Low-Carbon Design and Technologies: Pathway to Net-Zero Emissions in Nigeria

Low-Carbon Design and Technologies: Pathway to Net-Zero Emissions in Nigeria

Tanko Fwadwabea^1*, Kpazo Grigwu Amos², Ope-Ojo Oluwapelumi Emmanuel³, Joseph Musa⁴

¹Sustainable Development Centre, University of Abuja, Nigeria

^{1, 2, 3, 4} Industrial Inspectorate Department, Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment, Abuja, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.1110004

Received: 03 September 2024; Revised: 24 September 2024; Accepted: 28 September 2024; Published: 28 October 2024

ABSTRACT

To achieve its climate targets and maintain sustainable development, Nigeria must shift to a low-carbon economy. Nigeria’s transition to net-zero emissions is examined in this publication, which discusses low-carbon design and technologies. It thoroughly examines important sectors, such as transportation, industry, energy, and agriculture, emphasizing the contribution that sustainable practices, energy efficiency, and renewable energy sources can make to reducing carbon emissions. The publication also looks at the difficulties and barriers associated with implementing low-carbon solutions, offering creative ideas and new frameworks for policy. Through case studies and sectoral analysis, it outlines strategies for incorporating low-carbon technologies into Nigeria’s development objectives. The results highlight the significance of international cooperation, government backing, and technical innovation in attaining a low-carbon and sustainable future for Nigeria.

Keywords: Low-carbon design, technologies, energy efficiency, net-zero, sustainable development, Climate change.

INTRODUCTION

Background

One of the most important issues facing the globe today is climate change, which has a significant influence on ecosystems, human health, and economic stability. Nigeria, as a developing nation, is especially susceptible to the negative impacts of climate change, such as elevated temperatures, severe weather, and increasing sea levels endangering its coastal areas (Nwankwoala, 2015).

Nigeria’s economy heavily depends on fossil fuels, particularly oil and gas, which account for about 90% of export earnings and 60% of government revenue (World Bank, 2020). This dependency not only makes the economy vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations but also contributes significantly to the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The combustion of fossil fuels for energy production, industrial activities, and transportation is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, exacerbating global warming and climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021).

To address these challenges, there is an urgent need for Nigeria to transition to a low-carbon economy. Low-carbon design and technologies refer to practices and innovations that reduce or eliminate the carbon footprint associated with energy production, industrial processes, transportation, and other sectors. These include the adoption of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, the implementation of energy efficiency measures, and the use of sustainable materials in construction (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018). By shifting to a low-carbon development model, Nigeria can achieve multiple objectives: reducing its GHG emissions, enhancing energy security, creating green jobs, and aligning with global climate goals, particularly the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015).

LITERATURE REVIEW

 Historical Perspective on Carbon Emissions in Nigeria

To fully grasp the current obstacles and prospects in the shift to low-carbon design and technology, it is imperative to have a historical perspective on Nigeria’s carbon emissions. Nigeria’s trajectory in terms of carbon emissions has been influenced by its socio-political dynamics and economic dependence on fossil fuels, especially oil and gas. Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and a major producer of greenhouse gases (Inah, O.I., Abam, F.I., Nwankwojike, B.N. 2022).

The historical perspective on carbon emissions in Nigeria reveals a complex interplay between economic growth, fossil fuel dependency, and environmental degradation. While Nigeria has committed to achieving net-zero emissions, the path forward is fraught with challenges that require comprehensive policy reforms, investment in renewable technologies, and robust stakeholder engagement. Understanding these historical dynamics is essential for developing effective low-carbon designs and technologies that align with Nigeria’s socio-economic context and environmental goals (Tajudeen O. Ajayi., Olumuyiwa B. Adegun., (2023).

Key Emission Sources

Historically, Nigeria’s GHG emissions have been dominated by three primary sectors:

1. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU): This sector has been the largest contributor to Nigeria’s emissions, accounting for approximately 66.9% of total emissions as of 2015. Deforestation, primarily driven by agricultural expansion and logging, has significantly exacerbated carbon emissions. (Ogbonna, C.G., Nwachi, C.C., Okeoma, I.O. 2023).
2. Energy Sector: The energy sector, heavily reliant on oil and gas, contributed about 28.2% of Nigeria’s total emissions in 2015. The burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation and transportation has been a major source of CO2 emissions, with the energy sector’s dependence on imported refined petroleum products complicating efforts to decouple economic growth from carbon emissions (Dunne, D., 2023).
3. Waste Management: Emissions from waste management, although lower at 3.0%, still present a challenge, particularly in urban areas where waste disposal practices are inadequate, leading to methane emissions from landfills (Ogbonna, C.G., Nwachi, C.C., Okeoma, I.O. 2023).

 METHODOLOGY

 Research Design

To provide a detailed study of low-carbon pathways in Nigeria, this publication uses a qualitative research strategy that integrates case studies, expert interviews, and an in-depth analysis of the body of literature on the subject. Through the integration of diverse perspectives, the research endeavours to ascertain efficacious approaches and optimal methodologies for shifting towards a low-emission economy while mitigating the distinct obstacles encountered by the nation.

 Data Collection

Data was collected from a variety of sources, including government reports, academic articles, industry publications, and interviews with stakeholders in the energy, transportation, and industrial sectors.

LOW-CARBON DESIGN PRINCIPLES

To mitigate climate change and achieve net-zero emissions, low-carbon design concepts are crucial, especially in industries like transportation, energy, industry, and agriculture. Three fundamental concepts—energy efficiency, sustainable materials, and waste reduction—are the subject of this discussion, with an emphasis on how they are used in various industries.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency entails utilizing less energy to perform the same tasks, thereby reducing overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In the transportation sector, energy-efficient vehicles, including electric and hybrid models, are pivotal. These vehicles utilize advanced technologies to maximize fuel efficiency and minimize emissions. For instance, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels, especially when powered by renewable energy sources (Tajudeen O. Ajayi., Olumuyiwa B. Adegun., 2023).

In the energy sector, energy efficiency can be enhanced through smart grid technologies and energy management systems that optimize electricity use. Buildings designed with energy efficiency in mind incorporate features such as high-quality insulation, energy-efficient windows, and passive solar design to minimize heating and cooling needs. Studies indicate that implementing energy-efficient design strategies can lead to a reduction in energy consumption by approximately 37% and CO₂ emissions by 34% compared to conventional practices (LUC., 2023).

 Sustainable Materials

Selecting the right materials is essential for low-carbon design. Sustainable materials are those that, from extraction to disposal, have a reduced negative impact on the environment. Utilizing low-carbon building materials, such as bamboo, rammed earth, and recycled steel, can dramatically lower the embodied carbon in structures. Compared to conventional materials like cement and virgin steel, these materials reduce carbon emissions and frequently need less energy to make (Jen Wallace, 2023).

Biodegradable packaging and organic fertilizers are examples of sustainable products used in agriculture that assist lower the carbon footprint of traditional farming methods. Agroforestry and permaculture are examples of sustainable strategies that can be used to improve soil health and sequester carbon, which will help reduce total emissions from the agricultural sector (Tajudeen O. Ajayi, Olumuyiwa B. Adegun, 2023).

Waste Reduction

Designing products and systems with a focus on waste reduction is crucial. Implementing circular economy principles, where materials are reused and recycled, can help Nigeria minimize waste and reduce emissions from waste management processes. Waste reduction is a critical principle in achieving low-carbon design. In the transportation sector, strategies such as optimizing logistics and promoting shared mobility can minimize waste associated with fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. For instance, implementing efficient public transportation systems can reduce the number of vehicles on the road, thereby decreasing overall emissions and resource use (Yashan Hu, Yinling Li, Jingyun Wu, Zheng Huang., 2023).

 LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES

The transition to a low-carbon economy requires the deployment of various technologies that can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions across different sectors. This chapter will discuss four key low-carbon technologies: renewable energy integration, carbon capture and storage, electric and hydrogen vehicles, and smart grids with energy storage.

Renewable Energy Integration

Nigeria has abundant renewable energy resources, particularly solar energy. Integrating solar power into the national grid and promoting off-grid solar solutions in rural areas can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, are at the forefront of low-carbon technologies. Integrating these clean energy sources into the grid is crucial for reducing carbon emissions from the power sector. Recent research has focused on developing advanced control techniques and energy storage systems to address the intermittency and variability of renewable energy (Ambarish Panda et al., 2023).

Islam and Roy’s study from 2023 examined 89 academic publications on clever methods for incorporating renewable energy sources into electricity networks. They discovered that techniques based on artificial intelligence and machine learning may reliably predict the production of renewable energy while preserving system stability. The techno-economic viability of hybrid renewable energy systems, such as PV/wind/battery/thermal storage, for reaching 100% energy independence and producing green hydrogen was highlighted in another review by Al-Ghussain et al. (2023) (Chien-Heng Chou, et al 2023).

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Technology for carbon capture and storage has the potential to lessen emissions from Nigeria’s oil and gas sector. However, CCS’s high cost and technical difficulties might prevent it from being widely used shortly. The method known as carbon capture and storage (CCS) gathers carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and industrial processes, transports it and stores it underground or in other secure locations. CCS can drastically cut emissions from industries that are difficult to abate, like the manufacturing of steel and cement (Tanko Fwadwabea, Kpazo Grigwu Amos et al 2023).

Tanko Fwadwabea et al. (2024) conducted a critical study that examined the advantages and disadvantages of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. These included its high cost, energy penalty, and public acceptance requirements. To speed up the introduction of CCS technologies, they underlined the significance of creating more effective and affordable ones (Tanko Fwadwabea, Kpazo Grigwu Amos et al 2023).

Electric and CNG Vehicles

The transportation sector is a significant contributor to carbon emissions, making the transition to electric and CNG vehicles crucial. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a zero-emission alternative, while CNG vehicles provide a cleaner option compared to traditional gasoline and diesel engines.

The transportation sector is a major contributor to global carbon emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) and CNG vehicles offer a clean alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. EVs and CNGs have zero direct emissions and can significantly reduce emissions when powered by renewable energy sources (Chien-Heng Chou, et al. 2023).

Hardman et al. (2018) examined the variables that affect EV adoption, including consumer awareness, charging infrastructure, and incentives. They discovered that to promote the widespread adoption of EVs, a mix of market factors and policy measures is required. The potential of hydrogen energy storage systems to facilitate the deployment of CNGs and the integration of renewable energy was also emphasized in another assessment by Dawood et al. (2020) (Chien-Heng Chou, et al. 2023).

Smart Grids and Energy Storage

The development of energy storage technologies and smart grids is necessary to control the unpredictability of renewable energy sources. Energy storage can assist in balancing supply and demand, and smart grid technology can increase the effectiveness of electricity distribution in Nigeria and minimize losses.

To maximize energy management and minimize expenses, forecasting models for smart grids and buildings are critical, according to a review by Ahmad et al. (2020). They discovered that machine learning methods, such as support vector machines and artificial neural networks, may produce precise estimates of the production of renewable energy and the electricity demand Erdiwansyah, et al. 2021). To enhance the performance of energy storage systems, Akter et al. (2015) suggested a modified model predictive control technique for a bidirectional AC-DC converter based on the Lyapunov function (Sayemul Islam, et al 2023).

PROJECTED GHG REDUCTIONS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION

1. Solar and Wind Power: Nigeria’s plan to generate 30% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 is expected to reduce GHG emissions by 179 MtCO₂e between 2023 and 2030, according to studies by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): The adoption of CCS in the oil and gas industry can reduce flare gas emissions by 50%, potentially cutting about 80 MtCO₂e per year by 2030.
3. Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in buildings by 10% to 15% could reduce energy consumption and associated emissions by 6 MtCO₂e annually.

Carbon Sequestration Technologies

1. Algal Biofuel Production: This emerging technology, which converts CO₂ into biofuel, could sequester up to 2.5 MtCO₂ annually if adopted at scale by Nigeria’s industrial sector.

 PATHWAYS TO NET-ZERO EMISSIONS

 Sectoral Analysis

Achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century is a critical global objective, necessitating comprehensive strategies across various sectors, including energy, transportation, industry, and agriculture. This analysis explores the pathways to net-zero emissions within these sectors, highlighting the necessary technologies, policies, and behavioural changes required to facilitate this transition.

 Energy Sector

Transition to Renewable Energy

The energy industry is the primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, making it a crucial component in the pursuit of net-zero emissions. It is imperative to make a big transition away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources like hydropower, wind, and solar power. The International Energy Agency (IEA) highlights that to achieve net zero by 2050, an unparalleled push toward clean technology is necessary, one of which is the quick expansion of solar and wind energy installations (IEA, 2021). For example, the IEA’s route plans for adding 390 gigawatts of wind power and 630 gigawatts of solar photovoltaics annually by 2030—four times the record levels achieved in 2020.

Energy Efficiency Improvements

Enhancing energy efficiency holds similar importance. According to the IEA, to reach net-zero targets, energy intensity improvements must average 4% yearly, which is three times the average rate attained over the previous 20 years (IEA, 2021). This covers energy-efficient appliance adoption, building retrofitting, and improving industrial operations.

Transportation Sector

Shift to Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Another major source of carbon emissions is the transportation industry. Making the switch to electric cars (EVs) is a crucial tactic for cutting pollution. According to IEA projections, to achieve net-zero targets by 2030, EV sales must rise from approximately 5% of all automobile sales globally to over 60% (IEA, 2021). To make this shift, large sums of money must be invested in EV adoption incentives and charging infrastructure.

Adoption of Alternative Fuels

Transportation-related emissions can be decreased not just by using electric vehicles (EVs) but also by using alternative fuels like hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG). In the interim, while the EV infrastructure is being developed, CNG vehicles can be used as a transitional solution because they emit fewer emissions than conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles (Greater London Authority, 2020).

Industry Sector

Decarbonization Technologies

A large portion of the emissions in the world are attributable to the industrial sector. Industries need to use decarbonization technology like carbon capture and storage (CCS), which may absorb up to 90% of CO₂ emissions from industrial processes, to reach net zero (UNEP FI, 2022). Making the switch to low-carbon energy sources and increasing manufacturing processes’ energy efficiency are also crucial.

Circular Economy Practices

Implementing circular economy principles can also contribute to emissions reductions. This involves minimizing waste, reusing materials, and creating closed-loop systems that reduce the need for new resources and energy inputs. Studies indicate that circular economy practices can significantly lower emissions in various industrial sectors (WRI., 2021).

 Agriculture Sector

 Sustainable Agricultural Practices

Agriculture is a major source of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Transitioning to sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision farming, agroforestry, and improved livestock management, can reduce emissions significantly. The adoption of practices that enhance soil carbon sequestration is also crucial for mitigating climate change impacts (UNEP FL., 2022).

Reducing Food Waste

Another critical pathway in the agriculture sector is reducing food waste, which contributes to emissions throughout the supply chain. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that approximately one-third of all food produced is wasted, generating significant emissions in the process. Efforts to minimize waste can lead to substantial emissions reductions (WRI., 2021).

Scenario Analysis of Pathways to Net-Zero by 2050

To achieve net zero by 2050, Nigeria must implement a variety of low-carbon technologies across multiple sectors. Here’s a projection of how different technologies can contribute:

Sector	Key Technologies	Annual GHG Reduction (MtCO2e)	Cost per Ton Reduced	Total Investment (by 2050)
Power Generation	Solar, Wind, Bioenergy, CSS	120	$15/ton	$25 billion
Transport	Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hydrogen Fuel Cells	70	$50/ton	$15 billion
Oil and Gas	CCS, Gas Flaring Reduction, Energy Efficiency	100	$20/ton	$10 billion
Industry	Energy Efficiency, Green Hydrogen	80	$30/ton	$8 billion
Buildings	Green Building Design, Energy-Efficient Appliance	20	$10/ton	$3 billion

Source: IRENA

The Role of Government and Policy in Driving Low-Carbon Technologies

Policy Incentives

1. Subsidies: The government could provide tax credits for renewable energy investors and offer subsidies for the installation of solar panels, bio-digesters, and wind turbines.
2. Carbon Pricing: By introducing a carbon tax of $10 per ton, Nigeria could incentivize industries to adopt low-carbon technologies, with a projected emission reduction of 40 MtCO₂e by 2030.
3. Public-Private Partnerships: To finance the transition to a low-carbon economy, the Nigerian government can develop public-private partnerships to leverage private investment.

Social and Economic Co-Benefits of Low-Carbon Technologies

Job Creation

1. Renewable Energy Sector: Adopting low-carbon technologies could create over 300,000 direct jobs in Nigeria by 2030, particularly in the solar and wind sectors.
2. Bioenergy: The production of biofuels and the use of agricultural waste for energy could provide livelihoods for rural communities while reducing emissions.

Energy Security

1. Reduction in Energy Imports: By transitioning to domestic renewable energy sources, Nigeria could reduce its dependency on oil and gas exports, improving energy security and reducing vulnerability to global oil price fluctuations.

Health Benefits

1. Improved Air Quality: Reducing gas flaring and emissions from fossil fuels will lower the incidence of respiratory illnesses in communities close to oil-producing areas, potentially saving 5,000 lives annually.

CASE STUDIES OF LOW-CARBON DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGIES IN NIGERIA AND AROUND THE WORLD.

 Energy Sector

Pan Ocean Gas Utilization Project (Nigeria)

The goal of the Pan Ocean Gas Utilization Project is to stop gas flaring at Nigeria’s Ovade-Ogharefe oil field. The project is estimated to minimize CO2 emissions by around 7,280 tons per day by processing about 130 million standard cubic feet of related gas per day. This program reduces greenhouse gas concentrations in the area and promotes sustainable development by not only capturing gas that would otherwise be flared but also offering cleaner energy alternatives to diesel generators (World Bank, 2021).

Solar Energy Initiatives (Global)

Globally, solar energy projects have made significant strides in promoting low-carbon energy. For instance, the Solar Home Systems program in Bangladesh has successfully installed solar panels in rural households, providing electricity to millions without access to the national grid. This initiative not only reduces reliance on fossil fuels but also empowers local communities by improving their quality of life and economic opportunities (UNEP. 2021).

Transportation Sector

Electric Vehicle Adoption (Norway)

Norway is a global leader in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), with over 54% of new car sales coming from EVs in 2020. Tax exemptions, free tolls, and bus lane access are just a few of the incentives the government has put in place to promote the switch to electric vehicles. This all-encompassing strategy has successfully lowered greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, providing other countries with a successful model (UNEP, 2021).

CNG Vehicles in India

India has promoted the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles as a cleaner alternative to diesel and petrol. The implementation of CNG infrastructure in major cities, along with government incentives, has led to a substantial increase in CNG vehicle adoption. This transition has resulted in lower emissions of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, contributing to improved air quality in urban areas (IEA., 2021).

Industry Sector

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects (Global)

Around the world, carbon capture and storage technologies have been implemented in a variety of industrial environments. For instance, the Sleipner project in Norway has been effective in capturing and storing more than a million tonnes of CO₂ per year from the production of natural gas. This project serves as a model for comparable projects in other locations by showcasing the viability of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in lowering emissions from the extraction and processing of fossil fuels (IEA, 2021).

Low-Carbon Cement Production (Sweden)

The Cementa company in Sweden has started a project to use innovative manufacturing techniques and alternative raw materials to manufacture low-carbon cement. Comparing this project to conventional cement production processes, emissions are expected to be reduced by up to 50%. Cementa is leading the way toward a more environmentally friendly building sector by emphasizing sustainable practices (WIT Press, 2012).

Agriculture Sector

Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Kenya)

The adoption of sustainable farming methods, like conservation agriculture and agroforestry, has shown to have substantial promise for improving food security and lowering emissions in Kenya. These methods support a more sustainable agriculture system by enhancing soil health, increasing carbon sequestration, and lowering dependency on chemical fertilizers (IEA, 2021).

Integrated Farming Systems (China)

China has adopted integrated farming techniques, which lower emissions and improve resource efficiency by combining the production of crops and livestock. These systems increase production and resilience in the agriculture sector while reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the recycling of nutrients and the reduction of trash (WIT Press, 2012).

LESSONS LEARNED

The case studies presented highlight the diverse approaches to low-carbon design and technologies across various sectors. From renewable energy projects in Nigeria to electric vehicle adoption in Norway, these examples illustrate the potential for innovative solutions to mitigate climate change. By learning from these successful initiatives, countries can develop tailored strategies to achieve net-zero emissions and promote sustainable development.

HOW NIGERIA CAN ATTRACT FINANCING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS

Financing plays a critical role in driving the transition to a low-carbon economy, particularly in a country like Nigeria, where the energy infrastructure still relies heavily on fossil fuels. Below are detailed approaches that Nigeria can leverage to secure the necessary funding, enhance technology transfer, and drive the implementation of low-carbon technologies.

Green Bonds: Financing Sustainable Projects

Green bonds are debt instruments issued to finance projects that have environmental benefits, including those related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other low-carbon technologies. These bonds enable governments and private-sector entities to raise capital from investors specifically for projects that help achieve sustainability targets.

How Nigeria Can Utilize Green Bonds

1. Issuing Sovereign Green Bonds: Nigeria already became the first African country to issue a sovereign green bond in 2017, raising about ₦10.69 billion (approximately $30 million) for renewable energy and environmental projects. Building on this, the government could continue to issue green bonds to fund larger-scale renewable energy projects, such as solar farms, wind parks, and hydropower projects.
2. Corporate Green Bonds: Private companies, especially those in the energy and construction sectors, can issue green bonds to finance their own transition to low-carbon technologies. For instance, oil and gas companies could issue bonds to raise funds for investments in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) or for developing renewable energy solutions within their portfolios.

Advantages of Green Bonds

1. Investor Attraction: Green bonds can attract environmentally-conscious investors, including pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, and international climate finance institutions.
2. Lower Cost of Capital: Green bonds often come with lower interest rates because they attract subsidies and concessional finance from international organizations like the World Bank or the African Development Bank (AfDB).
3. Reputation Building: Issuing green bonds can help Nigerian corporations and government agencies build a positive reputation in the global capital markets as leaders in sustainable development.

Case Example: European Investment Bank

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has been a leader in issuing green bonds, raising billions to fund low-carbon energy and environmental projects globally. Nigeria can collaborate with international partners like the EIB to access funds for clean energy infrastructure development.

International Climate Funds: Accessing Global Financial Support

International climate funds, such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), provide financial support to developing countries to help them mitigate and adapt to climate change. These funds are often concessional, meaning they offer loans or grants at more favourable terms than commercial markets.

How Nigeria Can Leverage Climate Funds

1. Green Climate Fund (GCF): Nigeria can tap into the GCF, which has a funding capacity of over $10 billion, to finance large-scale renewable energy projects like off-grid solar installations, rural electrification, and wind farms. The GCF provides both grant funding and low-interest loans, making it ideal for high-impact renewable projects.
2. Global Environment Facility (GEF): The GEF focuses on funding projects that address global environmental challenges, including climate change. Nigeria could propose projects aimed at deforestation prevention, renewable energy expansion, and carbon capture technology, all of which align with GEF’s funding priorities.

Case Example: Morocco’s GCF Projects

Morocco has successfully leveraged the GCF to fund multiple large-scale renewable energy projects, including the Noor Ouarzazate solar plant, which has become the world’s largest concentrated solar power (CSP) facility. Nigeria could follow Morocco’s example by developing proposals for solar, wind, or biomass projects and securing GCF funding.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Mobilizing Private Investment

PPPs involve collaboration between the public sector and private investors to finance, build, and operate infrastructure projects, including renewable energy initiatives. In such arrangements, the private sector typically brings in capital and expertise, while the government facilitates the project by providing favorable policy environments, guarantees, and sometimes co-investment.

How Nigeria Can Utilize PPPs

1. PPP Framework for Energy: Nigeria can design a national framework to support renewable energy PPPs, where the government offers tax incentives, land access, and long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) to private investors who are willing to finance and build solar plants, wind farms, and mini-grids in underserved areas.
2. Oil and Gas Industry Transition: Nigeria can create PPPs that target the decarbonization of its oil and gas industry by partnering with international energy companies to invest in renewable energy technologies, such as green hydrogen and biofuels.

Case Example: India’s PPP in Solar Power

India has established successful solar power PPPs, attracting global investment and building the world’s largest solar park in Rajasthan. Nigeria could model its solar initiatives on this framework, facilitating partnerships between international renewable energy developers and local Nigerian firms.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: LEVERAGING GLOBAL INNOVATION

Technology transfer refers to the sharing of skills, knowledge, and technologies between developed and developing countries to support the development of industries and address global challenges like climate change. For Nigeria, this involves acquiring low-carbon technologies such as solar panels, wind turbines, smart grids, and energy storage systems from developed countries.

How Nigeria Can Facilitate Technology Transfer

1. Bilateral Agreements: Nigeria can sign bilateral agreements with technologically advanced nations like Germany, China, and the United States, focusing on technology transfer in the areas of renewable energy generation, smart metering, and battery storage systems. For example, Nigeria could partner with Germany, which is a global leader in solar energy technology, to build large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems.
2. International Climate Agreements: Through participation in international climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, Nigeria can access mechanisms like the Technology Mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which facilitates the transfer of environmentally friendly technologies to developing countries.

Case Example: China’s Solar PV Transfer to Africa

China has played a pivotal role in transferring solar PV technology to African countries, including Kenya and Ethiopia, leading to significant renewable energy growth. Nigeria can similarly benefit by importing solar PV manufacturing technology from China and using it to set up local production plants, thereby creating jobs and reducing reliance on imports.

 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ADOPTING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS

Financial Projections

To make a compelling case for investment in renewable energy, it is important to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of renewable energy projects. For example:

1. Upfront Costs: The upfront cost of setting up a solar farm in Nigeria is estimated at around $1 million per MW.
2. Operational Savings: Solar and wind power require less maintenance compared to fossil fuel-based power plants. Over 20 years, solar and wind plants can save up to 70% in operational costs compared to gas-powered plants.
3. GHG Emission Reduction: A 10 MW solar farm can reduce emissions by 15,000 tons of CO₂ annually. If Nigeria installs 5,000 MW of solar capacity by 2030, it could reduce emissions by 7.5 million tons of CO₂ annually, contributing significantly to net-zero goals.

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO FINANCING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

For Nigeria to successfully achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, attracting financing through green bonds, international climate funds, and public-private partnerships (PPPs) is essential. Additionally, technology transfer from developed nations can accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies and improve the technical capacity of local industries. A combination of robust policy frameworks, innovative financing mechanisms, and global cooperation will enable Nigeria to transition to a low-carbon economy and play a leading role in Africa’s renewable energy revolution.

CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS

Technical Challenges

High Costs of Renewable Energy Technologies

The high initial cost of renewable energy solutions relative to conventional fossil fuels is one of the main technological obstacles. For example, in Nigeria, medium-income households frequently cannot afford the installation expenses of off-grid solar photovoltaic systems, rendering them unfeasible for a large number of families (Taiwo, A. A., 2012). The absence of local manufacturing capacity for renewable energy systems exacerbates this financial barrier by increasing reliance on imported technologies, which can be costly and difficult to maintain.

 Inadequate Infrastructure

Nigeria lacks adequate and antiquated energy infrastructure. Because of outdated transmission systems, the nation can only evacuate roughly 5,000 MW of the 13,000 MW of power generated (Akinmusuru, J. O. et al., 2023). In addition to impeding the integration of renewable energy sources, this inadequate infrastructure lowers the energy sector’s overall efficiency. Investing in low-carbon technologies is further discouraged by the unreliability of the energy infrastructure.

 Limited Technical Capacity

The technological know-how needed for the construction and upkeep of infrastructure supporting renewable energy sources is severely lacking. The efficient use of low-carbon technologies is hampered by the lack of trained labour and training initiatives (Taiwo, A. A., 2012). Scaling up renewable energy projects can be difficult due to this reliance on outside expertise, which can cause delays and expense increases.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES

1. Lack of awareness and information: Many Nigerians are not fully aware of the benefits of renewable energy sources like solar power and wind energy. There is often a perception that these technologies are too expensive or impractical, especially in rural areas where grid electricity is either non-existent or unreliable. This limited awareness stems from a lack of effective communication about how low-carbon technologies can reduce electricity costs, improve energy security, and contribute to environmental sustainability.
2. Cultural preferences for conventional fuels: In many parts of Nigeria, traditional fuels like kerosene, wood, and diesel generators are deeply ingrained in daily life, especially for cooking, lighting, and small-scale electricity generation. Switching from these familiar energy sources to renewable technologies requires a cultural shift that challenges long-standing practices and preferences.
3. Transportation Habits: Nigeria’s transportation sector is predominantly reliant on petrol-powered vehicles, with limited uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) or public transit systems that run on renewable energy. The lack of charging infrastructure, high vehicle import tariffs, and general skepticism toward EV performance further exacerbate the slow pace of adoption. Moreover, public transportation systems in many urban areas are seen as unreliable, making individual car ownership a more desirable option for many.
4. Economic constraints: Many Nigerian households are constrained by economic limitations, with nearly 40% of the population living below the poverty line. Even if renewable energy options like solar home systems or electric vehicles are available, the upfront cost may be prohibitive for many Nigerians. Subsidized or heavily discounted access to fossil fuels also reinforces the reliance on high-carbon technologies.

ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS THROUGH PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS

To overcome these barriers and foster widespread acceptance of low-carbon technologies, Nigeria needs well-designed public awareness campaigns and educational programs that target various demographics, including urban, rural, and economically disadvantaged communities. Below are strategies for addressing these challenges:

Launch Nationwide Educational Campaigns on Renewable Energy Benefits

Awareness Campaigns

Government agencies, NGOs, and the private sector can collaborate to conduct widespread educational campaigns highlighting the environmental and economic benefits of adopting low-carbon technologies. These campaigns should focus on:

1. Cost Savings: Highlight how households and businesses can save money over time by switching to renewable energy solutions, such as solar panels or energy-efficient appliances.
2. Improved Energy Access: Demonstrating the reliability of off-grid solar systems for rural communities that do not have access to stable electricity from the national grid.
3. Health and Environmental Benefits: Educating people about the health benefits of reducing reliance on wood and kerosene, which contribute to indoor air pollution and health risks, especially for women and children.

Case Example: Kenya’s Solar Campaigns

In Kenya, outreach campaigns and partnerships with international organizations have increased the adoption of solar home systems in off-grid areas. This success was achieved by focusing on the cost-effectiveness of solar power compared to kerosene lamps and highlighting health benefits.

 Integrating Low-Carbon Education into School Curricula

Building a New Generation of Environmental Stewards

Integrating education on renewable energy, climate change, and low-carbon technologies into the Nigerian school curricula (both primary and secondary levels) can build long-term awareness and drive cultural change. This education can focus on:

1. Environmental Science Classes: Teaching students the basics of renewable energy technologies like solar, wind, and hydropower.
2. Hands-on Learning: Implementing school solar projects where students can directly interact with renewable energy systems.
3. Competitions and Workshops: Organizing school competitions to encourage students to design energy-efficient technologies or create sustainable living models.

Case Example: South Africa’s Environmental Education Programs

South Africa has integrated environmental and renewable energy education into its school system, focusing on promoting sustainability and teaching students how to use renewable energy technologies. Nigeria could adopt a similar approach to foster a new generation of climate-conscious citizens.

Promote Behaviuor Change Through Community Engagement Programs

Community-Based Renewable Energy Initiatives

Community engagement is critical for building acceptance of low-carbon technologies, particularly in rural areas where cultural attachment to traditional energy sources may be strong. Through community-based programs, local leaders can be trained to advocate for renewable energy solutions and facilitate the adoption of low-carbon technologies. Such programs may include:

1. Installing solar-powered water pumps or mini-grid systems in communities to demonstrate their effectiveness and reliability.
2. Workshops: Holding workshops that explain how renewable technologies work, the long-term savings they offer, and their environmental benefits.
3. Testimonials and Peer Learning: Encouraging early adopters of renewable energy solutions to share their experiences and testimonials within their communities. Peer-to-peer learning is highly effective in rural communities.

Case Example: Tanzania’s Solar Projects

In Tanzania, rural communities have been engaged in solar projects where residents are trained on how to operate and maintain solar home systems. This community involvement has resulted in a higher rate of acceptance and sustained use of the technology.

Implement Public Transportation and EV Incentive Programs

Shifting Transportation Habits

Changing transportation habits in Nigeria, where petrol-powered vehicles dominate, requires strategic government incentives and infrastructure development. The government can introduce policies such as:

1. Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles (EVs): Offering tax rebates or subsidies for the purchase of EVs can encourage early adoption while reducing the financial burden on consumers.
2. Investment in Charging Infrastructure: Expanding charging stations across cities and highways to support EV use. A nationwide rollout of charging infrastructure in partnership with private companies could ease concerns about range and reliability.
3. Public Transport Electrification: Electrifying public buses, taxis, and motorcycles, especially in urban centers like Lagos and Abuja, can reduce emissions from the transportation sector. Incentives to encourage public transport use over individual vehicle ownership should be introduced, including improvements in safety and reliability.

Case Example: Norway’s EV Adoption

Norway provides a model of how financial incentives, including tax exemptions, free parking, and toll waivers, have contributed to the country becoming a global leader in EV adoption. Nigeria can emulate Norway’s approach by offering similar incentives to encourage a shift away from petrol-powered vehicles.

Technology and Skill Development for Renewable Energy Adoption

Technical Training and Capacity Building

Addressing the cultural and social barriers to renewable energy adoption also requires investing in skill development. Nigeria needs a skilled workforce capable of installing, maintaining, and operating low-carbon technologies, particularly in sectors like solar, wind, and biomass. The government and private sector can:

1. Establish Technical Training Centres: Offering certification programs for technicians in solar panel installation, wind turbine maintenance, and energy-efficient construction.
2. On-the-Job Training and Apprenticeships: Partnering with international companies to provide on-the-job training and apprenticeships for Nigerian workers to develop the technical skills necessary for the renewable energy sector.

Case Example: India’s Skill Development Programs

India has launched the Skill Council for Green Jobs, which focuses on training workers for roles in renewable energy and sustainability. Nigeria could establish similar programs to equip its citizens with the technical expertise needed for low-carbon technology adoption.

Creating Social Acceptance for Low-Carbon Technologies in Nigeria

Addressing social and cultural barriers to low-carbon technology adoption in Nigeria requires a multi-faceted approach that incorporates public education, community engagement, incentives for behaviour change, and capacity building. By implementing public awareness campaigns, integrating renewable energy education into school curricula, promoting community-based renewable energy programs, incentivizing the adoption of EVs, and providing technical training for a green workforce, Nigeria can accelerate the social acceptance of low-carbon technologies and make significant strides toward achieving its net-zero emissions target.

 Economic Barriers

Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Nigeria’s economy is heavily reliant on oil and gas exports, which creates a disincentive for transitioning to low-carbon technologies. The low cost of fossil fuels in Nigeria makes it difficult for renewable energy to compete economically. This reliance on fossil fuels not only stifles innovation in the energy sector but also perpetuates a cycle of investment in traditional energy sources rather than in sustainable alternatives (ICEED., 2012).

Insufficient Investment and Financial Support

There is a significant lack of financial resources allocated to low-carbon projects. Traditional economic incentives are often inadequate to attract investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency measures. The need for substantial upfront capital for renewable energy projects is a major barrier, especially in a country where poverty levels are high and access to financing is limited (Akinmusuru, J. O. et al., 2023).

 Lack of Policy Frameworks

While there have been efforts to create policies that support low-carbon development, the implementation of these policies has been inconsistent. The absence of a robust regulatory framework to support renewable energy investments and energy efficiency measures further complicates the economic landscape for low-carbon technologies (ICEED., 2012).

 Social And Behavioural Factors

 Public Awareness and Acceptance

Public awareness of the benefits of low-carbon technologies is relatively low in Nigeria. Many communities are not adequately informed about the advantages of renewable energy and energy efficiency, leading to resistance to adopting these technologies. This lack of awareness can be attributed to insufficient outreach and education efforts by both the government and private sector (Akinmusuru, J. O. et al., 2023).

Cultural Preferences and Behavioural Habits

Cultural practices and behavioural habits also pose challenges to the adoption of low-carbon technologies. For instance, many households continue to rely on traditional biomass fuels for cooking due to familiarity and perceived affordability, despite the health risks associated with their use (ICEED., 2012). Changing these ingrained habits requires targeted educational campaigns and incentives that demonstrate the benefits of transitioning to cleaner energy sources.

RECOMMENDATION

 Carbon Taxes: Internalizing the Cost of Carbon Emissions

A carbon tax is a market-based mechanism that directly sets a price on carbon emissions. By imposing a tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), it incentivizes businesses and consumers to shift towards cleaner energy alternatives. This would make fossil fuel-based energy sources more expensive, pushing industries to adopt renewable energy and invest in energy efficiency.

Application in Nigeria

1. Nigeria’s energy and oil & gas sectors are among the highest emitters of GHGs. Introducing a carbon tax of $10 per ton of CO₂ could reduce emissions by 40 MtCO₂e annually by 2030, particularly by targeting high-emission activities like gas flaring and oil refining.
2. This policy could generate substantial revenue for the government, estimated at around $2 billion annually. These funds could be reinvested in renewable energy projects such as solar farms or wind power plants, further accelerating the clean energy transition.

Case Example: South Africa

South Africa introduced a carbon tax in 2019, to encourage a transition to cleaner energy. By 2023, it had already reduced carbon emissions by 5% in the industrial sector. Nigeria could follow a similar model by starting with a modest tax and gradually increasing it over time as industries adjust.

 Emissions Trading Systems (ETS): Cap-and-Trade for Industrial Emissions

An Emissions Trading System (ETS), often referred to as cap-and-trade, sets a cap on the total emissions that can be produced by industries and allows companies to trade emissions allowances. Firms that can reduce emissions below their cap can sell their surplus allowances to others, creating a financial incentive to reduce emissions.

Application in Nigeria

1. Nigeria could implement a pilot ETS program for its oil and gas industry, which is responsible for a significant portion of the country’s emissions.
2. A national cap could be set on the total emissions from oil production, natural gas flaring, and refining activities, with allowances allocated to companies based on their historical emissions.
3. Companies that exceed their emission caps would have to purchase allowances from others, creating a market-based incentive to invest in carbon capture and storage (CCS) or switch to cleaner fuels.

Case Example: European Union ETS

The EU ETS, the world’s largest carbon market, has successfully reduced emissions by 35% since 2005 in sectors covered by the system, particularly in power generation and heavy industry. Nigeria can draw lessons from the EU’s approach, such as setting a stringent cap and periodically reviewing the cap to ensure continuous reductions.

Renewable Energy Incentives: Feed-in Tariffs and Renewable Energy Certificates

Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) and Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are two key policy instruments to encourage the production and consumption of renewable energy. Both are designed to make clean energy more competitive against fossil fuels.

1. Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) guarantee a fixed price for renewable energy producers for every kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity they feed into the grid. This policy offers long-term financial security for renewable energy projects.
2. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) allow companies to trade certificates representing the generation of one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity from a renewable source. Corporations can buy RECs to offset their carbon emissions.

Application in Nigeria

1. Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs): Nigeria could introduce FiTs for solar, wind, and biomass energy to encourage private-sector investment in renewable energy projects. For example, an FiT offering $0.10 per kWh for solar energy could attract investments in regions like the Northern States, which have high solar radiation.
2. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): Introducing RECs would allow Nigerian companies, especially in the oil & gas sector, to voluntarily or mandatorily purchase certificates to comply with corporate sustainability goals or government emissions targets.

Case Example: Germany’s FiT Program

Germany’s feed-in tariff system was a major driver behind its clean energy transition, particularly in solar power. By offering guaranteed payments for renewable energy production, Germany became a world leader in solar and wind energy, significantly reducing its carbon emissions. Nigeria could adopt a similar system, particularly targeting solar and wind energy, to encourage rapid deployment of renewable projects.

 Strengthening Nigeria’s Policy Framework for a Low-Carbon Economy

To move Nigeria towards net-zero emissions, the following policy recommendations should be considered:

i. Implementing a Carbon Pricing Mechanism

1. A carbon tax starting at $10 per ton of CO₂, targeting industries like oil & gas and power generation, can provide economic incentives to cut emissions.
2. Revenue from the carbon tax should be reinvested in green infrastructure projects, such as expanding renewable energy generation and electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure.

ii. Establishing an Emissions Trading System (ETS)

1. A pilot cap-and-trade system focused on the oil and gas sector would incentivize companies to adopt carbon capture technologies and reduce gas flaring.
2. Linking Nigeria’s ETS with international markets would offer Nigerian companies access to global emission reduction credits, generating additional funding for low-carbon projects.

iii. Introducing Feed-in Tariffs and Renewable Energy Certificates

1. Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) should be introduced for solar, wind, and bioenergy to stimulate investment in renewables. A gradual reduction in tariff rates could prevent financial strain.
2. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) can be integrated into corporate sustainability strategies, allowing businesses to voluntarily purchase RECs to offset emissions.

iv. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)

1. Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships can attract private investment in low-carbon infrastructure, particularly in sectors like solar farms and green hydrogen production.
2. The government can offer tax incentives and guarantees to de-risk investments in clean energy technologies.

Implementing a robust policy framework—centered around carbon taxes, emissions trading, and renewable energy incentives—is critical to Nigeria’s pathway to net-zero emissions by 2050. The economic benefits from carbon pricing and the growth of the renewable energy sector can create new jobs, improve energy security, and drive sustainable development. Clear and actionable policies will allow Nigeria to harness its natural resources while reducing its carbon footprint and contributing to global climate goals.

CONCLUSION

Actionable Roadmap for Nigeria’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy

Nigeria stands at a pivotal moment in its journey toward a low-carbon economy. Achieving net-zero emissions requires a coordinated approach that integrates low-carbon technologies, addresses social and cultural barriers, and leverages both national and international resources. By focusing on immediate, intermediate, and long-term actions, Nigeria can align its efforts with global commitments such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement. This roadmap outlines clear, actionable steps that Nigeria should undertake to foster a sustainable and resilient low-carbon economy.

 Short-Term Goals (0-3 Years)

Strengthen Policy Frameworks

1. Enact and Implement Carbon Pricing: Introduce a carbon tax or emissions trading system to incentivize reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Develop regulations for the establishment of renewable energy certificates and feed-in tariffs to support the deployment of low-carbon technologies.
2. Enhance Renewable Energy Incentives: Expand tax rebates and subsidies for the adoption of renewable energy systems, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Provide targeted incentives for energy efficiency improvements in residential and commercial buildings.

Promote Public Awareness and Education

1. Launch Nationwide Campaigns: Initiate public campaigns to increase awareness of the benefits of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Use media, community events, and educational materials to highlight success stories and practical benefits.
2. Integrate Renewable Energy into School Curricula: Work with educational authorities to incorporate renewable energy and environmental sustainability topics into primary and secondary school curricula.

Facilitate Immediate Financing and Technology Transfer

1. Issue Green Bonds: Mobilize capital for renewable energy projects by issuing green bonds. Partner with international financial institutions to ensure successful bond placements and attract global investors.
2. Access International Climate Funds: Apply for funding from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) to support specific low-carbon projects and technology deployment.

 Initiate Community-Based Renewable Projects

1. Pilot Solar Projects: Implement pilot solar home systems in rural and underserved areas to demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of solar technology. Engage local communities through workshops and demonstration events.

 Medium-Term Goals (3-7 Years)

Expand Renewable Energy Infrastructure

1. Develop Large-Scale Renewable Projects: Invest in large-scale renewable energy projects, such as solar parks, wind farms, and hydropower plants. Leverage public-private partnerships (PPPs) to share costs and risks.
2. Build Charging Infrastructure: Develop a comprehensive network of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to support the adoption of EVs and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Strengthen Technical Capacity and Workforce Development

1. Establish Technical Training Centres: Create centres focused on training for renewable energy installation, maintenance, and management. Partner with international organizations for curriculum development and certification.
2. Promote On-the-Job Training: Facilitate apprenticeships and internships with renewable energy companies to build local expertise and create job opportunities.

 Enhance Public Transport and EV Adoption

1. Introduce EV Incentives: Implement financial incentives for purchasing electric vehicles, including tax rebates and subsidies. Support the development of public transportation systems that utilize renewable energy.
2. Upgrade Public Transit: Invest in modernizing and expanding public transit networks to improve reliability and encourage use over personal vehicles.

Foster Innovation and Research

1. Support Research and Development (R&D): Fund R&D initiatives focused on low-carbon technologies and sustainable practices. Encourage collaboration between universities, research institutions, and the private sector.

 Long-Term Goals (7-15 Years)

Achieve Significant Emission Reductions

1. Set and Achieve Emission Reduction Targets: Establish ambitious targets for emission reductions aligned with global climate agreements. Track progress and adjust policies as needed to meet these targets.
2. Transition to a Low-Carbon Energy Mix: Ensure that renewable energy sources constitute a significant portion of the national energy mix. Gradually phase out subsidies for fossil fuels and invest in cleaner alternatives.

Promote Sustainable Urban Development

1. Implement Sustainable Urban Planning: Develop and enforce regulations for low-carbon urban design and sustainable construction practices. Prioritize the development of energy-efficient buildings and green spaces.
2. Encourage Green Building Standards: Introduce building codes and standards that promote energy efficiency and sustainability in both new and existing structures.

Strengthen International Collaboration

1. Engage in Global Climate Initiatives: Actively participate in international climate agreements and forums to share knowledge, access funding, and collaborate on global solutions.
2. Leverage Technology Transfer: Continue to seek opportunities for technology transfer and collaboration with developed countries to enhance local capabilities and accelerate the adoption of advanced low-carbon technologies.

Monitor, Evaluate, and Adapt Policies

1. Regularly Review and Update Policies: Establish a framework for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of climate policies and programs. Use data and feedback to make informed adjustments and improvements.

By following this actionable roadmap, Nigeria can make significant strides toward achieving a low-carbon economy and net-zero emissions. The proposed steps focus on immediate actions, medium-term developments, and long-term goals, providing a comprehensive strategy that aligns with global sustainability commitments. Through strengthened policy frameworks, increased public awareness, targeted financing, and international collaboration, Nigeria can effectively transition to a sustainable energy future and serve as a model for other developing nations.

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