Level of Adaptability of Street Food Vendors to Challenges and Perceived Level of Effectiveness of Coping Mechanisms: A Basis for Government Policy Recommendations

Businesses play an important role in the growth of communities and the economy, with large and formal enterprises often receiving the most recognition. However, small-scale and informal businesses, particularly street food vending, play an equally vital role by providing accessible livelihood opportunities for individuals with limited access to formal employment. Despite this importance, street food vendors face persistent challenges such as financial vulnerability, operational difficulties, restrictive regulation, and their contributions often remain unrecognized, leaving them vulnerable to exclusion and neglect. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the level of adaptability of street food vendors to challenges and their perceived level of effectiveness of coping mechanisms that will provide insights to guide government interventions towards protecting their livelihood and promoting inclusive urban development. A descriptive design was employed, using data collected from 40 street food vendors in Bayombong and Solano, Nueva Vizcaya. Surveys were administered through a structured questionnaire using a 4-point Likert scale and an open ended question, with data analyzed through mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage, while qualitative responses were reviewed thematically to support numerical findings. Findings reveal that street food vendors demonstrate a high level of adaptability, particularly in managing financial strain, addressing operational issues, complying with regulations, and balancing family or interpersonal responsibilities. Their coping strategies such as emotional resilience, adaptation to regulation, and operational adaptation were generally perceived as highly effective. However, despite their resourcefulness and adaptability, many of these mechanisms tend to be short-term and insufficient for ensuring long-term stability. This underscores the need for structural and systemic government support, including the establishment of designated vending areas, provision of financial assistance, skills development programs, and the implementation of fair and inclusive regulatory policies. Strengthening these support mechanisms will enhance the resilience, sustainability, and overall welfare of street food vendors while contributing to inclusive urban development.

Adaptability, coping mechanisms, government intervention

1. Abulencia, A. J. A., Alauddin, T. D., Malantig, R. A., Paguia, M. B., & Batingal, A. V. T. (2025). Experiences of Mobile Street Food Vendors: A Case Study of Pagadian Vendors. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 3896–3926. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2268 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Adami, T. D., Mabini, J. M., & Giron, G. L. (2024). Exploring the informal street vendors’ substantial benefits to university students at the University Belt. International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP). https://doi.org/10.47472/fylwsbcr [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Alfers, L., Braham, C. A., Chen, M. A., Grapsa, E., Harvey, J., Ismail, G., Ogando, A. C., Reed, S. O., Roever, S., Rogan, M., Sinha, S., Skinner, C., & Valdivia, M. (2022). COVID-19 and informal work in 11 cities: Recovery pathways amidst continued crisis. Institute of Development Studies. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/473850 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Anupriya, S., & Anuradha, G. (2025, March). Psycho-social and economic well-being of street vendors: A study of mental health, social networks, and financial resilience. International Journal of Novel Research and Development, 10(3), a15-a23. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2503003.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Arif, T. (2023). Street vendors and their challenges in business. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378260223_Street_Vendors_and_their_Challenges_in_Business [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Armas, K. L., Villegas, M. N., Lopez, M. N. S., & La Penia, R. L. F. (2024a). Rethinking mobile food safety: A strategic framework for ambulant vendors in the Philippines. International Review of Management and Marketing, 14(4), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.16263 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Armas, K. L., & Galano, J. A. (2024b). Assessment of economic impact of public spaces in the Philippines: An in-depth analysis. Corporate and Business Strategy Review, 5(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv5i2art20 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bayir, B., Charles, A., & Ouzrout, Y. (2022). Issues and challenges in short food supply chains: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 14(6), 3602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063602 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Total Population by Barangay based on the 2024 POPCEN. Philippine Statistics Authority. https://share.google/POndUmlYrp0BVE23n [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Beckford, C., Jawaldeh, A. A., & Lipoeto, N. I. (2024). Editorial: Nutrition and Sustainable Development Goal 1: no poverty. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1466774 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Belitski, M., Guenther, C., Kritikos, A. S., & Thurik, R. (2021). Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00544-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Berkel, H., Estmann, C., & Rand, J. (2022). Local governance quality and law compliance: The case of Mozambican firms. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105942. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Capio, C. G., Lista, A. M., Oliveros, J. V., Gamiao, E. A., & Malinao, C. W. M. (2025). Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practices among street food vendors in Alfonso Lista, Ifugao, Philippines. Journal of Economics, Business and Commerce., 2(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.69739/jebc.v2i1.573 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Carel, S. a. M., Maraya, F. K. B., & Torreros, M. (2024). A phenomenological study of street vending in downtown area, Tacloban City. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 07(10). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i10-11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Cepeda, A. B., Balleta, F. J. B., & Solano, A. H. A. (2021). Competition among street food vendors: Hepa Lane in Legazpi City. Saint Raphael Academy. https://www.scribd.com/document/551080444/Competition-among-Street-Food-Vendors-Hepa-Lane-in-Legazpi-City-Balleta-Cepeda-Solano [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Coletto, D., Jaber, L., & Vanhellemont, L. (2021). Street vendors in Lima in the time of COVID‐19: Guilty or oppressed?. Canadian Geographer, 65(4), 435-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12712 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Curran, V.P., Dapitanon, M.Q.J., Diapera, D.V., Anca, R.E.Q., Gamutin, K.E., Revante, A.M.A. & Ombao, S.S. (2024). Lived experiences of street food vendors amidst the phase of pandemic recovery. The Research Probe, 4(1), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.53378/trp.0624.1.6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Damanik, J. D. (2022). Compatibility of Street Vendors With Public Space to improve the Welfare of the Poor Community in Medan City. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220302.024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Dano, C. P., Bernante, F. B. P., Mayola, F. R. J., & Batingal, A. V. T. (2025). Examining the Marketing Practices of Street Food Vendors; A Case Study of Rotunda Vendors. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2824–2858. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar1957 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Desye, B., Tesfaye, A. H., Daba, C., & Berihun, G. (2023). Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice of street food vendors and associated factors in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287996 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Du, F., Bao, Q., & Zhang, A. (2024). Policy and governance models of street vendor economy under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Business and Management, 19(3), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v19n3p153 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Elsahoryi, N. A., Olaimat, A., Shaikha, H. A., Tabib, B., & Holley, R. (2024). Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of street vendors: a cross-sectional study in Jordan. British Food Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2023-0709 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Engidaw, A. E., Ning, J., Kebad, M. A., Mulaw, S. G., Alamirew, M. T., Wonda, T. A., Abebe, D. M., & Berihun, Z. (2024). Determining the push factors to involve in street vending activities and their challenges: in the case of Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00397-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Esguerra, J. G., Jardin, R. A., & Tayco, R. O. (2024). Livelihood resiliency of selected informal sectors in Cebu City, the Philippines. Human Behavior, Development and Society, 25(3), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.62370/hbds.v25i3.273015 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Eya, M. A., Abdullahi, S., & Liman, A. A. (2025). Exploring measures of incorporating street vending as a legal way of sustaining community livelihood and the viability of nation’s economy. Urban and Regional Planning, 946-962. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100700085 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Farchi, M. U., & Peled-Avram, M. (2025). The ART of resilience: a theoretical bridge across resilience perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1556047 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Girma, Z., Temesgen, K., Dubale, A., Waritu, N. C., Jemal, M., & Wakeyo, M. U. (2025b). Food handling practices among street food vendors and their associated factors in the town administration of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Food Science and Technology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frfst.2025.1445910 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Godjali, M. G. B., & Supramaniam, S. (2024b). Entrepreneurial mindset strategies in times of crisis: a qualitative study on street food vendors. Qualitative Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrj-02-2024-0043 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Golparvar, M. & Parsakia, K. (2023). Building resilience: Psychological approaches to prevent burnout in health professionals. KMAN Counseling and Psychology Nexus. 1. 159-166. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.psychnexus.1.1.18. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Gonzales, P. H. E., & Pabilando, R. S. (2023b). Knowledge, practice, and attitude on food handling of street food vendors in Biliran province. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(7), 2712–2723. https://doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v2i7.472 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Hernandez, A. A., Caballero, A. R., Albina, E. M., Niguidula, J. D., & Balmes, I. (2023). Artificial Intelligence for sustainability: Evidence from select small and medium enterprises in the Philippines. International Conference on Business and Industrial Research. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBIR57571.2023.10147579 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Herzig, J., & Zander, K. (2025). Determinants of consumer behavior in short food supply chains: A systematic literature review. Agricultural and Food Economics, 13(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-025-00370-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Hidalgo, H., Cuesta, M., & Razafindrabe, B. (2022b). Street vendors’ livelihood vulnerability to typhoons in Naga City, Philippines. The Philippine Journal of Science, 151(6A). https://doi.org/10.56899/151.6a.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Hilmi, M. (2020). Street food vendors’ entrepreneurial marketing characteristics and practices from 12 countries: what lessons can be learnt for improving food marketing in BOP/Subsistence marketplaces. Middle East Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(2), 321–348. https://doi.org/10.36632/mejar/2020.9.2.27 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Huynh-Van, B., Vuong-Thao, V., Huynh-Thi-Thanh, T., Dang-Xuan, S., Huynh-Van, T., Tran-To, L., Nguyen-Thi-Thao, N., Huynh-Bach, C., & Nguyen-Viet, H. (2022). Factors associated with food safety compliance among street food vendors in Can Tho city, Vietnam: Implications for intervention activity design and implementation. BMC Public Health, 22(94). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12497-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Hoang, T. H., & Le, Q. H. (2024). A self-regulatory adapting mechanism to changing work setting: Roles of playful work design and ambidexterity. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences. 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100148. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Hyatt, J. & Gruenglas, J. (2023). Ethical considerations in organizational conflict. Conflict Management. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002645. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Islam, S., Tanjia, N., Mitra, A. K., Hossain, A., Jasika, M. T., Suhi, S. S., & Hossain, S. J. (2024). Inadequate food safety knowledge and hygiene practices among street food vendors in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 17349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68099-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Jornales, J. C., Hoylar, C. V., & Vicera, C. R. (2024). The role of informal street vending in Philippine economic development. SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4956994 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Khan, L. (2024). Invisible Work, Visible Impacts: Gender, Migrants, and Informal Food Trade amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Global South. Hungry Cities Partnership. https://hungrycities.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/MiFOOD27.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Labitad, J. B. (2025). Borrowing from ‘5-6’ lenders: Examining the link between street vendors’ profiles and informal borrowing practices. Randwick International of Social Science Journal, 6(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v6i2.1126 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Labao, R.U., Sayson, L.J., Maculam, A.J.B. & Llorente, H.M.C. (2023). Food safety knowledge and hygiene practices among street vendors. The Research Probe, 3(2), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.53378/trp.0624.1.6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Letuka, P., Nkhebenyane, J., & Thekisoe, O. (2021). Street food handlers’ food safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices and consumers’ perceptions about street food vending in Masure, Lesotho. British Food Journal, 123(12), 302–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2020-0595 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Lyngwa, A., & Sahoo, B. K. (2022). COVID-19 and street vending in tribal areas: A qualitative analysis from Ground Zero—Aizawl, Mizoram, northeast India. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 59(5), 1623–1640. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096221143129 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Magidi, M. (2021). The role of the informal economy in promoting urban sustainability: Evidence from a small Zimbabwean town. Development Southern Africa, 39(2), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2021.1925088 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Martínez, L., & Short, J. R. (2022). The informal city: Exploring the variety of the street vending economy. Sustainability, 14(12), 7213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127213 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. McDougall, N., & Davis, A. (2024). The local supply chain during disruption: Establishing resilience in urban informal economies. Journal of Urban Economics, 58(4), 112–127. https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624021917 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Mercy, D., Muiruri, P., & Kibutu, T. (2023). Effectiveness of street vendors associations among women street vendors: A case study of Nairobi CBD. East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences. 6. 390-404. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajass.6.2.1646. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Mkhize, X., & Cele, T. (2025). Market shocks, climate vulnerability, and income loss in informal indigenous food systems: evidence from street vendors in Durban, South Africa. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1621204 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Moussié, R., Alfers, L., & Harvey, J. (2020). Informal workers in the COVID-19 crisis: A global picture of sudden impact and long-term risk. WIEGO. https://www.wiego.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Informal%20Workers%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Crisis_WIEGO_July_2020.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Mudau, M., Moshapo, L., Monyela, T., & Thango-Mabizela, B. (2024). Manufacturing Operations in SMEs Performance: A Systematic Review. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0539.v1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Mwambi, M., Schreinemachers, P., Praneetvatakul, S., & Harris, J. (2023). Cost and affordability of a healthy diet for urban populations in Thailand and the Philippines before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16207-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Nkosi, N. V., Hounkpatin, O. E., & Zannou, O. (2021). The food safety knowledge of street food vendors and its implications. Discover Food, 1(18), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-021-00018-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Ngoc Thao, V., Vu, V., Thi Quynh, A., Nguyen, A., & Pham, T. T. (2025). Vulnerability and coping strategies of street food vendors amid typhoons and heatwaves: Qualitative insights from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-03-2025-0155 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Peimani, N., & Kamalipour, H. (2022). Informal street vending: A systematic review. Land, 11(6), Article 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060829 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Petruzzelli, M., Ihle, R., Colitti, S., & Vittuari, M. (2023). The role of short food supply chains in advancing the global agenda for sustainable food systems transitions. Cities, 141, 104496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104496 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation. (2024, May 23). Stats and charts 2024. PhilHealth.https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/about_us/statsncharts/SNC_2024_20250523_v1.3.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Rahayu, N. W. I., Sawir, M., Melawati, F., & Mu’is, A. (2025). Balancing governance and street vending in urban Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11(3), 101559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101559 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Ramos, F. V. (1997, October 24). Executive Order No. 452: Providing for the guidelines that will ensure the security of registered vendors in the workplace. Official Gazette. https://www.wiego.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Phillipines-Executive-Order-452-Providing-for-the-Security-of-Registered-Vendors-in-the-Workplace-1997.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Romero, R., Paulino, E., Tan, R., & Cortez, D. M. (2024a). Urban entrepreneurship on the fringe: Action research on the challenges of street vendors in Manila. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(5), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2024.6.5.20 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Romero-Michel, J. C., Mokay-Ramírez, K. A., Delgado-Machuca, M., Delgado-Enciso, J., Aurelien-Cabezas, N. S., Tiburcio-Jimenez, D., Meza-Robles, C., Delgado-Enciso, O. G., Esquivel, J. G., Zaizar-Fregoso, S. A., Fierro, M. L. M., Sanchez, I. P. R., Melnikov, V., Barajas-Saucedo, C. E., Lara-Esqueda, A., & Delgado-Enciso, I. (2021). Health and economic measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic- Effect on street vendors. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 15(02), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13465 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Rahayu, N. W. I., Sawir, M., Melawati, F., Mu’is, A. (2025). Balancing governance and street vending in urban Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(11), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugov.2025.100021 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Rwafa-Ponela, T., Goldstein, S., Kruger, P., Erzse, A., Karim, S. A., & Hofman, K. (2022). Urban Informal Food Traders: A Rapid Qualitative Study of COVID-19 lockdown measures in South Africa. Sustainability, 14(4), 2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042294 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Rwibutso, J. B. (2024). Navigating formalization of street vending: the case of street vendors in Kigali City, Rwanda. International Institute of Social Studies Governance and Development Policy (GDP). https://hdl.handle.net/2105/75796 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Sabusap, T. (2025). Lived experiences of street food vendors of Mayorgueños. Eastern Visayas State University Research Journal, 14(2), 112–125.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390352462_LIVED_EXPERIENCES_OF_STREET_FOOD_VENDORS_OF_MAYORGUENOS [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Saemaldaher, K., & Emeagwali, O. L. (2025). The role of open Innovation in enhancing organizational resilience and sustainability performance through organizational adaptability. Sustainability, 17(13), 5846. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135846 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Salamandane, A., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., & Brito, L. (2023). The socioeconomic factors of street food vending in developing countries and its implications for public health: A systematic review. Foods, 12(20), 3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203774 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Sarkar, O. T., Hasan, M. A., & Saha, S. K. (2025). Resilience in the informal economy amidst the COVID-19 crisis: the experience of street vendors in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Urban Planning and Transport Research, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2025.2502001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Sepadi, M. M., & Nkosi, V. (2022). Environmental and occupational health exposures and outcomes of informal street food vendors in South Africa: A quasi-systematic review.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031348 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Shan, T., & Tian, X. (2022). The effects of social capital on entrepreneurial resilience of SME from China: A moderated mediation model of entrepreneurial passion and Confucian traditional golden-mean thinking. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 961824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961824 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Solano, Nueva Vizcaya Total Population by Barangay based on the 2024 POPCEN. Philippine Statistics Authority https://share.google/7CqeV6ms1AczTmMRF [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Solidum, G. (2023). Status and problems of the street vendors: Inputs for local government unit planning. Sprin Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(04), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i04.102 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Suvittawat, A. (2023). Consumer health behavior and business adaptation of Thai street food vendors under the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of street food vendors in lower northeastern Thailand. American Journal of Health Behavior, 47(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.47.1.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Tagalog, A. J., Abellanida, J., & Bolivar, K. J. (2022). Financial literacy: Its impact on the daily earnings of street vendors in Tagum City. Undergraduate thesis. University of Mindanao Repository. https://repository.umindanao.edu.ph/handle/20.500.14045/1146 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Telan, M. J. P. (2023, April 24). RLED conducts monitoring, inspection of health facilities. Philippine Information Agency. https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/news/2023/04/24/rled-conducts-monitoring-inspection-of-health-facilities [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Thanh, P. T., & Duy, D. (2024b). Older street vendors during a crisis: vulnerability and resilience. Local Environment, 29(3), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2024.2306597 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Thinh, N. K., Peimani, N., & Kamalipour, H. (2025). Forms and spatiality of street vending in informal settlements: The case of in-between spaces in Hanoi. Cities, 161, 105870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.105870 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Turner, S., Langill, J. C., & Nguyen, B. N. (2021). The utterly unforeseen livelihood shock: COVID-19 and street vendor coping mechanisms in Hanoi, Chiang Mai and Luang Prabang. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 42(3), 484–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12396 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Verma, R., Patel, M., Shikha, D., & Mishra, S. (2022). Assessment of food safety aspects and socioeconomic status among street food vendors in Lucknow city. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 11, 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100469 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Widjajanti, R., Kurniawati, W., Kurniawan, A., Murbana, P. A. F., & Saputri, W. A. E. (2025). Surviving under limitations: Street vendors’ self-organized adaptation to limited infrastructure in urban public space. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(4), 1882–1896. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i4.8258 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Ye, W., Wang, Y., Yang, X., & Wu, K. (2022). Understanding Sustainable Livelihoods with a Framework Linking Livelihood Vulnerability and Resilience in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Land, 11(9), 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091500 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Yimer, G. (2025). Informal credit market: A general overview. In: The nexus between legal pluralism and inclusive finance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71653-9_2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Zhong, S., & Werner, C. (2024). The hidden strength of small business: Social networks and wet market vendors in China. Economic Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12323 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• The Indirect Effect of Liquidity and Activity on Company Value with Profitability as an Intervening Variable
• Effect of Financial Skills, Knowledge, and Attitude on The Financial Behaviour of Clergy
• A Decade of Review: Trends in Budget Execution and Financial Performance of Development Projects in Tanzania (2014/15-2023/24)
• The Influence of Pre-Project Planning on the Budget Absorption Rate of Public Funded Infrastructure Projects in Kenya a Comparative Case Study of Narok, Migori, and Kisii County Government Projects
• Assessment of Factors Influencing Digital Transformation in Hotels’ Facility Management in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria