Spatiotemporal Response of Ionosphere to the Geomagnetic Storm of March 2013

Storms perturb the geomagnetic field. This perturbation affects the ionosphere. This study investigates how the ionosphere responded to the March 2013 storm. Diurnal variations in TEC from March 16 to March 20 at 24 stations across Africa were used to analyze the storm's behaviour and the ionosphere's response in the African sector.

spatiotemporal variation, TEC, Geomagnetic storm, Africa

1. Aa E, Chen Y, Luo B (2024). "Dynamic Expansion and Merging of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly During the 10-11 May 2024 Super Geomagnetic Storm" Remote Sens. Vol. 16, iss. 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1622490. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Akala AO, Oyeyemi EO, Somoye E, Adeloye AB, Adewale AO (2013). "Ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms at equatorial and low latitudes over African sector" J Atmospheric Sol Terr Phys. 102, 53–60. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.02.006. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Aol S, Habyarimana V, Mungufeni P, Buchert S, Habarulema J (2023). "Ground and Space-based response of the ionosphere during the geomagnetic storm of 02-06 November 2021 over the low- and mid- latitudes" Adv. Space Res. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.12.032. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Astafyeva E, Zakharenkova I, Förster M (2015). "Ionospheric response to the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm: A global multi-instrumental overview" JGR. Space Physics. Vol. 120, iss. 10, 9023–9037. http://doi.org/10.1002/2015ja021629. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Atsuki S, Takuya S, Yuichi O, Michi N, Septi P, Takuo T, Atsushi K, Fuminori T, Shoya M, Yoshiya K, Ayako M, Satoko N, Yoshizumi M, Iku S (2023). "Generation of Equatorial Plasma Bubble after the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption" Scientific Reports 13:6450. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33603-3. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Barad RK, Sripathi S, Singh R, Gayathri B, Abadi P, Barad RK, Barad K (2025). "Observations and Modeling Investigations of Ionospheric Response to 23-24 April 2023, G4-Class Geomagnetic Storm Over Indian Sector" Space Weather, vol. 23, iss. 6. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024/sw004253. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. David H H (2015). "The solar cycle" Living Rev. Solar Phys., 12, 4. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/lrsp-2015-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Imtiaz N, Younas W, Khan M (2020). "Response of the low- to mid-latitude ionosphere to the geomagnetic storm of September 2017" Ann. Geophys. 38, 359–372. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-359-2020. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Leonard K, Daniel M, Pryse SE, Candar LjR, Bamford RA, Belehaki A, Leitinger R, Radicella SM, Mitchell CN, Spencer PSJ (2004). "Total electron content- A key parameter in propagation: Measurement and use in Ionospheric Imaging" Ann. Geophys. 24(Sup.):1067-1091. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Li J (2018). "A systematic study of hale and anti-hale sunspot physical parameters" J Astrophys 867(2):89. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Luo X, Aa E, Wang X, Luo B (2026). "Strong Longitudinal and Latitudinal Differences of Ionospheric Responses in North American and European Sectors During the 10-11 October 2024 Geomagnetic storm" Remote Sens. Vol. 18, iss. 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020256. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. McClintock BH, Norton AA, Li J (2014). "Re-examining sunspot tilt angle to include anti-hale statistics" J. Astrophys 797(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/130. arXiv:1412.5094 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Muñoz-Jaramillo A, Navarrete B, Campusano LE (2021). "Solar anti-hale bipolar magnetic regions: a distinct population with systematic properties" J. Astrophys. 920(1):31. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Nirvikar D & Pandey R (2007). "Variations in the Total Electron Content near the Crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly during the November 2004 Geomagnetic Storm" Earth Planets Space. 2007; 59:127–131. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Oladuso O R, Agoyi A A, Adewale A O, Fayose R S, Rabiu A B (2019). "Comparison of Transient variation of Total Electron Content within and outside Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Region" IAARJ, vol 1, issue 1, pp. 32-42. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Oyeyemi EO, Akala AO, Okoh D, Odeyemi OO, Olugbon B, Amaechi PO, Oyedokun OJ, Idolor OR (2024). "Response of the Nigerian low-latitude ionosphere to the geomagnetic storms of the ascending phases of solar cycle 24" Adv Space Res. vol 73, iss 8, pp 4296-4313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.12.051. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Pandey U, Kumar S, Malik JN, Singh AK (2025). "Study of ionospheric response to an intense geomagnetic storm of August 26 2018 over low latitude and polar regions" J atmospheric Sol Terr Phys. 273, 106528. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2025.206528. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Pulkkinen T 2007. "Space Weather: Terrestrial Perspective", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 4, lrsp-2007-1. [DOI], [ADS]. URL (accessed February 3 2010): http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2007-1. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Rabiu AB, Mamukuyomi AI, Joshua EO (2007). "Variability of the equatorial ionosphere inferred from geomagnetic field measurements" Bull. Astr. Soc. India. 35:607-618. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Rama Rao PVS, Gopi Krihna S, Niranjan K & Prasad D.S.V.V (2006). "Temporal and spatial variation in TEC using simultaneous measurement from the India GPS network of receivers during the low solar activity period of 2004 – 2005" Ann. Geophys. (Germany) 3279–3290. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Rastogi RG, Klobuchar JA (1990). “Ionospheric electron content within the equatorial F2 layer anomaly belt” J. Geophys. Res. 95:19045. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Shahzad R, Shah M, Tariq M, Calabia A, Melgarejo-Morales A, Jamjareegulgam P, Liu L (2023). "Ionospheric-Thermospheric Response to Geomagnetic Storm from Multi-Instrument Space Weather Data" Remote Sens. Vol. 15, iss. 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102687. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Tahir A, Wu F, Shah M, Amory-Mazaudier C, Jamjareegulgarn P, Verhulst TGW, Ameen M (2024). "Multi-Instrument Observation of the Ionosphere Irregularities and Disturbances during the 23-24 March 2023 Geomagnetic Storm" Remote Sens. Vol. 16, iss. 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091594. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Uga CH, Uluma E, Adhikari B, Giri A, Belay N (2024). "Impact of the October 28, 2021 Solar Flare and the November 4, 2021 Geomagnetic storm on the Low, Middle and High- latitude Ionosphere" Discover Space 128:4. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-024-09556-5. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Wan Q, Ma G, Zhou G, Li J and Fan J (2025). "The Ionospheric response during the Super Geomagnetic Storm on May 10 – 11 2024" JGR. Space Physics, Vol. 130, iss. 4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ja033627. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Weber MA, Schunker H & Jouve L (2023). "Understanding active region emergence and origins on the Sun and other cool stars" s. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.06536. arXiv:2306.06536. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• A Comparative Study on the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Common Materials
• Thickness Dependent Thermoelectric Properties of Pb0.4In0.6Se Thin Films Deposited by Physical Evaporation Technique
• Optimization of a Patch Antenna Using Genetic Algorithm
• Kinematic Constraints On Brown Dwarf Atmospheric Variability And Evidence For Bimodal Formation From Multi-Survey Analysis
• Reservoir Characterization through the Application of Petrophysical Evaluation of Well Logs of Animaux Field, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria