Precarious Inclusion and the Machinery of Exhaustion; The Biopolitics of Legal Liminality in the Post 2021 Myanmar Thailand Corridor

Authors

Chaw Su Thiri

PhD Candidate, General Management, British International College, Krirk University Bangkok, Thailand (Thailand)

Dr. John Walsh

British International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand (Thailand)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100700323

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 10/7 | Page No: 4809-4822

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-07-16

Accepted: 2026-07-21

Published: 2026-07-31

Abstract

The 2024 Military Service Law in Myanmar has effectively weaponized the fallout of the 2021 coup, slamming shut the remaining exits for a youth displaced class now caught in a terminal Resource Loss Spiral. I interrogate this cataclysmic collapse of ontological security through the lived disclosures of twenty participants navigating the Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Pai corridor; this inquiry utilizes Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to unpack a violent cycle of transboundary harm. By synthesizing Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Allostatic Load framework, the study evaluates how legal liminality is strategically converted into a machinery of exhaustion. My findings unearth a predatory labor legality nexus where host country structural violence turns precarious inclusion into a fuel for predatory efficiency. This generates a cruel Invisibility Paradox; to avoid deportation, the migrant must systematically vanish from the social sphere, a tactical occlusion that simultaneously severs access to life saving healthcare and somatic support. While participants reclaim Internal Sovereignty through Somatic Agency, these internal governance structures are failing under the weight of managed insecurity. Ultimately, this study contends that migrant mental health is a structural byproduct of regional political architecture; it argues that we must move beyond clinical tropes to recognize that, in this crisis, the policy is the primary prescription.

Keywords

2021 Myanmar Coup; Allostatic Load; Invisibility Paradox; Machinery of Exhaustion; Precarious Inclusion; Somatic Agency; Transboundary Trap.

Downloads

References

1. Agamben, G. (1998). Homo sacer: Sovereign power and bare life. Stanford University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Boss, P. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. W. W. Norton & Company. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Butler, J. (2009). Frames of war: When is life grievable? Verso Books. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Campbell, S. (2025). Labour regulation and the coup: The weaponization of documentation in Thailand. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 55(2), 210–230. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Farmer, P. (2004). An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1086/382250. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Harkins, B. (2022). Labour migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9529-2. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. International Labour Organization. (2024). Employment and social outlook in Myanmar: Post-coup labor market dynamics. https://www.ilo.org/yangon. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. International Organization for Migration. (2023). IOM Thailand 2023 annual report. https://thailand.iom.int/resources/iom-thailand-annual-report-2023. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. International Organization for Migration. (2024a). Overview of Myanmar nationals in Thailand: April 2024. https://thailand.iom.int/resources/overview-myanmar-nationals-thailand-april-2024. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. International Organization for Migration. (2024b). Displacement tracking matrix: Thailand-Myanmar border analysis. https://thailand.iom.int/dtm. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. International Organization for Migration. (2025). Crisis response plan 2025: Myanmar and neighboring countries. https://thailand.iom.int/resources/crisis-response-2025. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG). (2025). Fear and uncertainty: The impact of the 2024 Military Service Law on displaced populations in Southeast Myanmar. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Kirmayer, L. J., Dandeneau, S., Marshall, E., Phillips, M. K., & Williamson, K. J. (2011). Rethinking resilience: From anthropological perspectives to cultural psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 10(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00025.x. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Mbembe, A. (2019). Necropolitics. Duke University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(18), 2093–2101. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2025). Update on the human rights situation in Myanmar: Overview of developments in 2024. https://bangkok.ohchr.org/annual-update-2024. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (2008). The SAGE handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice. SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Sciortino, R. (2024). Borderland precarity: The evolving Thai-Myanmar labor nexus post-2021. Southeast Asian Studies Review, 12(2), 45–68. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Smith, J. A., & Fielden, A. L. (2024). IPA and the body: Navigating somatic narratives in qualitative inquiry. SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2022). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. South, A. (2023). Conflict and displacement in Myanmar: Post-2021 dynamics. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 53(4), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2023.2189001. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Standing, G. (2021). The precariat: The new dangerous class (4th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Tang, L., & Tang, H. (2024). Transboundary trauma: The psychological fallout of political instability. Journal of Refugee Studies, 37(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feae005. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. UN Women. (2024). Gendered impact of displacement in Myanmar: Protection risks and resilience strategies. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/myanmar. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2026). Myanmar situation: Operational data portal. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/myanmar. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. United Nations Human Rights Council. (2025). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Thomas H. Andrews. https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. World Bank. (2025). Myanmar economic monitor: Navigating uncertainty and fragility. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/economic-monitor. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles