Comparative Characteristics of Low and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners for Furnace Applications

Comparative Characteristics of Low and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners for Furnace Applications

Olusola Emmanuel Omowumi*¹, Habibu Abdulaziz Rufai² and Ladan Ibrahim Mohammed²

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria

²Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12030006

Received: 17 February 2025; Review 22 February 2025; Accepted: 25 February 2025; Published: 25 March 2025

ABSTRACT

Furnaces play a crucial role in industrial applications, with burner selection significantly impacting efficiency, emissions, and operational costs. This study provides a comparative analysis of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners used in furnace applications. Low-pressure burners operate below 5 bar and utilize mechanical or air-assisted atomization, offering simplicity and cost-effectiveness but resulting in larger fuel droplets, incomplete combustion, and higher emissions. High-pressure burners, functioning between 5 and 30 bar, provide finer atomization, improved combustion efficiency, and lower emissions but require higher energy input and more frequent maintenance. The comparative evaluation includes key performance metrics such as combustion efficiency, emissions control, fuel consumption, and thermal output. Statistical analysis demonstrates that high-pressure burners achieve 85-95% efficiency, reduce CO and NOx emissions by up to 60%, and lower fuel consumption by 15-30%. Despite higher operational and maintenance costs, high-pressure burners align better with modern industrial sustainability goals due to their superior efficiency and environmental benefits. The findings contribute to informed decision-making in burner selection, optimizing furnace performance for industrial applications. Future research should explore advanced atomization techniques and hybrid burner systems to further enhance efficiency and reduce operational expenses.

Keywords: Liquid Fuel Burners, Low-Pressure Burners, High-Pressure Burners, Combustion Efficiency, Fuel Atomization, Furnace Applications, Environmental Impact.

INTRODUCTION

Furnaces play a crucial role in industrial processes, including metallurgy, power generation, and petrochemical applications. The efficiency of these furnaces largely depends on the performance of the burners used to generate heat. Liquid fuel burners, classified into low-pressure and high-pressure types, are widely used due to their ability to provide high thermal energy and adaptability to various fuel types (Lefebvre & Ballal, 2010). The selection of an appropriate burner type significantly impacts combustion efficiency, fuel consumption, emissions, and maintenance costs (Zhu & Luo, 2019).

Low-pressure liquid fuel burners operate by atomizing fuel at relatively low injection pressures, typically below 5 bar, using mechanical or air-assisted atomization methods. These burners are often preferred in applications where simplicity, lower operational costs, and fuel flexibility are prioritized. However, they tend to produce larger fuel droplets, leading to incomplete combustion, increased soot formation, and higher emissions (Cheng et al., 2018). Conversely, high-pressure liquid fuel burners function at injection pressures ranging from 5 to 30 bar, utilizing high-velocity fuel jets to achieve finer atomization and improved air-fuel mixing. As a result, they enhance combustion efficiency, reduce unburned hydrocarbons, and comply with stringent environmental regulations (Turns, 2012; Gomez & Torres, 2018).

The effectiveness of a burner in a furnace application depends on key factors such as flame stability, heat transfer efficiency, emissions control, and maintenance requirements. While high-pressure burners demonstrate superior atomization and flame control, they demand higher energy input for pressurization and more frequent maintenance of fuel nozzles and pumping systems (Khan & Greeves, 2003). On the other hand low-pressure burners, though less efficient, offer cost-effective operation and greater tolerance to fuel impurities making them suitable for industries with limited resources (Lefebvre, 1999; Liu et al., 2022).

With increasing emphasis on energy conservation and emissions reduction, the optimization of liquid fuel burners has become a focal point of research. Innovations such as electrostatic atomization, fuel preheating, and hybrid burner systems have been developed to enhance performance and sustainability (Cheng et al., 2018). However, the trade-offs between efficiency, cost, and environmental impact necessitate a comprehensive comparison of low and high-pressure burners to guide informed decision-making in furnace applications.

This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of low and high-pressure liquid fuel burners, focusing on their operational characteristics, performance efficiency, and environmental implications. By evaluating these factors, the study seeks to contribute to the selection and optimization of burner technologies for sustainable industrial applications.

Fundamentals of Liquid Fuel Burners

Liquid fuel burners are critical components in industrial furnaces, converting liquid fuels into fine droplets, mixing them with air, and igniting the mixture to produce heat. These burners are used in various industrial applications, including power generation, metallurgy, and petrochemical processing, where precise temperature control and combustion efficiency are essential (Lefebvre & Ballal, 2010). The performance of a burner depends on several factors, including fuel atomization, air-fuel mixing, flame stability, and emission characteristics (Turns, 2012).

Combustion Process in Liquid Fuel Burners

The combustion process in liquid fuel burners involves three main stages:

Fuel Atomization

Atomization is the process of breaking down liquid fuel into tiny droplets to enhance vaporization and mixing with air. Proper atomization is crucial for efficient combustion, as larger droplets result in incomplete burning, leading to higher emissions and soot formation (Lefebvre, 1999). Fuel atomization is influenced by:

• Injection pressure: Higher pressures result in finer atomization.
• Nozzle design: Swirl and pressure-swirl nozzles improve atomization quality (Cheng et al., 2018).
• Fuel viscosity: Lower viscosity enhances atomization efficiency.

Vaporization and Mixing

After atomization, the fuel droplets must vaporize before combustion can occur. The vaporization rate depends on the droplet size, temperature, and surrounding airflow (Turns, 2012). Effective air-fuel mixing ensures uniform combustion and prevents localized rich or lean regions that can cause instability or excessive emissions.

Ignition and Oxidation

Once the fuel-air mixture reaches its ignition temperature, combustion occurs through oxidation, releasing heat energy. The reaction produces combustion gases, including CO₂, H₂O, and, depending on conditions, pollutants like NOₓ and CO (Khan & Greeves, 2003). Flame stability and burner efficiency are closely tied to the uniformity of the oxidation process.

Types of Liquid Fuel Burners

Liquid fuel burners are classified based on their method of atomization and fuel delivery:

Low-Pressure Burners

Low-pressure burners operate at injection pressures below 5 bar and rely on mechanical atomization, air assistance, or steam injection to break down fuel (Lefebvre & Ballal, 2010). These burners are commonly used in boilers, industrial furnaces, and some power generation applications.

Characteristics of Low-Pressure Burners

• Simple construction and lower cost
• Larger droplet size, leading to less efficient combustion
• Higher soot and unburned hydrocarbon emissions
• Suitable for applications requiring moderate heating rates

High-Pressure Burners

High-pressure burners operate at injection pressures of 5–30 bar, producing finer atomization and improved combustion efficiency (Cheng et al., 2018). These burners are used in high-performance industrial systems where precise flame control and low emissions are required.

Characteristics of High-Pressure Burners

• Enhanced fuel atomization and mixing
• Higher combustion efficiency and reduced emissions
• More stable flames with higher heat release rates
• Increased maintenance due to nozzle clogging and wear

Factors Affecting Liquid Fuel Burner Performance

The efficiency and effectiveness of liquid fuel burners depend on several key factors such as:

Fuel Properties: Different liquid fuels have varying viscosities, heating values, and impurity contents, affecting atomization and combustion behavior. For instance, heavy fuels require preheating to reduce viscosity for better atomization (Turns, 2012).

Air-Fuel Ratio: Proper air-fuel ratio control ensures complete combustion, reducing unburned hydrocarbons and CO emissions. Excess air, however, may lower flame temperature and reduce thermal efficiency (Khan & Greeves, 2003).

Nozzle Design and Burner Geometry: The nozzle design influences the spray pattern, droplet size distribution, and penetration depth of the fuel jet. Pressure-swirl and air-assisted nozzles improve atomization efficiency and combustion stability (Lefebvre & Ballal, 2010).

Environmental Impact and Emissions: Liquid fuel combustion produces pollutants such as NOₓ, SO₂, and particulate matter. Advances in burner technology, including low-NOₓ burners and staged combustion, aim to minimize environmental impact while maintaining efficiency (Cheng et al., 2018). 

Working Principle of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

The working principles of liquid fuel burners, whether low-pressure or high-pressure, are centered on the atomization of fuel, its mixing with air, and the subsequent combustion process. These burners are used to convert the chemical energy in liquid fuels into heat energy by creating a controlled combustion process. However, the methods by which low-pressure and high-pressure burners achieve this differ significantly in terms of efficiency, complexity, and environmental performance.

Low-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners operate at fuel pressures below 5 psi and utilize mechanical or air atomization to disperse liquid fuel into droplets. Their simpler design results in lower maintenance costs, but challenges in achieving optimal droplet size can lead to incomplete combustion, resulting in higher emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons (Gomez & Torres, 2018; Kim et al., 2020).

High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners operate at pressures exceeding 20 psi and employ advanced mechanical atomization techniques to produce a fine mist of fuel. This enhances combustion efficiency, leading to improved thermal performance and reduced emissions. However, these systems are more complex, require higher installation costs, and involve more frequent maintenance due to increased operational stresses (Liu et al., 2022; Zhu & Luo, 2019).

Both systems aim to enhance combustion, but high-pressure burners provide better performance at the expense of higher operational demands.  Table 1, indicates the analysis of the working principles of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners.

Table 1: Analysis of the Working Principles of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

Aspect	Low-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners	High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners
Fuel Atomization Method	Relies on mechanical or air-assisted atomization, producing larger fuel droplets (Gomez & Torres, 2018).	Uses high-velocity mechanical atomization to create finer fuel droplets (Liu et al., 2022).
Combustion Efficiency	Lower combustion efficiency due to incomplete vaporization of larger droplets (Kim et al., 2020).	Higher combustion efficiency with faster vaporization of smaller droplets (Lee et al., 2019).
Operating Pressure	Typically operates at pressures below 5 psi, with simpler design (Gomez & Torres, 2018).	Operates at pressures above 20 psi, requiring complex design and higher energy input (Wang & Zhao, 2021).
Fuel-Air Mixing	Fuel mixes less effectively with air, leading to incomplete combustion (Takahashi et al., 2017).	Better fuel-air mixing due to finer atomization, promoting more complete combustion (Liu et al., 2022).
Emissions	Higher levels of CO, NOx, and particulate emissions due to incomplete combustion (Kim et al., 2020).	Lower emissions as a result of better atomization and cleaner combustion (Zhu & Luo, 2019).
Thermal Efficiency	Lower thermal efficiency due to incomplete combustion (Smith & Jones, 2020).	Higher thermal efficiency due to better fuel atomization and combustion (Bennett & Thompson, 2021).
Maintenance Requirements	Lower maintenance requirements due to simpler system and lower mechanical stress (Gomez & Torres, 2018).	Higher maintenance needs because of greater mechanical stress from higher pressures (Smith & Jones, 2020).
Application Suitability	Suitable for small-scale and low-demand applications with lenient emission regulations (Takahashi et al., 2017).	Ideal for high-demand, large-scale industrial applications with strict emission controls (Liu et al., 2022).
System Complexity	Simpler design with lower operational costs (Gomez & Torres, 2018).	More complex design requiring precision components and higher operational costs (Wang & Zhao, 2021).

Comparative Analysis of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

Liquid fuel burners are critical in industrial heating systems, with their performance varying based on operating pressure. High-pressure burners typically outperform low-pressure burners in combustion efficiency, fuel atomization, and thermal output. However, they also require more complex maintenance and operational control. This section presents a comparative analysis, supported by graphical illustrations.

Figure 1: Performance Comparison of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Burners

A graphical comparison is provided in the bar chart above figure 1, showing key performance metrics for both burner types as follows:

• Combustion Efficiency: High-pressure burners achieve around 90% efficiency, whereas low-pressure burners average 75% efficiency due to incomplete combustion (Lefebvre & Ballal, 2010).
• NOx Emissions: High-pressure burners produce significantly lower NOx emissions (80 ppm) compared to 180 ppm from low-pressure burners due to more complete combustion and better air-fuel mixing (Turns, 2012).
• CO Emissions: Incomplete combustion in low-pressure burners results in higher CO emissions (250 ppm), whereas high-pressure burners have 120 ppm, reducing environmental impact (Khan & Greeves, 2003).
• Fuel Atomization Quality: High-pressure burners break fuel into finer droplets, achieving 85% atomization quality, while low-pressure burners have 60% efficiency, leading to uneven burning (Cheng et al., 2018).
• Thermal Output: High-pressure burners provide 800 kW compared to 500 kW for low-pressure burners, making them more suitable for large-scale industrial applications

Statistical Performance Comparison Of Low-Pressure And High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

The performance of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners varies significantly across several key metrics, including thermal efficiency, emissions, and operational costs. Understanding these differences is essential for selecting the appropriate burner for specific industrial applications. Statistical performance comparison of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners is as summarized in table 2

Table 2: Statistical Performance Comparison of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

Performance Parameter	Low-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners	High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners	Statistical Improvement (%)
Thermal Efficiency (%)	70-80% (Kim et al., 2020)	85-95% (Liu et al., 2022)	+15-25%
Fuel Consumption (kg/h)	20-30 kg/h for similar output (Gomez & Torres, 2018)	15-22 kg/h for similar output (Lee et al., 2019)	-15-30%
CO Emissions (g/MJ)	0.12-0.18 g/MJ (Takahashi et al., 2017)	0.05-0.08 g/MJ (Wang & Zhao, 2021)	-33-55%
NOx Emissions (ppm)	80-150 ppm (Gomez & Torres, 2018)	30-70 ppm (Liu et al., 2022)	-40-60%
Particulate Matter (PM) (g/MJ)	0.08-0.15 g/MJ (Kim et al., 2020)	0.03-0.06 g/MJ (Wang & Zhao, 2021)	-50-66%
Combustion Stability	Lower combustion stability due to uneven fuel atomization and mixing (Takahashi et al., 2017)	High combustion stability with consistent fuel-air mixing (Zhu & Luo, 2019)	+20-30%
Maintenance Costs ($/year)	$500-$1,000 per year for basic systems (Smith & Jones, 2020)	$1,200-$2,000 per year due to complex components (Smith & Jones, 2020)	+50-100%
Operational Flexibility	Limited flexibility in adjusting fuel flow rates and combustion settings (Kim et al., 2020)	Greater flexibility in modulating combustion parameters (Wang & Zhao, 2021)	+10-20%
Fuel Atomization Quality	Larger droplets, slower combustion, and higher unburnt fuel (Gomez & Torres, 2018)	Smaller droplets, faster combustion, and minimal unburnt fuel (Liu et al., 2022)	+30-40%

From Table 2 above it could be observed that: High-pressure burners demonstrate significant advantages over low-pressure burners in terms of thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, and emissions control. They outperform low-pressure burners by 15-25% in thermal efficiency, as smaller fuel droplets lead to more complete combustion and higher heat output (Liu et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2020). Additionally, they achieve a 15-30% reduction in fuel consumption due to improved atomization and combustion efficiency (Lee et al., 2019). In terms of environmental impact, high-pressure burners significantly lower CO emissions by 33-55%, NOx emissions by 40-60%, and particulate emissions by 50-66%, making them a more sustainable option for industrial applications (Wang & Zhao, 2021; Takahashi et al., 2017).

Beyond efficiency and emissions, high-pressure burners offer 20-30% greater combustion stability, ensuring consistent performance and reduced heat fluctuations (Zhu & Luo, 2019). However, this advanced performance comes at a cost—maintenance expenses can be 50-100% higher annually due to the increased complexity of high-pressure systems (Smith & Jones, 2020). Despite this, the long-term benefits of higher efficiency and lower emissions help offset operational costs. Furthermore, high-pressure burners provide 10-20% more operational flexibility, allowing better control over fuel flow and combustion optimization, making them ideal for industrial settings with variable heat demands (Wang & Zhao, 2021).

Environmental Impacts of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

The environmental impact of burner technologies is becoming an increasingly important consideration in the face of global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. High-pressure burners, with their higher efficiency and lower emissions, are better suited to industries aiming to minimize their environmental footprint. Low-pressure burners, while still effective in many applications, may require additional emission control technologies to meet modern environmental standards (Zhu & Luo, 2019). Table 3 shows the analysis of environmental impact of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners

Table 3: Analysis of Environmental Impact of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

Environmental Factor	Low-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners	High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners	Impact Comparison
CO Emissions (g/MJ)	Higher CO emissions due to incomplete combustion (0.15-0.18 g/MJ) (Kim et al., 2020).	Lower CO emissions with complete combustion (0.05-0.08 g/MJ) (Liu et al., 2022).	50-67% lower in high-pressure burners
NOx Emissions (ppm)	High NOx levels (100-150 ppm) caused by lower fuel-air mixing efficiency (Gomez & Torres, 2018).	Reduced NOx levels (40-60 ppm) due to efficient combustion (Liu et al., 2022).	40-60% reduction
Particulate Matter (PM) (g/MJ)	Higher PM due to larger fuel droplets and incomplete atomization (0.10-0.15 g/MJ) (Wang & Zhao, 2021).	Lower PM emissions due to finer atomization and cleaner burn (0.03-0.06 g/MJ) (Zhu & Luo, 2019).	50-70% lower
Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC)	Greater presence of unburned hydrocarbons due to larger droplet size and incomplete combustion (Takahashi et al., 2017).	Minimal unburned hydrocarbons because of finer atomization and complete combustion (Wang & Zhao, 2021).	Significantly reduced
Energy Efficiency	Lower efficiency leads to more fuel consumption and higher emissions per unit of energy produced (Kim et al., 2020).	Higher energy efficiency leads to reduced fuel consumption and lower overall emissions (Lee et al., 2019).	15-25% more efficient
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2)	Higher CO2 emissions as more fuel is required for the same energy output (Gomez & Torres, 2018).	Lower CO2 emissions due to higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption (Zhu & Luo, 2019).	10-20% reduction
Water Vapor Emissions	Moderate water vapor emissions (Kim et al., 2020).	Higher water vapor emissions due to more efficient fuel conversion (Liu et al., 2022).	Not significant
Impact on Air Quality	Poorer air quality due to higher levels of CO, NOx, PM, and UHC (Takahashi et al., 2017).	Better air quality as a result of reduced emissions across all pollutants (Wang & Zhao, 2021).	Significant improvement

It could be observed from table 3 that:

• High-pressure burners reduce CO emissions by 50-67%, contributing to lower air pollution and improved combustion efficiency (Kim et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022).
• High-pressure burners reduce NOx emissions by 40-60%, making them more suitable for areas with strict air quality regulations (Gomez & Torres, 2018; Liu et al., 2022).
• High-pressure burners emit 50-70% less particulate matter, decreasing the risk of respiratory problems and contributing to cleaner air (Wang & Zhao, 2021).
• The efficient atomization in high-pressure burners minimizes unburned hydrocarbons, a key contributor to smog formation (Takahashi et al., 2017; Wang & Zhao, 2021).
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are 10-20% lower in high-pressure burners due to their higher fuel efficiency, reducing the overall environmental footprint (Zhu & Luo, 2019).

DISCUSSION

The comparison of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners highlights significant differences in fuel atomization, combustion efficiency, operating parameters, emissions, and maintenance requirements. These variations impact both performance and environmental sustainability.

Working Principles of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

Table 1 presents the key differences between low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners. The primary distinction lies in the fuel atomization method. Low-pressure burners rely on mechanical or air-assisted atomization, producing larger fuel droplets (Gomez & Torres, 2018), whereas high-pressure burners use high-velocity mechanical atomization, resulting in finer droplets that enhance combustion efficiency (Liu et al., 2022).

Due to incomplete vaporization of larger droplets, low-pressure burners exhibit lower combustion efficiency (Kim et al., 2020). In contrast, high-pressure burners achieve faster vaporization and superior combustion efficiency (Lee et al., 2019). Additionally, low-pressure burners operate at pressures below 5 psi, making them simpler in design and easier to maintain, whereas high-pressure burners function at pressures above 20 psi, requiring complex designs and higher energy inputs (Wang & Zhao, 2021).

The effectiveness of fuel-air mixing significantly affects emissions. Low-pressure burners mix fuel with air less efficiently, leading to incomplete combustion and higher levels of CO, NOx, and particulate emissions (Takahashi et al., 2017). Conversely, high-pressure burners ensure more thorough mixing and lower emissions (Zhu & Luo, 2019). The differences in thermal efficiency follow a similar trend, with high-pressure burners achieving superior efficiency due to better atomization and combustion (Bennett & Thompson, 2021). However, the complexity of high-pressure systems necessitates greater maintenance efforts compared to low-pressure systems, which are simpler and subject to less mechanical stress (Smith & Jones, 2020).

Performance Comparison of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Liquid Fuel Burners

Table 2 provides a quantitative comparison of the statistical performance metrics of the two burner types. High-pressure burners demonstrate a significant improvement in thermal efficiency, achieving 85-95% compared to 70-80% for low-pressure burners (Kim et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). This improvement translates to a 15-25% increase in energy conversion efficiency.

Fuel consumption is another critical parameter. High-pressure burners consume 15-22 kg/h of fuel for similar output compared to 20-30 kg/h for low-pressure burners, representing a 15-30% reduction in fuel usage (Gomez & Torres, 2018; Lee et al., 2019). This reduction not only enhances efficiency but also reduces operating costs and emissions.

Emission reductions are substantial in high-pressure burners. CO emissions decrease by 33-55% (Takahashi et al., 2017; Wang & Zhao, 2021), NOx emissions drop by 40-60% (Gomez & Torres, 2018; Liu et al., 2022), and particulate matter (PM) emissions are reduced by 50-66% (Kim et al., 2020; Wang & Zhao, 2021). These improvements contribute to better air quality and compliance with stringent environmental regulations.

Combustion stability is another area of enhancement, with high-pressure burners achieving 20-30% better stability due to consistent fuel-air mixing (Zhu & Luo, 2019). However, the trade-off is seen in maintenance costs, which range from $1,200 to $2,000 per year for high-pressure burners compared to $500 to $1,000 for low-pressure burners (Smith & Jones, 2020). Additionally, high-pressure burners offer greater operational flexibility, allowing for better modulation of combustion parameters (Wang & Zhao, 2021).

Environmental Impact Analysis

Table 3 highlights the environmental impact of both burner types. High-pressure burners exhibit lower CO emissions (0.05-0.08 g/MJ) compared to low-pressure burners (0.15-0.18 g/MJ), achieving a 50-67% reduction (Kim et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). Similarly, NOx emissions are reduced by 40-60%, with high-pressure burners producing 40-60 ppm versus 100-150 ppm for low-pressure burners (Gomez & Torres, 2018; Liu et al., 2022).

The improvement in PM emissions is particularly notable, with high-pressure burners emitting 0.03-0.06 g/MJ compared to 0.10-0.15 g/MJ for low-pressure burners, representing a 50-70% decrease (Wang & Zhao, 2021; Zhu & Luo, 2019). Furthermore, unburned hydrocarbons are significantly reduced in high-pressure systems due to finer atomization and complete combustion (Takahashi et al., 2017; Wang & Zhao, 2021).

Energy efficiency improvements in high-pressure burners result in lower CO2 emissions, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10-20% (Gomez & Torres, 2018; Zhu & Luo, 2019). Additionally, the impact on air quality is substantial, with high-pressure burners producing cleaner combustion and fewer pollutants (Wang & Zhao, 2021).

CONCLUSION

The comparative analysis of low-pressure and high-pressure liquid fuel burners highlights significant differences between efficiency, emissions, operational complexity, and cost. While low-pressure burners offer affordability and simplicity, their lower combustion efficiency and higher emissions limit their suitability for stringent environmental regulations. High-pressure burners, though more complex and costly to maintain, provide superior atomization, higher thermal efficiency, and significantly reduced emissions. The statistical performance comparison confirms that high-pressure burners outperform low-pressure burners in key areas such as fuel consumption, combustion stability, and pollution control. Given the increasing focus on energy conservation and environmental sustainability, industries seeking optimal furnace performance should prioritize high-pressure burner technologies despite their higher upfront costs. Future research should explore advanced atomization techniques and hybrid burner systems to further enhance efficiency and reduce operational expenses.

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