013). Towards effective team building in the workplace. International Journal of Education and Research. https://www.ijern.com/images/April-2013/23.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Francia, J. (2024). Private vs. public school for your child: Here's what teachers say. Smart Parenting. https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/preschooler/private-vs-public-schools-teachers-insights-a6256-20240320-lfrm [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. Goe, L. (2007). The link between teacher quality and student outcome: A research synthesis. National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521219 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Griffiths, A., et al. (2020). Together we can do so much: A systematic review and conceptual framework of collaboration in schools. Canadian Journal of School Psychology. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0829573520915368 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Hallinger, P. (2005). Instructional leadership and the school principal: A passing fancy that refuses to fade away. School Leadership & Management, 25(3), 221–239. DOI: 10.1080/15700760500244793 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. Hallinger, P. (2018). Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217714254 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1987). Assessing and developing principal instructional leadership. Educational Leadership, 45(1), 54–61. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (2019). Instructional leadership: A synthesis of research on principal roles and behaviors. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(4), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-02-2019-0029 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. Heck, R., & Hallinger, P. (1999). Conceptual models, methodology, and methods for studying school leadership. In J. Murphy & K. Seashore-Louis (Eds.), The 2nd handbook of research in educational administration. McCutchan. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. Hill, P., & Marguerite, R. (2010). Curing Baumol’s disease: In search of productivity gains in K-12 schooling. CRPC White Paper. https://www.educationevolving.org/blog/2010/08/new-paper-from-crpe-seeks-productivity-gains-in-k-12 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. Horng, E., Loe, S., & Mindich, D. (2010). Teachers' support-seeking behaviors and how they are influenced by school leadership. School Leadership Research, Working Paper 10–5. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. Hosseini, S., & Shirazi, Z. R. H. (2021). Towards teacher innovative work behavior: A conceptual model. Cogent Education, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2020.1869364 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
46. Houmanfar, R. A., Rodrigues, N. J., & Smith, G. S. (2009). Role of communication networks in behavioral systems analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 29, 257–275. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
47. Johnson, M., & Smith, R. (2017). Enhancing teaching competence through positive organizational behavior: A case study of an elementary school. Journal of Educational Administration, 32(4), 567–584. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
48. Kaiser, G., & König, J. (2019). Competence measurement in (mathematics) teacher education and beyond: Implications for policy. Higher Education Policy, 32, 597–615. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332335524_Competence_Measurement_in_Mathematics_Teacher_Education_and_Beyond_Implications_for_Policy [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
49. Lariosa, J. D. (2022). Instructional leadership and teacher effectiveness in private schools in Mindanao, Philippines. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 17, 150–167. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.6592 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
50. Learning Policy Institute. (2018). The instructional leadership corps: Teachers leading sustainable professional learning in their communities. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
51. Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2020). Instructional leadership and teacher motivation: A meta-analysis. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 19(2), 189–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2019.1637721 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
52. Leithwood, K., & Sun, J. (2020). Academic culture, school leadership, and student achievement: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(3), 389–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218822772 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
53. Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & Steinbach, R. (1999). Changing leadership for changing times. International Journal of Educational Management, 13(6), 301–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem.1999.13.6.301.4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
54. Lisnasari, S. F., Sekali, P. B. K., Jainab, J., Widiyarti, G., Sidebang, R., & Simbolon, R. (2023). The importance of principal leadership management in increasing the competence of elementary school teachers in Medan City, North Sumatra. International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 4(2), 609–615. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.02.27 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
55. Llego, M. (2019). Instructional leadership in the Philippine K to 12 basic education program: Implications for teacher quality. International Journal of Education and Practice, 7(4), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2019.74.213.224 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
56. Louis, K. S., Marks, H. M., & Kruse, S. (1996). Teachers' professional community in restructuring schools. American Educational Research Journal, 33(4), 757–798. https://doi.org/10.2307/1163415 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
57. Manguiat, K. M. (2025). Teacher-led instructional leadership practices and professional development in Philippine senior high schools. The Normal Lights, 19(2), 45–70. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
58. McEwan, E. K. (2003). Seven steps to effective instructional leadership (2nd ed.). Corwin Press, Inc. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
59. Monitoring and Feedback. (n.d.). Teacher education through school based support (TESS)-India. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Early_Childhood_Education/Instructional_Methods_Strategies_and_Technologies_(Lombardi_2018)/01%3A_Key_Practices_in_Instruction_and_Student_Learning/1.06%3A_Monitoring_and_giving_feedback [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
60. Murkatik, K., Harapan, E., & Wardiah, D. (2020). The influence of professional and pedagogic competence on teacher’s performance. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 1(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
61. Mustaring, D. I. (2022). The effect of organizational justice and service quality on students’ perceived value of higher education. International Journal of Educational Administration, Management, and Leadership, 3(2), 130–142. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
62. Naguit, J. Z. (2024). Instructional leadership practices of school heads and teachers’ performance in the Schools Division of Batangas. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(1), 210–223. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
63. Ng, D. (2019). Instructional leadership. Setting sail into the age of digital local government. ResearchGate. https://researchgate.net/publication/332087703_Instructional_Leadership [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
64. Ogena, E. B., & Hall, R. P. (2022). Teacher competence in Philippine private schools: Influences of leadership practices. Philippine Journal of Education Studies, 47(1), 34–52. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
65. Pimpong, M. (2023). Work environmental factors and its impact on employee productivity: The mediating role of employee commitment. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 372919183 Work_Environmental_Factors_and_its_Impact_on_Employee_Productivity_The_Mediating_Role_of_Employee_Commitment [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
66. Prestoza, M. J. (2025). Challenges and practices of instructional leadership in Philippine basic education schools. The Normal Lights, 19(1), 90–112. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
67. Products and Services. (n.d.). Kwantlen Polytechnic University. https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/introductiontomarketing/chapter/7-1-what-is-a-product-or-service/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
68. Professional Development. (n.d.). In Cambridge dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/professional-development [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
69. Republic Act 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012. National Privacy Commission. https://privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
70. Rivera, J. P. R., et al. (2025). Revitalizing the Philippine education system: An equity-driven approach to teacher development and innovation. EdCom II Policy Paper. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
71. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2021). Organizational behavior (18th ed.). Pearson. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
72. Serdyukov, P. (2017). Innovation in education: What works, what doesn’t, and what to do about it? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 10, 4–33. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JRIT-10-2016-0007/full/pdf?title=innovation-in-education-what-works-what-doesnt-and-what-to-do-about-it [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
73. Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Research, 57, 1–22. https://meridian.allenpress.com/her/article-abstract/57/1/1/31319/Knowledge-and-Teaching-Foundations-of-the-New?redirectedFrom=fulltext [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
74. Siarot, L. M., & Gadian, M. B. (2021). Organizational climate and teaching performance in Bukidnon private schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 8(2), 112–120. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
75. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2015). The impact of instructional leadership on teacher effectiveness: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Leadership, 20(2), 45–62. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
76. Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2015). Instructional leadership for teacher development. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
77. Social Responsibility. (n.d.). Human Rights Careers. https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/what-is-social-responsibility/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
78. Sun, A., Cheng, A., & Walker, A. (2024). Instructional leadership, feedback, and monitoring: Mediating effects on teacher performance. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(2), 310–329. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
79. Sun, J., & Leithwood, K. (2017). Calculating the power of alternative choices by school leaders for improving student achievement. School Leadership & Management, 37(1–2), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2017.1293639 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
80. Supovitz, J. A., Sirinides, P., & May, H. (2019). How principals and peers influence teaching and learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 55(2), 205–236. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
81. Tatto, M. T., Schwille, J., Senk, S. L., Ingvarson, L., Rowley, G., Peck, R., & Reckase, M. (2012). The mathematics teacher education and development study (TEDS-M). Amsterdam: IEA. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-4978-8_151 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
82. Taylor, E. S., & Tyler, J. H. (2021). The effect of evaluation on teacher performance. American Economic Review, 111(3), 1029–1056. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
83. Teacher Competence in Higher Education. (n.d.). http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/24676/1/Unit6.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
84. Teachers’ Professional Development and School Leadership Management. (2025). International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 12(1), 1–16. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
85. Uchiyama, K. P., & Wolf, S. A. (2002). The best way to lead them. Educational Leadership, 59(8), 80–83. www.sage.ed.gov [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
86. Vision. (n.d.). In Cambridge dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/vision [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
87. Wang, Q., Woo, H.L., & Zhao, J. (2009). Investigating critical thinking and knowledge construction in an interactive learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 17(1), 95–104. DOI: 10.1080/10494820701706320 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
88. Wider, W. (2024). Service quality (SERVQUAL) model in private higher education institutions: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Quality in Education, 12(1), 1–20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
89. Williams, K., & Thompson, D. (2018). Organizational climate and educator effectiveness: Evidence from K-12 schools. Educational Psychology Review, 30(4), 789–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9423-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
90. Williams, L., & Thompson, S. (2018). Organizational behavior and teaching competence: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Educational Research, 45(2), 231–248. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
91. Yuan, K.-S., Wu, T.-J., Chen, H.-B., & Li, Y.-B. (2017). A study on the teachers’ professional knowledge and competence in environmental education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(7), 3163–3175. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00710a [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
92. Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Pant, H. A., Lautenbach, C., Molerov, D., Toepper, M., & Brückner, S. (2017). Modelling and measuring competencies in higher education. Springer. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Modeling-and-Measuring-Competencies-in-Higher-Bl% C3% B6meke Zlatkin%E2%80%90Troitschanskaia/4f2615e374df826158900403febb9190e29057ec10 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
- Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
- “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
- Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
- Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study