Medication Compliance among Clients with Non-Communicable Diseases in Iriga City

The study aimed to explore medication compliance among clients diagnosed with common NCDs in Iriga City, specifically hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus in Iriga City. It sought to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational background, occupation, monthly family income, religion, and geographic location, assess the level of medication compliance along medication adherence, regular monitoring and follow-up, and perception of personal risk of non-compliance, examine the significant relationship between the demographic profile and the level of medication compliance, and propose measures to enhance medication compliance among clients. The researcher employed a descriptive-correlational research design using a structured questionnaire checklist as the primary data-gathering tool and conducted the study among 380 adult clients with hypertension, diabetes, or both, listed in the NCD registry of the 36 barangays of Iriga City.
The findings showed that most of the respondents were older adults and had attained a high school level of education, majority female, married, without formal employment, belonging to low-income households earning below 10,000 monthly, and Roman Catholic. Clients with NCDs in the community generally demonstrated a high level of medication compliance, as reflected by their medication adherence and regular monitoring and follow-up being rated as often, and their perception of personal risk of non-compliance being rated as always. Socioeconomic profile, particularly educational background, monthly family income, and geographic location, were found to be significantly related to the level of medication compliance, while age, sex, civil status, occupation, and religion did not show a significant relationship with compliance behaviors. Based on these results, an educational booklet was developed to enhance medication compliance, emphasizing correct medication use, regular check-ups, and proactive health management through simplified language, visual aids, and daily tracking tools.

Non-Communicable Diseases, Medication Compliance, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus

1. Aljofan, M., Oshibayeva, A., Moldaliyev, I., Saruarov, Y., Maulenkul, T., & Gaipov, A. (2023). The rate of medication nonadherence and influencing factors: A systematic Review. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 20(3), em471. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/12946 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Benitez, S. Q., Cenizan, F. Y., Torrion, M. B., Almonguera, J. E., & Ederio, N. T. (2024). Factors affecting medication adherence among elderly people with chronic illness in Surigao City. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 7(5), 3378–3392. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i5-94 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Burleson, J., Stephens, D. E., & Rimal, R. N. (2025). Adherence Definitions, Measurement Modalities, and Psychometric Properties in HIV, Diabetes, and Nutritional Supplementation Studies: A Scoping Review. Patient preference and adherence, 19, 319–344. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S498537 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Cardona, D., Santacruz-Restrepo, V., Rendón-Montoya, A., Madrigal-Cadavid, J., Segura-Cardona, A., & Estrada-Acevedo, J. I. (2025). Medication adherence in the elderly population with chronic diseases: A factor analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16, Article 1699999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1699999 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Debbarma, S., Yadav, A., Naik, B. N., Pandey, S., Bhardwaj, M., Kumari, S., Singh, R., & Biswas, R. (2025). Medication adherence and its determinants among non-communicable disease patients in rural area of Bihar, India: Insights for improving treatment outcomes. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 14(8), 3338–3344. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_222_25 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Fenta, E. T., Ayal, B. G., Kidie, A. A., Anagaw, T. F., Mekonnen, T. S., Ketema Bogale, E., Berihun, S., Tsega, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. T. D., Mengistie Munie, C., Talie Fenta, T., Kassie Worku, N., Shiferaw Gelaw, S., & Tiruneh, M. G. (2024). Barriers to Medication Adherence Among Patients with Non-Communicable Disease in North Wollo Zone Public Hospitals: Socio-Ecologic Perspective, 2023. Patient preference and adherence, 18, 733–744. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S452196 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Islam, MT., Odunyemi, A., Bruce, M., Alam, K. (2026). The Utilization of Health Service Provisions for Noncommunicable Diseases in South Asian Countries: A Systematic Review, Health & Social Care in the Community, 2026, 8871771, 39 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/hsc/8871771 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Jia, Q., Wang, H., Wang, L., & Wang, Y. (2022). Association of Health Literacy With Medication Adherence Mediated by Cognitive Function Among the Community-Based Elders With Chronic Disease in Beijing of China. Frontiers in public health, 10, 824778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.824778 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Kasim, N. A. M., Izuan, U. S. S., & Karuppannan, M. (2026). Medication reminder use and medication adherence among patients with chronic conditions in a Malaysian teaching hospital. BMC Health Services Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-026-14457-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Katende-Kyenda, L. N. (2026). The Critical Role of Medicine Adherence in Management of Chronic Conditions: A Review Article. Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences, 13(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Khura, B., Mohanty, P., Patnaik, L., Pradhan, K. B., Khubchandani, J., & Padhi, B. K. (2022). Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases among Older Adults in India. Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland), 7(6), 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics7060137 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Lu, T., Yang, Z., Chen, P., Li, J., Zheng, C., Kong, L., & Zhang, H. (2023). Influencing factors of medication literacy among community-dwelling older adult patients with hypertension: a study based on social learning theory. Frontiers in pharmacology, 14, 1184701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1184701 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Mei, Y., Zhang, H., Miao, J., Liu, X., Chen, D., Jiang, M., & Ding, L. (2026). Medication adherence in hypertension and diabetes comorbidity: implications for disease control in a population-based study. Frontiers in public health, 14, 1708587. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1708587 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Mntungwana, S., Khosa, N. V., Buso, A. E., & Sithole, N. (2025). Barriers to Chronic Disease Healthcare Access in Rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(12), 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121881 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Moges, T. A., Dagnew, S. B., Wondm, S. A., Ferede, Y. A., Yiblet, T. G., Almaw, A., Shumet Yimer, Y., Tesfaw Addis, G., Zewdu, W. S., & Dagnew, F. N. (2024). Determinants of medication non-adherence among patients with chronic diseases at community pharmacy settings in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Frontiers in public health, 12, 1409153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1409153 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Noreen, N., Bashir, F., Khan, A. W., Safi, M. M., Lashari, W. A., & Hering, D. (2023). Determinants of Adherence to Antihypertension Medications Among Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan, 2019. Preventing chronic disease, 20, E42. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.220231 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Rata Mohan, D. S., Jawahir, S., Manual, A., Abdul Mutalib, N. E., Mohd Noh, S. N., Ab Rahim, I., Ab Hamid, J., & Amer Nordin, A. (2025). Gender differences in health-seeking behaviour: insights from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019. BMC health services research, 25(1), 900. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13020-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Sharma, B., Karki, S., Bhetwal, J., & Dahal, A. S. (2024). Medication Adherence among Patients with Non-Communicable Diseases in a Tertiary Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 62(275), 433–438. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.8650 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Stewart, S. J. F., Moon, Z., & Horne, R. (2023). Medication nonadherence: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health, 38(6), 726–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2022.2144923 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Tolley A, Grewal K, Weiler A, Papameletiou AM, Hassan R, Basu S. (2023). Factors influencing adherence to non-communicable disease medication in India: secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from WHO - SAGE2. Front Pharmacol. 14:1183818. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1183818. PMID: 37900158; PMCID: PMC10603298. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Venditti, V., Bleve, E., Morano, S., & Filardi, T. (2023). Gender-Related Factors in Medication Adherence for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health. Metabolites, 13(10), 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13101087 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Wong, B., Wight, L., Gauvreau, C., Nguyen, G. T., Mansuri, N., Petricca, K., Neposlan, J., & Denburg, A. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. E. (2026). Exploring factors affecting access to non-communicable disease medicines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ public health, 4(1), e002497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-002497 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. World Health Organization. (2025). Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Migrant Health in Morocco: Between Law and Reality
• CaknaMinda: An Educator-Centred Mobile App for Early Screening of Mental Health and Schizophrenia Risks
• Health System and Nursing Strategies for Enhancing Male Participation in Family Planning: Evidence from Tema General Hospital, Ghana.
• From Īśvara-Praṇidhāna to Parā-Bhakti: Convergent Paths of Aṣṭāṅga Yoga and Bhakti Yoga
• Evidence-Based Psycho-Oncological Interventions: A Multimodal Approach to Supportive Care