Working Beyond Assigned Duties: Non-Teaching Personnel as the Operational Backbone of the School

Authors

Regina G. Alcala

Major in Educational Management, Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate School, La Carlota City College, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100800262

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 10/8 | Page No: 3931-3971

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-08-20

Accepted: 2026-08-25

Published: 2026-09-01

Abstract

This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of non-teaching personnel in sustaining school operations at a large public secondary school in Bacolod City. The study sought to understand how non-teaching personnel perceived their roles, found meaning in public service, navigated workplace challenges, sustained their commitment, and identified organizational conditions necessary for effective school operations. Eight purposively selected participants representing various non-teaching positions were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were analyzed through Braun and Clarke's Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Five interconnected themes emerged: Working Beyond Assigned Duties: Non-Teaching Personnel as the Operational Backbone of the School; Finding Meaning in Service: Commitment, Fulfillment, and Purpose in Supporting the School Community; Carrying the Invisible Weight: Navigating Organizational and Personal Challenges; Remaining Steadfast Through Adaptation, Relationships, and Purpose; and Envisioning Better Support: Building Conditions Where Non-Teaching Personnel Can Thrive. The findings revealed that non-teaching personnel perform indispensable yet often unrecognized roles that extend beyond their formal responsibilities. Despite increasing workloads, limited resources, and evolving administrative demands, they sustained school operations through resilience, collaboration, adaptability, and a strong sense of public service. These lived experiences culminated in the eidetic insight that sustaining school operations is an expression of quiet stewardship, where non-teaching personnel uphold the daily life of the school through responsible and committed service. Based on these findings, the study developed the Non-Teaching Personnel Support and Empowerment Program (NTSEP) to strengthen professional development, organizational support, employee well-being, and participatory practices in public schools.

Keywords

Doctor of Philosophy Major in Educational Management

Downloads

References

1. Books [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Caesens, G., & Stinglhamber, F. (2023). Perceived organizational support. In Elgar Encyclopedia of Organizational Psychology. Edward Elgar Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Cooper, C. L., Quick, J. C., & Schabracq, M. J. (2022). The handbook of stress and health (2nd ed.). Wiley. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2020). Perceived organizational support: Fostering enthusiastic and productive employees. American Psychological Association. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2022). Leading educational change through distributed leadership: The role of professional collaboration. In Leading educational change and school improvement. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2022). Qualitative research methods (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Journals / Magazines / Publications / Research Studies [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Adeoye-Olatunde, O. A., & Olenik, N. L. (2021). Research and scholarly methods: Semi-structured interviews. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 4(10), 1358–1367. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1441 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Alhazmi, A. A., & Kaufmann, A. (2022). Phenomenological qualitative methods applied to the analysis of cross-cultural experience in novel educational social contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 785134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Allan, B. A., Batz-Barbarich, C., Sterling, H. M., & Tay, L. (2021). Outcomes of meaningful work: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 500–528. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12608 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Bellibaş, M. Ş., Gümüş, S., & Chen, J. (2024). The impact of distributed leadership on teacher commitment: The mediation role of teacher workload stress and teacher well-being. British Educational Research Journal, 50(2), 814–836. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3944 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Bhatia, M., & Williams, A. (2023). Identifying job satisfaction parameters among the employees in higher educational institutions: A mathematical model. arXiv. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Britt, T. W., Shen, W., Sinclair, R. R., Grossman, M. R., & Klieger, D. M. (2021). How much do we really know about employee resilience? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(3), 378–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2021.6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Byrne, D. (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke's approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Quality & Quantity, 56(3), 1391–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Caay, G. L., & Ebisa, E. (2025). Work characteristics of non-teaching personnel in the Division of Iligan City. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 46(3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Caday, M. A. T., Canda, E. G., Mallillin, L. L. D., & Singson, J. F. F. (2023). Research capability of teaching and non-teaching personnel of Universidad de Manila for research management course certificate plan. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2021). Effective teacher professional development: Research, policy, and practice. Learning Policy Institute. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. https://doi.org/10.54300/122.311 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2021). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091304 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Disilio, V. M., & Callo, E. C. (2024). The role of organizational support and teachers' workload to the school head's caring leadership and teachers' well-being. International Journal of Research Publications, 150(1), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001501620246646 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Duffy, R. D., Dik, B. J., Douglass, R. P., England, J. W., & Velez, B. L. (2022). Work as a calling: A theoretical and practical review. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055233 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Eisenberger, R., Rhoades Shanock, L., & Wen, X. (2020). Perceived organizational support: Why caring about employees counts. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 101–124. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044917 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Espina, E. A. (2025). Factors influencing the job performance of non-teaching personnel. Liceo Journal of Higher Education Research. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Fan, C., Wang, M., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). The mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between perceived organizational support and employee outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 804363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804363 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Flaviano, J. P. (2025). Administrative capability and organizational effectiveness among non-teaching personnel in selected educational institutions. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research in Education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Flaviano, J. S. (2025). Practices and challenges of integrated schools in Roxas City. Pantao: The International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Grandey, A. A., & Gabriel, A. S. (2021). Emotional labor at a crossroads: Where do we go from here? Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 323–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055816 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Grepon, B. G. S., Baran, N. T., Gumonan, K. M. V. C., Martinez, A. L., & Lacsa, M. L. E. (2021). Designing and implementing e-school systems: An information systems approach to school management of a community college in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. International Journal of Computing Sciences Research, 5(1), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.25147/ijcsr.2017.001.1.71 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Guo, S., Wen, B., & Zhu, X. (2024). Understanding civil servants' public service motivation, withdrawal behavior, and taking-charge behavior through the lens of self-determination theory. Public Personnel Management, 53(2), 231–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/15396754241230627 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2022). COVID 19 and school leadership: International perspectives. School Leadership & Management, 42(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2021.2014976 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Harris, A., Ismail, N., & Jones, M. (2022). Distributed leadership: Taking a retrospective and contemporary view of the evidence base. In International Encyclopedia of Education (4th ed., pp. 91–100). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.05022-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Hennink, M., Kaiser, B. N., & Weber, M. B. (2022). What influences saturation? Estimating sample sizes in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 32(13), 1893–1905. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323221117056 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Hernandez, J., & Canoy, O. (2025). Service beyond the desk: Exploring DepEd administrative staff's conceptions of efficiency in public education support systems. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Houtgraaf, G. M., Wismans, A., de Witte, H., & Van den Broeck, A. (2024). Coping with work-related stress: A systematic review of adaptive coping strategies in organizations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(2), 318. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020318 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Houtgraaf, G., Kruyen, P., & van Thiel, S. (2024). Public servants’ creativity: Salient stimulators and inhibitors—A longitudinal qualitative digital diary study. Public Management Review, 26(3), 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2103175 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Hsu, H. Y., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Public organizational stewardship: Conceptualization and application. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.13052 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Kim, S., & Park, S. (2022). Employee engagement and organizational commitment in public sector organizations. Public Personnel Management, 51(2), 230–250. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260211012345 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Schaufeli, W. B., de Vet, H. C. W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2021). Conceptual frameworks of individual work performance: A systematic review and update. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2021). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 41(1-2), 5–22. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1796076 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Libria, F. C. (2025). An evaluation of non-teaching personnel roles in DepEd’s service delivery: A policy perspective. International Journal of Open-Access, Interdisciplinary & New Educational Discoveries of ETCOR Educational Research Center, 4(4), 269–281. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. https://doi.org/10.63498/etcor497 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Long, T., & Cooke, F. L. (2022). Advancing the field of employee assistance programs research and practice: A systematic review of quantitative studies and future research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 33(2), Article 100941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100941 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Maca, R. (2023). Problems of educational administration: Challenges, coping mechanisms, and innovative strategies of non-teaching personnel to improve the administrative management system of public secondary schools. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(9). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Makki, A. (2023). Administrative support staff and organizational efficiency in educational institutions: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231174569 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Makki, A. (2023). The perceptions of teaching and non-teaching staff about school climate. International Journal of Education and Research, 11(5), 131–148. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Martela, F., & Pessi, A. B. (2022). Significant work is about self-realization and broader purpose: Defining the key dimensions of meaningful work. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 907587. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.907587 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. McKim, C. (2023). Meaningful member-checking: A structured approach to member-checking. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 7(2), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12973 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Miasco, W., Jr. (2025). School-based non-teaching personnel level of satisfaction and their work performance in DepEd Division of Valencia City. Philippine E-Journals. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Nadeem, M. (2024). Distributed leadership in educational contexts: A catalyst for school improvement. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, Article 100835. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100835 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Obedencio, K. L., & Miasco, W., Jr. (2025). School-based non-teaching personnel level of satisfaction and their work performance in DepEd Division of Valencia City. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 47(3), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.470304 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. OECD. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2023-en [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Pa-ay, J. L. Q. (2025). Organizational culture and job satisfaction: A study among non-teaching personnel in the DepEd District of Bokod. Pantao: The International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS0402121 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Quezon, M. S., & Esmane, A. A. (2024). Work challenges, opportunities, and job performance of non-teaching personnel in a private higher education institution. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(10), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0489 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Ritz, A., Vandenabeele, W., & Vogel, D. (2021). Public service motivation and individual job performance. In P. Leisink, L. B. Andersen, G. A. Brewer, C. B. Jacobsen, E. Knies, & W. Vandenabeele (Eds.), Managing for public service performance: How people and values make a difference (pp. 254–277). Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893420.003.0014 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Schaufeli, W. B. (2021). Engaging leadership: How to promote work engagement? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 754556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754556 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Stahl, N. A., & King, J. R. (2021). Expanding approaches for research: Understanding and using trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Developmental Education, 44(1), 26–28. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Toreno, E. B. C. (2023). Job satisfaction among DepEd non-teaching personnel. Puissant, 4, 894–916. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Urry, K., Chinn, D., & others. (2024). From member checking to collaborative reflection: A novel way of using a familiar method to develop a refined programme theory. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2024.2355972 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Varpio, L., Ajjawi, R., Monrouxe, L. V., O'Brien, B. C., & Rees, C. E. (2021). Shedding the cobra effect: Problematising thematic emergence, triangulation, saturation and member checking. Medical Education, 55(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14398 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Ventura, M. D. (2026). Assessing the administrative performance of non-teaching personnel and its effect on teachers’ efficiency in multigrade school of Kabugao. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 52(6), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2026/v52i63088 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Williams, E. (2023). Cognitive coping strategies that supported teacher resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. South African Journal of Education, 43(5), 1–10. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Online Sources [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Department of Budget and Management. (2023, August 30). DBM approves the creation of 5,000 DepEd non-teaching positions nationwide. https://www.dbm.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Department of Education. (2023). MATATAG Agenda: Bansang Makabata, Batang Makabansa. Department of Education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Department of Education. (2024). DepEd Order No. 002, s. 2024: Immediate removal of administrative tasks of public school teachers. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/DO_s2024_002.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Department of Education. (2025, March 6). PBBM, DepEd sustain hiring of over 7,000 administrative support staff to ease teacher workload. https://www.deped.gov.ph/2025/03/06/pbbm-deped-sustain-hiring-of-over-7000-administrative-support-staff-to-ease-teacher-workload/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. DepEd Bataan. (2025). The silent load bearers: Rising workload among non-teaching personnel in DepEd schools. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. EDCOM 2. (2024). DepEd should ensure removal of teacher admin tasks in 60 days. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. EDCOM 2. (2025). Removing the burden of administration from teachers. Second Congressional Commission on Education. https://edcom2.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. National Privacy Commission. (2023). NPC Circular No. 2023-04: Guidelines on consent. https://privacy.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/NPC-Circular-No.-2023-04_Guidelines-on-Consent_07Nov2023.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Orgvue. (2024). Organizational design and role definition framework. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. https://www.orgvue.com/resources/articles/8-organizational-design-types/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Republic Act No. 10173. (2012). Data Privacy Act of 2012. National Privacy Commission. https://privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Second Congressional Commission on Education. (2024). DepEd should ensure removal of teacher administrative tasks within 60 days. EDCOM II. https://edcom2.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. Second Congressional Commission on Education. (2025). Removing the burden of administration from teachers. EDCOM II. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. Second Congressional Commission on Education. (2025). Removing the burden of administration from teachers: Policy brief. EDCOM II. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. https://edcom2.gov.ph/media/2025/03/EDCOM2_Policy_Brief_Removing_the_Burden_of_Administration_from_Teachers.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

96. Second Congressional Commission on Education. (2025). Removing the burden of administration from teachers. EDCOM II. https://edcom2.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

97. UK Statistics Authority. (2022). Ethical considerations associated with qualitative research methods. https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/publication/ethical-considerations-associated-with-qualitative-research-methods/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

98. World Health Organization. (2022). WHO guidelines on mental health at work. World Health Organization. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

99. World Medical Association. (2024). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles