Impact of Social Support on Resiliency Among Elderly Individuals in Selected Barangays in Metro Manila: Basis for Enhancement of Elderly Resilience Program

Aging gracefully means being able to adapt physically, psychologically, and socially. This study aimed to determine the impact of social support on resiliency among elderly and to investigate whether demographic profiles affect support and level of resiliency. A descriptive correlational, comparative research was conducted, surveying 100 elderly respondents from selected barangays in Metro Manila using purposive sampling. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the data. The study identified a significant relationship among the following; expanded senior citizens act and the elderly’s comorbidity; pensioner status, and employment status, with p-values of <0.001, 0.031, and 0.006; services and support from barangay and community, elderly’s sex and being a business owner, with p-values of 0.010 & 0.013; support coming from family and friends and elderly’s living arrangement and sex, with the p-values of 0.027 and 0.015. Hence, aligned with significant differences between support coming from family and friends, living arrangements, and social resilience, with p-values of 0.007 and 0.047. Lastly, age and mental resiliency are significantly correlated and different, with p-values of 0.018 and 0.019. Hence, in the absence of sufficient social support, mental resilience tends to decline slightly as age increases. As a result, the elderly who get enough support become more mentally resilient. In conclusion, recognizing the needs and involvement in community programs can help elderly individuals be heard, cared for, and loved, raising community awareness of the difficulties they experience. Policies should prioritize elderly-friendly environments and allocate funds for long-term community programs and assistance.

Resilience, Social Support, Elderly Individual Respondents, Aging.

1. A.Kireeva. (2024). Social Classes in the Philippines Today. Digido. https://digido.ph/articles/social-classes-philippines Date Retrieved: December 28, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Authentication challenge pages. (2020). https://psa.gov.ph/content/age-and-sex-distribution-philippine-population-2020-census-population-and-housing Date Retrieved: November 3, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Bernadette Reyes,GMA Integrated News. (2024). Senior citizens get gov’t livelihood packages for business startups. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/901371/senior-citizens-get-gov-t-livelihood-packages-for-business-startups/story/ Date Retrieved: March 1, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bunda, F. C. ., & Trinidad, J. . (2024). Awareness and Satisfaction on Expanded Senior Citizen Act of 2010 RA 9994. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence (IMJRISE), 1(7), 325-334. https://risejournals.org/index.php/imjrise/article/view/590 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Busayo.Longe. (2020). Descriptive Research Designs: Types, Examples & Methods. Formplus. https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-research Date Retrieved: December 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Boncay, L. R., De Guzman, R. R., Dela Cruz, J. A., & Umipig, R. S. (2024). Integrity vs Despair: A Phenomenological Study on Filipino Widowed Elderly Lived Experiences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379578841_Integrity_vs_Despair_A_Phenomenological_Study_on_Filipino_Widowed_Elderly_Lived_Experiences Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Carandang, R. R., Miranda, K. J., Alegado - Bagaoisan, D. M., Labbao, N., Hidalgo, M. K., & Doroliat, R. J. (2024). Is Satisfaction with the Medication Provisions of the Senior Citizens Act and Frequency of Senior Identification Card Use Associated with Medication Compliance among Hypertensive Patients in the Philippines? Acta Medica Philippina. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.10732 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Çeti̇Ngök, S., & Irmak, H. S. (2022). Psychological Resilience and Adaptation Difficulties in Older Adults. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 10(4), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.4274/nkmj.galenos.2022.48568 Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Coalition of Services of the Elderly, Inc. (COSE). (2024). Excerpts from the Message of Dr. Ida Yap-Patron. Coalition of Services of the Elderly, Inc. (COSE). https://cose.org.ph/excerpt-from-the-message-of-dr-ida-yap-patron-during-the-policy-discussion-on-expanding-the-social-protection-program/ Date Retrieved: November 16, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Coalition of Services of the Elderly, Inc. (COSE). (2024). Vision & Mission - Coalition of Services of the Elderly, Inc. (COSE). https://cose.org.ph/vision-mission/ Date Retrieved: November 16, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Cruz, C. J. P. (2022). Ageing and Health in the Philippines [Slide show]. 15th National Convention on Statistics, Philippines. the United Nations. (2023). World Population Ageing 2023. New York. Date Retrieved: November 3, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Cui L, Li J, Xie D, Wang M, He F, Chen J and Ding D (2022) Role of the Social Support and Health Status in Living Arrangement Preference of the Elderly in China—A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Public Health 10:860974. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.860974 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Cruz, G. T., Natividad, J. N., Gonzales, A. M., & Lagran, C. A. P. (2025). Ageing and Health in the Philippines: Wave 2 Report. Demographic Research and Development Foundation (DRDF) and Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). https://www.eria.org/uploads/Ageing-and-Health-Philippines-Wave-2-web.pdf Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Commission on Population and Development (POPCOM). (2020). Filipino Families and Elderly Living Conditions. https://popcom.gov.ph/2020-elderly-population-housing/ Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. De Guzman, R. R. (2024). Fostering social connectedness and wellness in older adults through a Community-Based Support Program. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=24178 Date Retrieved: November 18, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Demographic Change and Healthy Ageing (DHA). (2023). National programmes for age-friendly cities and communities: a guide. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240068698 Date Retrieved: November 16, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Descriptive Correlational Design Definition & Goals - 577 words | Research Paper Example. (2023). IvyPanda. https://ivypanda.com/essays/descriptive-statistics-and-correlational-design/ Date Retrieved: December 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Drageset J. Social Support. (2021) Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research Chapter 11 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585650/ doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63135-2_11 Date Retrieved: November 1, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). (2022). MSME Statistics. https://www.dti.gov.ph/resources/msme-statistics/ Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Elderly Filipino Week/International Day of Older Persons 2022POPCOM: Gov’t needs to set programs for ‘aging’ PHL by 2030 | Commission on Population and Development- National Capital Region. (2022).https://ncr.cpd.gov.ph/2022/10/06/elderly-filipino-week-international-day-of-older-persons-2022popcom-govt-needs-to-set-programs-for-aging-phl-by-2030/ Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Feliciano, E., Feliciano, A., Palompon, D., & Boshra, A. (2022). Aging-related Resiliency Theory Development. Theory and Concept Development, 8(No. 1). https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.163 Date Retrieved: November 1, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Felipe-Dimog, E. B., RM, MSc, Tumulak, M. J. R., MD, MSc, Garcia, A., RN, MPH, Liang, F.-W., PhD, Hsu, M.-T., RN, PhD, Saragih, I. D., RN, MAN, & Sia-ed, A., PhD. (2024). Caring Behavior of Filipinos Toward Their Elderly Family Members, 58(15). https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.6880 Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Friendships: Enrich your life and improve your health. (2024). Mayo Clinic.https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/friendships/art-20044860#:~:text=Friends%20also%20play%20a%20big,peers%20who%20have%20fewer%20friends Date Retrieved: November 1, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Gerolin, L. G. C., & Palic, A. S. (2020). Awareness and Availment of Benefits of Senior Citizens in A Highly Urbanized City. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 159-160. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.187 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Górska, S., Roy, A. S., Whitehall, L., Fitzpatrick, L. I., Duffy, N., & Forsyth, K. (2021). A Systematic Review and Correlational Meta-Analysis of Factors associated with resilience of Normally aging, Community-Living Older Adults. The Gerontologist, 62(9), e520–e533. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab110 Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Gao, Q., Lei, C., Wei, X., Peng, L., Wang, X., Yue, A., & Shi, Y. (2024). Exploring the interplay of living arrangements, social support, and depression among older adults in rural northwest China. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20737-w Date Retrieved: March 1, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Gupta, D. (2024). NGOs in Senior Citizens: Role, Impact, Challenges, Importance etc. NGOFeed. https://ngofeed.com/ngos-in-senior-citizens/#google_vignette Date Retrieved: November 16, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. HelpAge International. (2020). Social Protection – Pensions. https://www.helpage.org/what-we-do/social-protection/pensions/ Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Healthy ageing and functional ability. (2024). https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/healthy-ageing-and-functional-ability Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Jamfa, W., Chumpeeruang, S., & Wanchulee, O. (2024). Factors Influencing the Resilience Among Elderly Individuals Living in Muang Nakhon Sawan Province https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jnorthnurse/article/view/270996 Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Li, Y.-T., & Ow, Y. S. Y. (2021). Development of resilience scale for older adults. Sci Hub. https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/13607863.2020.1861212 Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Liao, H., Li, S., Han, D. et al. (2023). Associations between social support and poverty among older adults. BMC Geriatr 23, 384 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04079-7 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Liao, Z., Zhou, H. & He, Z. The mediating role of psychological resilience between social participation and life satisfaction among older adults in China. BMC Geriatr 22, 948 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03635-x Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Mapa, D. (2021). Highlights of the Population Density of the Philippines 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020 cph?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2maoTiBHhxBVTa36OGj4SgXnOpnYpRqe7T2-gpipN9_y8k8BECsLB_-Z8_aem_VRBNc2cR-c6ggeErGNHQ2A Date Retrieved: March 1, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Martin. (2023). Health - United Nations Sustainable Development. United Nations Sustainable Development. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/ Date Retrieved: December 4, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. McFadden, E., , PhD, MSW, Hall, J., PhD, & Zautra, A., PhD. (2023). Resilience in Aging. The University of Arizona Center on Aging. https://aging.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2023-04/Resilience%20in%20Aging.pdf Date Retrieved: November 18, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Mobolaji, J.W., Akinyemi, A.I. (2022). Complementary support in later life: investigating the gender disparities in patterns and determinants among older adults in South-Western Nigeria. BMC Geriatr 22, 704 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03393-w Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Moorman, S. M., & Pai, M. (2023). Social support from family and friends, educational attainment, and cognitive function. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 43(4), 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648231203840 Date Retrieved: May 26 , 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Moyani, G., Lobaton, J., Bautista, M., & Maguate, G. (2023). Services, Quality of Life And Satisfaction of Senior Citizens in Bacolod City. ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375672117_Services_Quality_of_Life_And_Satisfaction_of_Senior_Citizens_in_Bacolod_City Date Retrieved: November 16, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Nikolopoulou, K. (2022). What is purposive sampling? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/purposive-sampling/ Date Retrieved: May 27, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Oconer, S. M., & Quimen, V. J. (2024). Assessing the quality life of elderly individuals. Celebes Nursing Journal., 1(2), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.70848/cnj.v1i2.4 Date Retrieved: March 1, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Older adults’ health and age-related changes. (2021). https://www.apa.org. https://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older Date Retrieved: December 28, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. One percent of the senior citizens/pwd from the national tax allotment of the barangay, specifically the issue hinges on the legal interpretation of the words senior citizen and PWD. (2023). Department of the Interior and Local Government. https://www.dilg.gov.ph/legal-opinions/One-percent-of-the-senior-citizenspwd-from-the-national-tax-allotment-of-the-barangsy-specifically-the-issue-hinges-on-the-legal-interpretation-of-the-words-senior-citizen-and-PWD/1450 Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Pallen, J., & Pascual-Dormido, Y. (2025). Senior citizens’ satisfaction with Barangay Health Care Services. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence (IMJRISE). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15259590 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Park S. & Kim J. (2025). Employment Status and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults: Disentangling the Gendered Effects of Entering and Exiting Employment. Innov Aging. 2025 Feb 8;9(4):igaf013. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igaf013. PMID: 40212110; PMCID: PMC11979769. Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Philippine National Health Research System. (2024). National Unified Health Research Agenda (NUHRA) 2023-2028. https://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/NUHRA-2023-2028.pdf Date Retrieved: December 4, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Literacy Rate and Educational Attainment Among Persons Five Years Old and Over in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing). https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059980 Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2023). Labor Force Participation of Senior Citizens. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-and-employment/labor-force Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2023). Poverty Statistics. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/poverty/node/1684064929 Date Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Primary health care for noncommunicable diseases in the Philippines. (n.d.). https://pids.gov.ph/publication/discussion-papers/primary-health-care-for-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-philippinesDate Retrieved: May 04, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2023).Causes of Death in the Philippines. https://psa.gov.ph/vital-statistics/id/176605 Date Retrieved: May 04 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. R.A. No. 9994. (n.d.). https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_9994_2010.html Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Republic Act No. 9994, “Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010.” (2010). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/02/15/republic-act-no-9994/ Date Retrieved: November 9, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Republic Act No. 11916. (n.d.). https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2022/ra_11916_2022.html Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Resna, R. W., Widianti, Nofiantoro, W., Iskandar, R., Ashbahna, D. M., Royani, & Susilawati, S. (2022). Social environment support to overcome loneliness among older adults: A scoping review. Belitung Nursing Journal, 8(3), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2092 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Richa Noriega,GMA News.(2022). DILG directs LGUs to strengthen Botika ng Bayan programs. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/822676/dilg-directs-lgus-to-strengthen-botika-ng-bayan-programs/story/ Date Retrieved: December 28, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Smith, G. S. E., Moyle, W., & Burton, N. W. (2023). The Relationship between Social Support for Physical Activity and Physical Activity across Nine Years in Adults Aged 60–65 Years at Baseline. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054531 Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Social pension budget for indigent senior citizens’ doubled for 2024; DBM releases ₱49.807 billion in January. (2024). https://www.dbm.gov.ph/index.php/management-2/2737-social-pension-budget-for-indigent-senior-citizens-doubled-for-2024-dbm-releases-49-807-billion-in-january#:~:text=Eligible%20recipients%20must%20be%2060,)%2C%20and%20private%20insurance%20companies. Date Retrieved: March 3, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Stewart, A. (2024). Financial needs of the elderly: Managing senior finances. Griswold. https://www.griswoldcare.com/blog/financial-needs-of-the-elderly-managing-senior-finances/ Date Retrieved: March 3, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Tawacal, C. A. N., Tulaylay, C. A. P., Susano, A. N. A., Vergara, D. E. S., & Flores, M. J. V. (2024). Utilization and Satisfaction of Community-based Health Care Services among Older Adults. Journal of Rural Community Nursing Practice. 2(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.58545/jrcnp.v2i1.113 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Technical Notes on the Proposed National Budget Fiscal Year 2024. (2023). [Dataset]. In Agenda for Prosperity: Securing a Future-Proof and Sustainable Economy. Department of Budget and Management. https://www.dbm.gov.ph/images/pdffiles/2024-Technical-Notes-on-the-Proposed-National-Budget.pdf Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. United Nations & Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2023). World Population Ageing 2023 Challenges and opportunities of population ageing in the least developed countries. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_wpa2023-report.pdf Date Retrieved: November 4, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Upasen, R., Saengpanya, W., Awae, W., & Prasitvej, P. (2024). The influence of resilience and social support on mental health of older adults living in community: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01892-6 Date Retrieved: November 18, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Whitehall, L., Gorska, S., Rush, R., Roy, A. S., Fitzpatrick, L. I., & Forsyth, K. (2021). Pscyhometric Evaluation of the Making it CLEAR Questionnaire: A Resilience Measure for Older Adult. Oxford Academic. https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/5/3/igab030/6350761 Date Retrieved: November 13, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. World Health Organization: WHO. (2024). Ageing and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Yusoff MSB, Arifin WN, Hadie SNH. (2021). ABC of questionnaire development and validation for survey research. Education in Medicine Journal. 2021;13(1):97–108. https://doi. org/10.21315/eimj2021.13.1.10Date Retrieved: July 06, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Zaldarriaga, J. (2024) Better healthcare for elderly Filipinos | Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/opinion/pieces/959-better-healthcare-for-elderly-filipinosDate Retrieved: December 4, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Zhang, C., & Dong, C. (2023). The Influence of Social Support on the Mental Health of Elderly Individuals in Healthy Communities with the Framework of Mental Toughness. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 2977–2988. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S413901 Date Retrieved: November 15, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Zhang, D., Zheng, W. & Li, K. (2024). The relationship between marital status and cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults: the multiple mediating effects of social support and depression. BMC Geriatr 24, 367 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04975-6 Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Zhou, D., Zhan, Q. & Li, L. (2023). The impact of self-employment on mental health of the younger elderly in China. BMC Geriatr 23, 280 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03948-5Date Retrieved: May 26, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Knowledge and Attitude of Undergraduate Nursing Students towards Organ Donation
• Cold Hip Bath Therapy for Labor Pain Management: A Review of Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Women's Health
• Work Settings Utilizing the S.C.O.R.E Model on the Psychological Empowerment of Hospital Nurses in Cebu City
• An Assessment on the Quality of Life of PLHIV Residents in Digos City Barangays: Basis for Health Teaching Program
• Work-Related Stress and Its Psychodermatological Impact on Nursing Professionals