The purpose of this literature review is to understand what cooperative learning is, how it affects student intrinsic motivation, identifying some barriers to implementing it, and examine reasons for its failure in some classrooms. This literature review analyzed and critiqued nine empirical studies from around the world and discussed one foundational study, which were all located using Eastern New Mexico University’s Golden Library and professor suggestion. The findings of this literature review show that cooperative learning has a positive impact on student intrinsic motivation, but has problems being appropriately implemented and fails in certain situations. The implications that can be drawn from this author’s research are that cooperative learning is not merely group work, that cooperative learning has a positive impact on student intrinsic motivation, that student age may affect the ability to utilize cooperative learning, that teacher training is desirable in implementing cooperative learning, and that student preparation all have a direct influence on the success or failure of cooperative learning in the classroom.
Page(s): 01-07 Date of Publication: 05 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8701Download PDF
The common features of most of the Asian cities are high density of population, scarcity of land, unplanned growth and expansion of cities and overall environmental and ecological degradation. Some of the developing countries of Asian have already been alarmed by the present situation and to avoid the future disaster the impact of environmental issues needed to be prioritized. Bangladesh faces the constant challenges of rampant poverty, high population density, and increasing population rate. Poor people are arsenic contaminated and urban people are mostly exposed to the polluted air, recurring natural disasters and a dwindling natural resource base. It is one of the poorest countries of the developing world, with a low resource base, a very low land-man ratio, and is threatened by both natural hazards and overexploitation. However this resource base is under see threat and environmental planning is necessary to signal any hope for survival with dignity and sustainability. Therefore, Bangladeshi peoples need awareness, protection and national environmental policy. With this objective, the Government of Bangladesh had established several Commissions and Committees since the independence of the country. So it is necessary to consider that a well-arranged framework for a global analysis is important in respect of environmental impact in construction sector to current situation. Environmental impact and construction engineering is the most discussed subject in the present time. It becomes the central issue not only for Bangladesh context as well as in the international debate in the early part of twenty first century. The land, water, air, sea, ocean, hill, mountain, roads, transport, industry and its sound, human, animals, insects, trees etc. consisting of whole environment. The development & survival of human fully depend on the peaceful and balanced coexistence of the environment. But most regretfully, the human society is destroying the equilibrium of nature by changing and mishandling the mineral resources. As a result the human society is facing the natural disasters with certain intervals. Therefore it is essential to rethinking that a good-arranged structure for a historical study is significant in respect of environmental impact in construction.
Page(s): 08-12 Date of Publication: 06 August 2021
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This study explored strategies for effective use of TVET advocacy in the promotion of gender equity of TVET students in the Central Region, Uganda. Thus, a convergent-parallel mixed methods research design, with a survey strategy was adopted, to achieve the objectives. Two theories including the feminist socialization theory and subject-task value theories guided the conceptualization of this study. The study targeted 5,791 students, 240 instructors, 60 institutional leaders, 42 district leaders, 4 Ministry of Education and Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development officials, and 21 civil society organisation gender advocates. Purposive sampling was used to select 9 institutional leaders, 3 district leaders, and 2 ministry officials while convenience sampling was used to select 5 gender advocates. Likewise, stratified random sampling was used to select 185 students and 56 instructors. Therefore, a sample size of 260 informants was used. Questionnaires, interview guides, and observation checklists were used to collect the desired data. The quantitative data was cleaned, coded, and entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 21 for analysis. Frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and bar graphs were used to present the analysed data. Qualitative data was analysed using the thematic method and presented using verbatim and indirect reporting. The findings revealed a low-status quo for TVET, moderate use of different TVET advocacy strategies, and affirmed that effective use of TVET advocacy enhanced gender equity of students in Uganda. The study recommended that TVET institutions effectively implement different advocacy strategies, the Uganda government to employ experts for TVET advocacy and increase the budget for supporting the implementation of different advocacy strategies.
Page(s): 13-21 Date of Publication: 06 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8702Download PDF
Cnidoscolus aconitifoliusis commonly known as Chaya, tree spinach or spinach tree. It is large, fast growing and leafy perennial shrub. It has a succulent stem that exude a milky sap on creating a cut. The plant was traditionally used to treat various clinical conditions. The plant is believed to be originated in the Yutican peninsula of Mexico. It is a popular leafy vegetable in Mexico and Central America. Which is similar to spinach. The plant is rich in good source of protein, vitamins, calcium and iron and is also a powerful antioxidant. Traditionally the plant is used for the management of hypercholesteremia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hyper lipidemic and kidney stones. The review was designed to highlight the pharmacological effects of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius plant.
Page(s): 22-24 Date of Publication: 07 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8703Download PDF
Lepidagathiskeralensis family Acanthaceaeis a plant endemic to Kerala. The genus comprises about 110 species, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical countries with 33 species in India. It is a hard prostrate shrub with woody root stalk. It is found in lateritic hills near sea coast mainly in exposed lateritic rocks. Commonly it is known as Paramullu. Previous studies showed that, plant is a rich source of many bioactive constituents and it possesses medicinal properties. Here the review designed to point out the pharmacological effect of Lepidagathiskeralensis.
Page(s): 25-27 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8704Download PDF
Yarn specification and yarn count refers to the number of plies or threads count in both the warp and weft per one centimetre square (cm2) in a woven fabric. It determines the heaviness, lightness and the texture of a woven fabric which invariably affects the drapability of the fabric. The purpose of this study was to ascertain through laboratory tests, the adverse cause, acceptability and the low patronage to the use of the akwete fabrics in Nigeria; and the impact of yarn specification, count, fabric thickness as the properties of the fabric. The experiment was carryout using samples of 100% Nigerian cotton wax and an akwete woven fabrics, each placed as the control and experimental products respectively, with the aid of the following instruments and equipment: cusik drape tester, drape meter Essdiel thickness gauge, empty tin (improvised apparatus), standard counting glass, and a thermometer in a textile design laboratory at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The findings of the study revealed that yarn count and fabric thickness had significant effect on the weight and drapability to the akwete woven fabric. In view of the findings, the study recommended that for the akwete woven fabric to be light in weight and comfortable to the wearer, the yarn count must be reduced to gain a less fabric thickness and rayon yarns should be used while weaving instead of cotton yarns to improve the texture and the appearance of the fabric.
Page(s): 28-34 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8705Download PDF
Globally, no single culture is perfect or self-sufficient. Cultural development involves building on the positive cultural aspects and discarding the negative ones, mostly through inter-cultural contacts. Kenya being a multicultural country has learners from diverse cultural backgrounds, something that needs to be taken care of by teachers. However, there is little research in this critical area. The purpose of this paper was to find out the cultural norms, values and practices inherent in modern Maasai culture that impede girl-child education as seen in the set book Blossoms of the Savannah. The paper adopted a qualitative design and case study research methodology while utilizing radical feminism as the main theoretical framework. The raw data was collected using content analysis of the novel due to the fact that it is a set book in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination (K.C.S.E) English course. The findings include unemployment in families, materialistic nature of modern society, school drop-outs due to early marriages, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), domestic violence against women among others. The findings are useful to curriculum developers, parents, teachers of English language, and students. The study recommends that the curriculum should incorporate even more culture-related novels to provide a wider forum for discussion of such issues in education as well as cater for learners from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Page(s): 35-37 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
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Paari-gbiele is an annual post-harvest festival celebrated by the Sisaala indigenes of Tumu Traditional Area in the Sissala East Municipality of the Upper West Region of northern Ghana. It is celebrated annually to mark the end of successful farming season. It also serves as a momentous occasion for the glorification of the almighty God and the revered agriculturally related deities of the indigenes of Tumu Traditional Area for their protection and blessings of seasonal bumper harvests to the farmers. Paari-gbiele equally provides suitable platform for indigenous education, communal interaction and cohesion which significantly contributes to the revitalisation and promotion of the rich cultural ideals of the Sissala people of Tumu Traditional Area. In spite of the aforementioned sociocultural relevance of Paari-gbiele for which reason it is celebrated annually, there exists scanty or no documentary account on the ethnographic and costume regalia of the festival. The study therefore examined Paari-gbiele festival to establish its ethnographic foundation and the costume regalia utilised during its celebration. Guided by qualitative ethnographic design, the study collected data from thirteen (13) purposively sampled respondents (Chiefs and elders) in Tumu Traditional Area through the use of focus group discussion, unstructured observation and photography. The findings of the study were discussed using visual, descriptive and thematic analytical tools. The study concludes that the celebration of Paari-gbiele festival has a long-standing ethnographic background whereby its annual celebration is characterised by the adornment of glamorous traditional costume regalia with codified cultural connotations and relevance to the people of the Tumu Traditional Area. It is therefore recommended that the chiefs and elders of Tumu Traditional Area should endeavour to continuously deploy such unique traditional costume regalia during the annual celebration of Paari-gbiele to preserve their culture and harness the associated tourism and educational values of the festival.
Page(s): 38-47 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8706Download PDF
Recent expansion in IT has paved the way for an electronic revolution that has led to the development of electronic services. Consumer e-services companies help to save expenses, speed up delivery and serve additional customers. Consequently, many companies have already shifted to the electronic environment or plan to shift their services and commodities. The qualities of each sort of product and service are important to recognize in this context. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that impact the use of e-services.
Page(s): 48-53 Date of Publication: 13 August 2021
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The use of herbal drugs in developing newer drug technology has increased to a greater extent. Strobilanthes species are widely spread in Asia and are endemic to Western Ghats India. They are known to have many traditional uses such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-osteoarthritics etc. Strobilanthes kunthianus is widely distributed in the grassland of Nilgiri hills and blooms once in 14 years and they are also known to have many traditional uses. This review focuses on basic studies such as phytochemical screening and pharmacological effect of plant.
Page(s): 54-55 Date of Publication: 14 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8707Download PDF
The outbreak of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) during late December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, has become a pandemic of global concern in a very short time, impacting human life and economic slowdown. The severity of SARS-CoV2 infection can be ascertained by an increased number of human deaths, specifically in older populations and patients with predisposed cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications. SARS CoV-2 binds to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors on host cells, followed by its internalization, rapid multiplication, and instigate cytokine storm. This review aims to decipher the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV2 infected patients with pre-existing CVD conditions. While in CVD patients, stimulation of ACE2 expression protects against CVD-associated complications through antagonizing the detrimental effects of Angiotensin II (Ang II) to maintain vascular homeostasis and production of nitric oxides in blood vessels. It is still unclear why CVD patients are at higher risk of SARS-CoV2 infection and have a higher mortality rate. Endothelial Cells (ECs) are monolayers of cells covering the inner wall of blood vessels and all major organs in our body. They play an essential role in maintaining normal vasculature; therefore, ECs dysfunction has been considered the CVD hallmark. Improvement in CVD is related to the restoration of ECs function. Exploring the role of ECs dysfunction concerning the SARS-CoV2-CVD molecular axis could help decipher why CVD patients are at increased risk of novel coronavirus-related fatalities.
Page(s): 56-61 Date of Publication: 16 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8708Download PDF
Antibiotic resistance and its rapid spread among pathogenic bacterial isolates are regarded as major public health issues around the world. The study aims to detect pyogenic bacteria in pus samples and assess their antibiotic susceptibilities to various antibiotics commonly employed in chemotherapeutic interventions. This is a retrospective study in which 297 pus samples were obtained from patients in the year 2018 to 2020 for aerobic culture and sensitivity testing. In total, 32% (95) of the samples yielded positive results, whereas, 68% (202) yielded negative results. The most commonly occurring pathogen was E. coli (65) followed by Pseudomonas spp. (14), Staphylococcus aureus (9), Klebsiella spp. (4) and Acinetobacter spp. (3). Patients aged 51 and up were the ones who were largely afflicted by the pus infection. Males were shown to be more susceptible to infection than females. Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Meropenem, Cefotaxime, Netilmicin, Mecillinam, and Fosfomycin were the most susceptible drugs for Klebsiella spp., followed by Meropenem for E. coli, Cloxacillin, Doxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Amoxiclave for S. aureus. However, Pefloxacin and Amoxiclav were both effective against Pseudomonas spp., while Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Doxacillin, Tazobactam+Piperacillin, Imipenem, Netilmicin, and Trimethoprim were effective against Acinetobacter spp. The antibiotic, Ampicillin was found to be resistant to all of the microorganisms tested. In general, most of the isolates were found to be resistant to the majority of the antibiotics. As a result of our research, clinicians will be able to make better decisions when selecting appropriate antibiotics, which aid in patient care and judicious usage, preventing the development of drug resistance in those who are already susceptible.
Page(s): 62-66 Date of Publication: 16 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8709Download PDF
This cross-sectional study examines the challenges of COVID-19 vaccines: distribution and vaccination across the seven (7) states of the North-West region of Nigeria that include Katsina, Kaduna, Kano, Kebbi, Zamfara, Sokoto, and Jigawa states. A summary of secondary data was obtained at the website of the Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC) and the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) on the 14th and 15th of July 2021. A simple descriptive analysis was conducted on the data. The research findings revealed that a total number of 17,016 laboratory confirmed cases were reported; 747,800 AstraZeneca Vaccines were distributed, a total number of 221,829 people were vaccinated with the first dose of the vaccine as of 15th of July 2021. Out of the 17,016 laboratories’ confirmed cases, more than half (53%) were recorded from Kaduna state while less than 1% were reported in Zamfara state. The reason for such several confirmed cases in Kaduna state was partly due to the large number of travelers who came in and out of the state from Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory which had one of the highest numbers of cases in the whole of Nigeria. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) at the regional level was given as 1%, while Sokoto and Kebbi states were leading by 4% each. Analysis of the findings revealed that about 98% of the 17,016 laboratories’ confirmed cases in the region had been discharged, while 1% were still on admission. The study also revealed that COVID-19 vaccines were not proportionally distributed according to the number of confirmed cases in each state. Apart from Kano and Katsina states whose percentages of confirmed cases were almost equal to the percentages of vaccines distributed i.e., 23%-to-28% and 12%-to-14% respectively, other states in the region had received below or above the proportion of confirmed cases they had. For instance, Kaduna state had 53% of confirmed cases in the region only received 24% of vaccines distributed, whereas Zamfara state which had the lowest percentage of confirmed cases (1%) received 7% of vaccines distributed. Major challenges facing COVID-19 within the region were an inadequate number of vaccines to cater to the large population of the people within the region, inadequate testing centers, etc. Most of the testing and vaccination centers were found in the cities and not found in the rural areas. The study concludes with a recommendation that government should make available vaccines in both the urban and rural communities and encourage people to take the vaccines.
Page(s): 67-76 Date of Publication: 17 August 2021
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The study determines the male and female students mean achievement scores of technical schools in electricity concepts using e-learning teaching activity and lecture method. Two research questions and two hypotheses were used. The study adopted a quasi-experiment designof non-randomized group pretest-posttest design. The population of the study was 6 Technical schools and 724 part II Students in the 2013/2014 academic session. The sample size was 223 (139 male and 84 female) out of the 724 of part II students of technical school college. A multi-stage sampling technique was employ for the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 2 Technical Schools (TS) which were co-educational (1 for control and 1 for experiment group). Again, a purposive sampling technique was used to select only part II students’ classes in the schools for the study. Two instruments were used for data collection, which included Electricity Achievement Test (EAT) and Electricity Interest Inventory (EII). Means and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the male and female students mean achievement scores of technical schools in electricity concepts using e-learning teaching activity and lecture methodwas not statistically significant. Both male and female technical schools students in education zone B of Benue State in the 2013/2014 academic session showed more interest and achieved higher in electricity lessons.
Page(s): 77-80 Date of Publication: 18 August 2021
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Several destinations have marked their names on the medical tourism world map while others’ potentials are still virtual despite encompassing success factors. This paper structures a framework to understand the supply side of medical tourism and the factors that determine the industry’s development. A qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders in the medical tourism field in Lebanon sheds light on the opportunities and challenges to develop such tourism activities in this destination. The content analysis suggests a global fitting of the suggested thematic factors to the data, in terms of costs, infrastructure and superstructure, government attitude, marketing and promotion, expertise/ human resources, language and communication, investment potential, facilities, and attractions. The findings support the role of political stability, interventions of government, and marketing activities. Managerial implications are provided in this research, focusing on enhancing the country’s image, encouraging local and foreign investment in the healthcare sector, and promoting fields of specialty, among others.
Page(s): 81-88 Date of Publication: 18 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8710Download PDF
The main objective of this paper is to explore how Civic Education acts as a catalyst to learner transformation. The paper is structured in categories such as pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) model, and Civic Education pedagogical content knowledge (CEPCK) model among others. The author contends that in order for effective teaching and learner transformation to occur, teachers of Civic Education at both junior secondary school and senior secondary school should be knowledgeable with the learning outcomes which are specified in the school syllabi. In addition, Civic Education teachers should be equipped with relevant knowledge domains as outlined in the developed Civic Education pedagogical content knowledge model. Therefore, the developed Civic Education pedagogical content knowledge model may help different teaching/learning institutions in Zambia and beyond because it is a tool which can be used by administrators in various teaching and learning institutions to evaluate the competence levels of members of staff. In addition, the model may help teachers of Civic Education to deliver the subject effectively and impart learners with integrated knowledge, skills, values, dispositions and attitudes which may enable them not only to actively participate in community activities but also to be creative, live in harmony with others and be able to understand the contemporary society in which they live. It is therefore recommended that teachers of Civic Education in schools across the country should possess a variety of teacher knowledge as outlined in the developed Civic Education pedagogical content knowledge model (CEPCK) model in order to enhance not only effective delivery but also academic performance and learner transformation. In addition, the Ministry of General Education (MoGE), parents, teachers, administrators and other stakeholders should collaborate and come up with other strategies which can be used to enhance subject delivery and learners transformation. Also, universities, colleges of education and other various teacher training institutions in Zambia should adopt and include the developed Civic Education pedagogical content knowledge model in their curricular in order to equip Civic Education trainee teachers with knowledge domains as outlined in the developed model. Lastly, the researcher also recommends that the Ministry of General Education, the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Provincial Education Officers (PEOs) and District Education Board Secretaries (DEBS) and school administrators should ensure that schools adopt the use of the developed Civic Education pedagogical content knowledge model as well as encouraging them to incorporate it during their Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities.
Page(s): 89-95 Date of Publication:20 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8711Download PDF
Bioemulsifiers are considered as multifunctional biomolecules of 21st century because of their functional abilities and eco-friendly properties. Currently, they are considered as “green molecules” because of their wide applications in bioremediation of soil. They can also be applied for removal of heavy metal and chlorinated solvent compounds, in drugs industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, metallurgy, agrochemicals, fertilisers and many others. Their importance has been increasing day by day in the global market as they are the natural resources with high-aggregate value.
Page(s): 96-100 Date of Publication:24 August 2021
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The importance of education cannot be overemphasized following the total liberation it brought to man. Nigeria’s education system is besieged by colossal problems ranging from inadequate funding, poor educational infrastructure, polluted learning environment, and recruitment of unqualified teaching personnel. This paper x-rayed challenges in the administration of primary education in Nigeria. The goals of primary education were highlighted. The paper identified major challenges confronting primary education administration in Nigeria including the wrong appointment of the head teacher, political instability, lack of supervision, etc. Going by the deplorable situation in primary education a reform is required to improve the performance of primary school administrators. Recommendations were made which suggested that the appointment of head teachers should be based on merit, not favoritism, internal and external supervision should also be encouraged to ensure rules and regulations are carried out as expected.
Page(s): 101-105 Date of Publication: 24 Auugst 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8712Download PDF
There are plenty of good reasons why every researcher should invest time and energy in writing and abstract. It will form the basis for several key decisions: whether an editor sends out your submission for review; whether the reviewer accepts that review Invitation; and whether other researchers read your published paper. Unless your article is open access, the title and abstract are the only elements freely available to everyone. Increased readership means a higher possibility of having your work referenced in subsequent research publications! Consequently, it is critical that your abstract be accurate. Several frequently asked issues from early career researchers are addressed in this review article, including what is the optimal length for an abstract and how long an abstract should be. Which information should be provided and how much detail? Moreover, what kind of language is most effective? You will walk away with a better knowledge of the importance that the abstract can play in the success of your paper, as well as the steps you can take to guarantee that it is the best it possibly can..
Page(s): 106-109 Date of Publication: 25 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8713Download PDF
Teacher Education involves the policies and procedures designed to equip teachers with the knowledge and skills they require to teach effectively. Teaching practice (TP) is an integral part in teacher education because it allows student-teachers to apply the theories into practice. Effective preparation of student teachers in practical subjects could help them teach efficiently. The study was guided by three research questions; survey design was adopted for the study with a sample of (170) student teachers. An Instrument tagged Student Teachers Experiences in Teaching Practice Questionnaire (STETPQ) was used to collect data on how student teacher perceived teaching profession during teaching practice and the challenges thereon. The data collected were analyzed using weighted mean, Frequency and percentages respectively. The result indicated that on the overall, student teachers held strong perception of teaching profession in Benue State. Respondents agreed that teaching practice have made them to decide to take to teaching as a profession. Student teachers also faced different challenge ranging from personal preparation, class participation, class room management, instructional and evaluation problems. It was recommended amongst others that a proper orientation for student teachers should be carried out using efficient means of communication like; seminars, workshops, conferences and discussion before they go for teaching practice. This will prepare their mind for the challenges ahead.
Page(s): 110-116 Date of Publication: 25 August 2021
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