Organizational Culture and Work-Life Balance of Employees in Selected Private Schools in Negros Oriental

Authors

Jiralyn L. Liw

La Consolacion Bacolod City (Bacolod City Neg. Occ. Philippines)

Carmen C. Menes

La Consolacion Bacolod City (Bacolod City Neg. Occ. Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100800642

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 10/8 | Page No: 9590-9608

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-08-24

Accepted: 2026-08-29

Published: 2026-09-15

Abstract

This study examined the organizational culture and work-life balance of employees in selected private schools in Negros Oriental. Guided by the Job Demands–Resources Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, the study aimed to determine the levels of organizational culture and work-life balance; identify differences in these variables when respondents were grouped according to age, sex, employee classification, length of service, and school; and examine the relationships among the variables. A quantitative research approach utilizing descriptive-comparative and descriptive-correlational designs was employed. Data were gathered from 141 teaching and non-teaching personnel using an adapted-modified questionnaire and analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Findings revealed that organizational culture and work-life balance were both rated very high. No significant differences were found in these variables when respondents were grouped according to demographic profile. However, significant positive relationships were identified between organizational culture and work-life balance. The results suggest that a positive organizational culture contributes to employees’ ability to maintain work-life balance. Based on the findings, the study recommends sustaining supportive leadership practices, institutional wellness and flexibility programs, and professional development initiatives to further promote work-life balance and organizational effectiveness in the selected private schools.

Keywords

Business Administration, Organizational Culture, Work-Life Balance, Descriptive-Comparative Design, Descriptive-Correlational Design, Philippines

Downloads

References

1. Abdulaziz, A., Bashir, M., & Alfalih, A. A. (2022). The impact of work-life balance and work overload on teacher’s organizational commitment: Do Job Engagement and Perceived Organizational support matter. Education and Information Technologies, 27(7), 9641–9663. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11013-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Alfano, V., Mariotti, I., Nappo, N., & Vecchione, G. (2024). Work-life balance during the COVID-19 pandemic. A European perspective. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 51(4), 1041– [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-024-00316-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Ali, H., Li, M., & Qiu, X. (2022). Employee engagement and innovative work behavior among Chinese millennials: Mediating and moderating role of work-life balance and pychological empowerment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 942580. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942580 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Andrlić, B., Ali, T., & Ramanathan, H. N. (2025). Balancing act: Exploring the mediating role of work–life balance on improving work engagement through organisational support. Journal of Management Development, 44(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2024-0031 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Asotie, P. O., Ehigie, B. O., Aderibigbe, S. Y., Ehigie, R. I., & Oriade, O. M. (2025). Work-life balance and employee well-being: The moderating effect of employee engagement among millennials in front-line service companies. Human Resources Management and Services, 7(1), 3581. https://doi.org/10.18282/hrms3581 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Barajas, A. (2024). The Role of Organizational Culture in Enhancing Workplace Performance and Employee Engagement. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 28(4), 1–3. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Barokah, R. A., Kartawan, Sutisna, D., & Pratminingsih, S. A. (2025). Work-life balance and its influence on organizational citizenship behavior and performance in Indonesian higher education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102102 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Boccoli, G., Sestino, A., Gastaldi, L., & Corso, M. (2022). The impact of autonomy and temporal flexibility on individuals’ psychological wellbeing in remote settings. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 40(2), 327–349. https://doi.org/10.7433/s118.2022.15 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Cainday, M. R. L., Chan, F. A. O., & Bestuer, G. M. (2023). Relationship of personality traits and organizational climate on work engagement among higher education personnel in the Philippines. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(9), 3123–3133. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.09.06 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Caringal-Go, J. F., Villaluz, V. C., Teng-Calleja, M., Años-Ordoña, A. K., & Ocampo, J. (2025). Beyond CSR – building a culture of sustainability in Philippine organizations. International Perspectives in Psychology, 14(3), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000127 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Carpio, M. D. R., & Dela Cruz, D. C. (2025). Organizational climate and work life balance of public-school heads of the Province of Marinduque: Basis for well being program for public education leaders. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, IX(XVII), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.917PSY0009 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Chalermchaikit, V., Kozak, M., & Preudhikulpradab, S. (2024). Gender inclusion: The practices of organizational development and human resource management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 120, 103773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2024.103773 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Cho, H., Pyun, D. Y., & Wang, C. K. J. (2025). Teachers’ work-life balance: The effect of work-leisure conflict on work-related outcomes. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 45(4), 1097–1112. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2023.2259113 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Concepcion, B. J. W., Cruz, L. B. O., Chavez, A. L. A., Briones, J. P., & Abante, M. V. (2024). Employees’ work-life balance and career contentment in a Philippine local government unit. Applied Quantitative Analysis, 4(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.31098/quant.2760 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Dayrit, J., & Lacap, J. P. (2020). The influence of work life balance on employee engagement among workers in Pampanga. Philippines: A structural equation modelling approach. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(04), 3095–3112. https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201420 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Dunger, S. (2025). It’s the hierarchy, stupid: Varying perceptions of organizational culture between demographic groups. International Studies of Management & Organization, 55(1), 83–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2024.2379092 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Eshun, E. N. K., & Segbenya, M. (2024). Modelling the mediating role of work-life balance on the reelationship between work arrangement and employee performance in higher education. Sage Open, 14(3), 21582440241263447. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241263447 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Fan, P., Song, Y., Fang, M., & Chen, X. (2023). Creating an age-inclusive workplace: The impact of HR practices on employee work engagement. Journal of Management & Organization, 29(6), 1179–1197. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2023.18 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Fetriah, D., & Hermingsih, A. (2023). The effect of perceived organizational support, work motivation, and competence on employee performance mediated by employee engagement. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 5(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v5i1.2023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Fisher-McAuley, G., Stanton, J. M., Jolton, J., & Gavin, J. (2003, April). Modelling the relationship between work life balance and organisational outcomes. In Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology (pp. 1–26). Orlando, FL. https://doi.org/10.1037/e518712013-236 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Fu, C., Zhao, Z., Wang, H., Ouyang, M., Mao, X., Cai, X., & Tan, X. (2022). How perceived school culture relates to work engagement among primary and secondary school teachers? Roles of affective empathy and job tenure. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 878894. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.878894 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Gašić, D., & Berber, N. (2023). The mediating role of employee engagement in the relationship between flexible work arrangements and turnover itentions among highly educated employees in the Republic of Serbia. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020131 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Gaytos, C. E. G., Cablao, S. C., & Gaytos, C. T. G. (2024). Exploring the Influence of Organizational Culture and Demographic Profile on Employee Attitude: A Correlation Study of Eastern Samar State University Guiuan Employees. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(12), 4697–4708. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Haar, J., & Brougham, D. (2022). Work antecedents and consequences of work-life balance: A two sample study within New Zealand. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(4), 784–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1751238 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Herrera, T. N., & Proff, A. (2023). Three keys to retaining talented teachers in the UAE: Leadership, community, and work-life balance – A phenomenological case study in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah. Athens Journal of Education, 10(3), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.10-3-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Hildenbrand, K., Daher, P., Topakas, A., & Gan, X. (2024). Multidimensional work-nonwork balance: Are balanced employees productive at work and satisfied with life? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 35(6), 1048–1087. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2258335 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Irianto, A., & Basbeth, F. (2021). The effect of transformational leadership's on employee engagement: The moderating role of organizational culture. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 24(4) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Jiang, Y., Jackson, S. E., Shim, H., Budhwar, P., Renwick, D. W. S., Jabbour, C. J. C., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Tang, G., Müller-Camen, M., Wagner, M., & Kim, A. (2022). Culture as context: A five-country study of discretionary green workplace behavior. Organization & Environment, 35(4), 499–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/10860266221104039 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. John, S. M., & Kavatekar, S. (2026). A comparative study of gender and age-based differences in organisational culture: Evidence from an empirical analysis. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope, 7(1), 1488–1498. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2026.v07i01.07754 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Kapoor, M., & Pandey, V. (2024). Importance of organizational culture in achieving work-life balance. Frontiers of Health Informatics, 13(6). Retrieved from [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. https://healthinformaticsjournal.com/index.php/IJMI/article/view/1370 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Kasperczuk, A., Ćwiąkała, M., Górka, E., Ręczajski, P., Mrzygłód, P., Frasunkiewicz, M., Darcińska-Głębocka, A., Piwnik, J., & Gardocki, G. (2025). The role of work-life balance in effective business management (Version 1). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2510.05783 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Kaur, R., & Kaur, G. (2024). Managerial leadership and turnover intentions with the mediating role of employee happiness: An empirical study based on private universities. The TQM Journal, 36(2), 616–633. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-08-2022-0253 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Khadka, A. K., & Khadka, S. (2023). Perceptions of conflict between self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and work-life balance among university teachers. Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 6(2), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v6i2.57191 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Kossek, E. E., Perrigino, M. B., & Lautsch, B. A. (2023). Work-life flexibility policies from a boundary control and implementation perspective: A review and research framework. Journal of Management, 49(6), 2062–2108. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063221140354 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Kumar Samanta, A. (2021). Organizational culture and employee engagement: A review of selected studies. Asian Journal of Management, 201–204. https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5763.2021.00030 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Lee, J., & Shin, H. (2024). Effects of inclusive leadership on the diversity climate and change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 14(6), 491. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14060491 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Lee, S. E., & Shin, G. (2023). The effect of perceived organizational and supervisory support on employee engagement during COVID-19 crises: Mediating effect of work-life balance policy. Public Personnel Management, 52(3), 401–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260231171395 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Liswandi & Muhammad, R. (2023). The association between work-life balance and employee mental health: A systemic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. https://doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v18i3.2565 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Lu, Y., Zhang, M. M., Yang, M. M., & Wang, Y. (2023). Sustainable human resource management practices, employee resilience, and employee outcomes: Toward common good values. Human Resource Management, 62(3), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22153 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Lyu, B., Su, W., Qi, Q., & Xiao, F. (2023). The influence of performance appraisal justice on employee job performance: A dual path model. Sage Open, 13(3), 21582440231194513. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231194513 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Malik, A., Pereira, V., Budhwar, P., Froese, F. J., Minbaeva, D., Sun, J., Nguyen, A. T., & Xue, S. (2022). Multilevel relational influences on HRM practices: A cross-country comparative reflective review of HRM practices in Asia. Asian Business & Management, 21(5), 745–779. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-022-00208-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Martínez-Martínez, K., Llorens, S., Cruz-Ortiz, V., Reyes-Luján, J., & Salanova, M. (2024). The main predictors of well-being and productivity from a gender perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1478826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1478826 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Meneses, B. A. (2021). Determinants of organizational culture and lean thinking: Basis of a post pandemic strategic Planning in distribution and retail chain of stores. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2021.3.2.19 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Munawar, M., & Suriyanti, S. (2024). The effect of organizational culture, work-life balance, and job satisfaction on non-commercial employee work engagement. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 4(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v4i1.452 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., Lien, G., & González-Piñero, M. (2022). The impact of organizational culture and leadership climate on organizational attractiveness and innovative behavior: A study of Norwegian hospital employees. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 637. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08042-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Narandan, R., Geroy, C., & Prado, N. (2026). Work Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Environment, and Productivity Among Employees in Maritime Higher Education Institution. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.19223886 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Nassani, A. A., Badshah, W., Grigorescu, A., Cozorici, A. N., Yousaf, Z., & Zhan, X. (2024). Participatory leadership and supportive organisational culture Panacea for job satisfaction regulatory role of work-life balance. Heliyon, 10(16), e36043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36043 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Navares, A. B., Rago, E. I. O., Mapagdalita, J. R., Bocota, G. M., Ruedt, A. K., & Ursabia, J. A. (2023). Interlinking Organizational Culture and Employee Engagement of a Higher Education Institution:A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. 13th Annual International International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Manila, Philippines. https://doi.org/10.46254/AN13.20230228 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Ona, J. (2024). Organizational culture, work performance, and job satisfaction among private schools in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(12). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0542 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Opoku, F. K., Kwao, I. T., & Johnson, A.-P. (2023). Human resource policies and work–life balance in higher education: Employee engagement as mediator. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 21. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v21i0.1939 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Pateña, E. P. (2024). Development of work- life balance and organizational productivity framework for State Universities and Colleges. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, XI(VII), 840–848. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.1107066 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Pesa, M. C. (2025). Organizational climate, leadership styles, and employee engagement for selected local colleges: Basis for an improved organizational performance framework. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Sustainable Development, 13(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.70979/GCTB9606 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Pham, V. K., Vu, T. N. Q., Phan, T. T., & Nguyen, N. A. (2024). The impact of organizational culture on employee performance: A case study at foreign-invested logistics service enterprises approaching sustainability development. Sustainability, 16(15), 6366. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156366 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Priambada, A. D., & Wulani, F. (2025). The effect of work-life balance and career development on work engagement with mediated job satisfaction of gen y and z non academic staff at university “A.” Research In Management and Accounting, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.33508/rima.v8i1.7342 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Prihartini, Y., Susita, D., & Nurjanah, S. (2025). The role of organizational support in enhancing employee work engagement at the ministry of primary and secondary education: a systematic review and mini survey. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Rabuana, N. K. D. N., & Yanuar, Y. (2023). The influence of work environment and work engagement on employee performance Mediated by employee well-being. Munaddhomah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 4(3), 541–557. https://doi.org/10.31538/munaddhomah.v4i3.523 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Rajagopal, N. K., Ba Zanbour, M. K. A., & Al Kaaf, N. M. A. (2024). Exploring work–life balance among female staff members (Teaching and Non-Teaching) in higher educational institutions of Oman: A study. Economies, 12(9), 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12090230 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Sabuero, J. B. (2023). The mediating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational commitment and work-life balance among business management faculty. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(11), 3989–3998. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.11.19 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Saburnido, A. G., & Tan, M. R. (2025). A path analysis on the effect of work engagement, organizational culture, and work-life balance on organizational commitment in higher education institutions. DIT ADS International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. https://doi.org/10.63941/DIT.ADSimrj.2025.1.3.18 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Santiago, C. R. (2023). Sustaining work-life balance of teachers during the new normal. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 2(2), 1–17. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajiri.v2i2.1257 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Senbursa, N., & Dunder, E. (2024). The mediating effect of well-being, happiness, and trust in the relationship between work-life balance and work effectiveness in Seafarers. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 61, 00469580241254745. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580241254745 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Setiawan, F. A., & Sopiah, S. (2026). Organizational culture, leadership, and organizational performance: systematic literature review. Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 19(1), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.35508/jom.v19i1.16023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Sharma, S., & Upadhyay, P. S. (2024). Work life balance policies and their impact on employee engagement & turnover intention: a study of employees in higher education sector of rajasthan. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 5(6). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i6.2024.4299 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Shirina, S., Bali, R., Singh, Y., Singh, P., & Kadyan, S. (2024). Exploring the connection among employee performance, employee retention, and employee engagement within higher education institutions (HEIs). Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. https://doi.org/10.47974/JIOS-1474 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Tan, J., Lim-Soh, J., & Tan, P. L. (2024). The impact of teleworking on women’s work–life balance and life satisfaction: A longitudinal study from Singapore. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 19(5), 2595–2615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10340-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Tshifhiwa, M., & Morukhu, D. (2025). The impact of organisational culture on employee engagement: A case study of the University of Venda. International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijarbm.407 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. Tyagi, N. (2021). Aligning organizational culture to enhance managerial effectiveness of academic leaders: An interface for employee engagement and retention. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(7), 1387–1404. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-10-2020-0447 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Umesh, U., Brindha, S., Sait, S. A., Sharma, M. S., & Kumar, K. S. (2023). The roles of organizational culture in promoting work-life balance: A literature review. Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 44(8). Retrieved from [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. https://harbinengineeringjournal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1053 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Vadil, C., & Apostol, E. (2023). Organizational culture scale: Development and validation in Philippine context (Elma P. Apostol and Carlo F. Vadil, c 2023). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4512682 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Vijayan, V., & Kumar, A. (2025). Interlinkages between quality of worklife (QWL), employee job satisfaction (EJS) and employee tenure intention (ETI): a study among i.t employees. International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce, 2(2), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.62737/twpg4872 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Villena, J. B. (2026). Work-life balance and employee performance outcomes in higher education institutions in Metro Manila. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 11(3), 942–956. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2026.11030074 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. Waligóra, Ł. (2024). Exploring the impact of age diversity on organizational identification: A study of HR practices and perceived age discrimination climate. Administrative Sciences, 14(10), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14100243 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. Wood, J., Oh, J., Park, J., & Kim, W. (2020). The relationship between work engagement and work–life balance in organizations: A review of the empirical research. Human Resource Development Review, 19(3), 240–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320917560 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. Xie, L., Singh, S., & López, O. S. (2025). Flow’s core prerequisites: The role of servant leadership, mindfulness and work-life balance. Psychological Reports, 128(4), 3020–3041. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231195330 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

97. Yu, H.-S., Lee, E.-J., & Na, T.-K. (2022). The mediating effects of work–life balance (WLB) and ease of using WLB programs in the relationship between WLB organizational culture and turnover intention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3482. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063482 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

99. Zahara, L., Suppramaniam, S., & Choudhary, J. (2023). An exploratory study on the role of organizational culture and employee engagement in the education industry in Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Business and Management, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.65136/ejbm.v8i2.78 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

100. Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Hao, K. (2025). Boosting work engagement through leader tolerance: The chain mediation role of perceived organizational support and organizational identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1489147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1489147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles