Integrity‑Driven Innovation in Waqf Management

Waqf institutions in Malaysia have introduced various innovations, including cash waqf, corporate waqf, digital waqf, service waqf and waqf sukuk, to enhance socio-economic development. However, challenges relating to accounting practices, asset valuation, disclosure, internal controls and legal differences across states raise questions about whether these innovations are implemented consistently with Islamic integrity principles. This qualitative documentary study examines selected State Waqf Enactments, institutional annual reports, JAWHAR publications, the Piawaian Perakaunan Islam bagi Baitulmal, Zakat dan Wakaf (PPIBZW), relevant legislation, fatwas and scholarly literature. The documents were purposively selected based on relevance, authenticity, timeliness and comparative value and analysed using thematic and comparative analysis. The findings identify five major waqf innovations and six integrity gaps: inconsistent treatment of specific cash waqf, non-recognition or nominal valuation of waqf assets, limited disclosure of waqf-specific transactions, weak internal control mechanisms, legal inconsistencies across states, and limited integration of dual accountability. The study proposes an Integrity-Driven Waqf Management Model comprising five interconnected components: core integrity principles, governance structure, innovation management process, integrity assurance mechanisms, and a reporting framework aligned with PPIBZW. The model provides an integrated framework for aligning waqf innovation with Islamic integrity, institutional accountability, and sustainable waqf management.

Waqf management, integrity, innovation, maqasid al-Shariah

1. Ali, N. A. A., & Markom, R. (2020). The challenges in implementing cash waqf in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies, 6(2), 2–16. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Abdul Rahman, A. R. (2010). An introduction to Islamic accounting theory and practice. Kuala Lumpur: CERT Publication. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Abdullah Abdul Ghani, Rohami Shafie, Md. Suhaimi Md. Saleh, Faisol Elham, Muhammad Hanif Abdul Kadir, Mohamad Sharofi Haji Ismail, Fathilatul Zakimi Abdul Hamid, Nasri Naiimi, & Zaleha Othman. (2018). Isu-isu dalam pengurusan dan pelaporan wakaf, zakat dan baitulmal di Malaysia. IPN Journal, 7(1), 41-52. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Haniffa, R., & Hudaib, M. (2002). A theoretical framework for the development of the Islamic perspective of accounting. Commerce and Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 6(1&2), 1-71. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Jabatan Akauntan Negara Malaysia (JANM). (2023). Piawaian Perakaunan Islam bagi Baitulmal, Zakat dan Wakaf (PPIBZW): Pendedahan Lain. Putrajaya: JANM. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Jabatan Wakaf, Zakat dan Haji (JAWHAR). (2006). Manual pengurusan tanah wakaf. Putrajaya: JAWHAR. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Jabatan Wakaf, Zakat dan Haji (JAWHAR). (2009). Manual pengurusan wakaf tunai. Putrajaya: JAWHAR. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Jabatan Wakaf, Zakat dan Haji (JAWHAR). (2010). Manual pengurusan peletakhakan tanah wakaf. Putrajaya: JAWHAR. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Mahmood, R. H., Shahida, S., Musafar Hameed, L. B., & Mustaffha, N. (2017). Kawalan dalaman tadbir urus wakaf di Malaysia. Asian Journal of Accounting and Governance, 8(Special Issue), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.17576/AJAG-2017-08SI-05 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Md Salleh, M. F., Basnan, N., Ahmad, A., Harun, A., & Abdul Wahab, A. B. (2022). Perakaunan aset wakaf di Malaysia: Cadangan pengolahan perakaunan dan pelaporan. Putrajaya: JAWHAR & UKM. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Md Salleh, M. F., Basnan, N., Ahmad, A., Harun, A., Naim, M. A., & Wahid, H. (2016). Cadangan item pendedahan bagi pelaporan institusi wakaf, zakat dan baitulmal. IPN Journal, 6, 23-44. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Md Salleh, M. F., Basnan, N., Ahmad, A., Harun, A., Wahid, H., & Abdul Wahab, A. B. (2018). Amalan pengiktirafan hasil oleh institusi wakaf, zakat, dan baitulmal di Malaysia. IPN Journal, 8(1), 1-22. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Muhamad Firdaus Ab Rahman, Hussein Azeemi Abdullah Thaidi, Azman Ab Rahman, & Siti Farahiyah Ab Rahim. (2020). Peranan wakaf dalam mendepani pandemik COVID-19. Jurnal Pengurusan dan Penyelidikan Fatwa, 21(1), 49-64. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Puad, N. A. M., Rafdi, N. J., & Shahar, W. S. (2014). Issues and challenges of waqf instrument: A case study in MAIS. (Unpublished manuscript). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Razali Othman. (2013). Institusi wakaf sejarah dan amalan masa kini. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Sawandi, N., Derashid, C., Ku Ismail, K. N. I., Abu Bakar, F., Abdul Wahab, M. S., & Shaari, H. (2020). Amalan dan keperluan pembentangan dan pendedahan penyata kewangan bagi Majlis Agama Islam Negeri di Malaysia. IPN Journal of Research and Practice in Public Sector Accounting and Management, 10(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.58458/ipnj.v10.01.03.0063 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Shahul, H. M. (2000). The need for Islamic accounting: Perceptions of its objectives and characteristics by Malaysian accountants and academics. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Dundee. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Siti Rokyah, M. Z. (2005). Determinants of financial reporting practices on waqf by State Islamic Religious Council in Malaysia. Unpublished Master’s dissertation, IIUM. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Zaharuddin, A. R. (2016). Maqasid syariah sebagai mekanisme ijtihad kontemporari. Paper presented at Seminar Eksekutif Maqasid Syariah, Shah Alam. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Conflict of Law in the Safeguarding of Malaysian Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Way Forward
• Alternative Dispute Resolution in India: A Brief Overview Justice Delayed is Justice Denied. - William E. Gladstone
• The Role of Museums in Safeguarding Cultural Heritage Rights: Balancing Access and Repatriation
• An Evaluation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights' Significance and Application in Nigeria
• The Role of International Law in Shaping National Immigration Policies.