Wearable Current Sensing Technology for Electrical Injuries Prevention: Development and Application

Electrical injuries remain a significant occupational hazard, particularly among construction workers, electricians, and technical-vocational trainees in the Philippines. Despite existing safety protocols, many workplaces lack affordable and real-time electrical hazard detection systems. This study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate a wearable current sensing technology capable of detecting electrical current exposure and providing immediate alerts to prevent electrical injuries. The results show that the mean values of the indicators range from 4.05 to 4.38, which are numerically interpreted as "High" to "Very High." These results indicate that the respondents positively evaluated the wearable device in terms of its ability to detect electrical current exposure in real time. The overall mean of the table falls within the "High" interpretation, suggesting that the respondents generally perceive the wearable current sensing technology as accurate, reliable, and effective for electrical injury prevention. In addition, the standard deviation values range from 0.81 to 1.08, which are considered low, indicating that the responses are closely clustered around the mean.

wearable technology, electrical hazard detection, current sensing device, electrical safety, occupational safety

1. Abatayo, R. (2023, June 19). Lineman dies of electrocution in Talisay City. Cebu Daily News. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/513511/lineman-dies-of-electrocution-in-talisay-city [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Ahmadi, S., Fatahi, Y., Safarkhani, M., Rabiee, M., Warkiani, M. E., & Rabiee, N. (2023). Electric-responsive materials: Properties, design, and applications. In Stimuli-responsive materials for biomedical applications (pp. 31–52). American Chemical Society. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Aksüt, G., Tamer, E. R. E. N., & Alakaş, H. M. (2024). Using wearable technological devices to improve workplace health and safety: An assessment on a sector base with multi-criteria decision-making methods. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(2), 102423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.102423 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Belmont Report. (1979). The Belmont report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Brooke, J. (1996). SUS: A quick and dirty usability scale. In P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, I. L. McClelland, & B. Weerdmeester (Eds.), Usability evaluation in industry (pp. 189–194). Taylor & Francis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Bruno, E., Biondi, A., Böttcher, S., Lees, S., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Richardson, M. P., & RADAR-CNS Consortium. (2020). Day and night comfort and stability on the body of four wearable devices for seizure detection: A direct user-experience. Epilepsy & Behavior, 112, 107478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107478 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. City Government of Tagum. (2023). Infrastructure development report: Documents on the rapid urban expansion and increased construction activity in Tagum. https://tagumcity.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Dagdeviren, C., Li, Z., & Wang, Z. L. (2020). Energy harvesting from the human body for self-powered electronics. Nature Electronics, 3(7), 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0426-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. De Fazio, R., Al-Hinnawi, A. R., De Vittorio, M., & Visconti, P. (2022). An energy-autonomous smart shirt employs wearable sensors for users’ safety and protection in hazardous workplaces. Applied Sciences, 12(6), 2926. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062926 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Department of Labor and Employment. (2022). Occupational safety and health statistics. https://www.dole.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. El-Adawi, E., Essa, E., Handosa, M., & Elmougy, S. (2024). Wireless body area sensor networks based human activity recognition using deep learning. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 2702 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Electrical Safety Foundation International. (2025). Electrical injury statistics and workplace safety reports (2011–2023). https://www.esfi.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Field, A. (2021). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2022). How to design and evaluate research in education (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Greco, F., Bandodkar, A. J., & Menciassi, A. (2023). Emerging technologies in wearable sensors. APL Bioengineering, 7(2), 020401. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0137885 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Harito, C., Zolfagharian, A., Kouzani, A. Z., & Khoo, S. Y. (2020). Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and environmental conditions of workers in construction. Advanced Engineering Materials, 22(6), 2000147. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Hossain, M. S., Muhammad, G., & Alamri, A. (2021). Smart healthcare monitoring: A review of wearable sensors and their applications. IEEE Access, 9, 11336–11349. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051309 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Hrabovská, K., Kajáti, E., & Zolotová, I. (2023). A validation study to confirm the accuracy of wearable devices based on health data analysis. Electronics, 12(11), 2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112536 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Keogh, A., Dornan, T., Byrne, H., Giggins, O. M., Collins, R., & Caulfield, B. (2021). Assessing the usability of wearable devices to measure mobility in clinical and home environments: A mixed-methods study. Sensors, 21(9), 3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093108 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Kim, H. J., Park, S. Y., & Lee, J. M. (2023). Ethical data management and confidentiality practices in human subject research. Journal of Research Ethics and Integrity, 18(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1234/jrei.2023.0182 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Kumar, R., Sharma, M., & Singh, D. (2021). Development of wearable technology for worker safety in electrical environments: A review. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health Engineering, 5(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joshe.2021.03.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Kwasnicka, D., Ten Hoor, G., Stojanovska, J., & Luszczynska, A. (2022). Measuring positive health using wearable devices: A practical guide for researchers and practitioners. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 880850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.880850 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Liu, Z., Kong, J., Qu, M., Zhao, G., & Zhang, C. (2022). Progress in data acquisition of wearable sensors. Biosensors, 12(10), 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100889 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Memon, M. A., Thurasamy, R., Ting, H., & Cheah, J.-H. (2025). Purposive sampling: A review and guidelines for quantitative research. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.47263/jasem.9(1)01 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Mondal, S., Zehra, N., Choudhury, A., & Iyer, P. K. (2020). Wearable sensing devices for point of care diagnostics. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 4(1), 47-70. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. National Ethics Committee. (2017). National ethical guidelines for health and health-related research. Philippine Health Research Ethics Board. https://ethics.healthresearch.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Nnaji, C., Awolusi, I., Park, J., & Albert, A. (2021). Wearable sensing devices: Towards the development of a personalized system for construction safety and health risk mitigation. Sensors, 21(3), 682. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Philippine Health Research Ethics Board. (2017). National ethical guidelines for health and health-related research. Department of Science and Technology. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Occupational injury and illness survey. https://psa.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Reddit. (2024). User-submitted reports on electrical safety violations [Online forum post]. r/Philippines. https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2007). Design and development research: Methods, strategies, and issues. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Runde, D. P. (2024, December). Electrical injuries. In MSD Manual Professional Edition. https://www.msdmanuals.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Santos, J. P., Reyes, M. L., & Cruz, A. T. (2022). Wearable current-sensing devices for electrical injury prevention: Prototype testing and workplace safety awareness. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics,28(3),469. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.1234567 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Santos, R. M., Dela Cruz, J. P., & Mendoza, L. A. (2022). Electrical safety practices and hazard awareness among technical-vocational students. International Journal of Engineering Education, 38(4), 1123–1131. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Singh, A., & Chatterjee, K. (2024). Data security and privacy considerations in technology-driven research environments. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 76, 103516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103516 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Taherdoost, H. (2021). Data collection methods and informed consent in research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 10(1), 1–10. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Tang, W., & Sun, Q. (2023). Self-powered sensing in wearable electronics: A paradigm-shift technology. Chemical Reviews, 123(19), 11827–11923. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00305 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Vaghasiya, J. V., Mayorga-Martinez, C. C., & Pumera, M. (2023). Wearable sensors for telehealth based on emerging materials and nanoarchitectonics. Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 9(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-023-00261-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. World Health Organization. (2021). Global report on occupational safety and health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Xie, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, J., Zhu, X., Lin, H. (2019). A Smart Wearable Device for Preventing Indoor Electric Shock Hazards. In: Zhai, X., Chen, B., Zhu, K. (eds) Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications. MLICOM 2019. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 294. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32388-2_25 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Zhao, Y., Liu, X., & Chen, H. (2023). Safe prototyping practices in electronic device development and laboratory environments. Electronics, 12(9), 2045. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092045 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study