Smart Power Outlet Management System

Smart Power Outlet Management System

Mark Gerald L. Nallos, MTM¹, Richard M. Pabelona Jr., DIT²

¹College of Education, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University

²College of Industrial Technology, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12020050

Received: 08 January 2025; Review 18 January 2025; Accepted: 12 February 2025; Published: 11 March 2025

ABSTRACT

The study focused on the design and development of Smart Power Outlet Management System for commercial establishment and households. The system is composed of a network-based application and a control module. The control module is comprised of a microcontroller with Wi-Fi module powered by a 9v power supply, circuit relay, current transformer sensor, and outlet installed inside the module casing. The application connects to the module wirelessly and act as the control panel of the system that. It is designed for almost all appliances in a household even those with high current and can be intelligently controlled via network to restrict and allow usage. This study was anchored in a developmental type of research and followed the Software Development Life Cycle’s modified water fall model for system development. Technical experts evaluated the study using the standard ISO/IEC 25022 Systems and Software Engineering – Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) – Measurement of Quality in all parameters which was rated excellent in almost all aspects. The system is suitable for implementation to households and commercial businesses.

Keywords: smart outlet, management system, wireless control, network-based outlet control, intelligent control

INTRODUCTION

The demand for energy efficient products had been increasing lately. With the increasing significant global energy demand growth for the past decade in energy consumption in Southeast Asia, this increase only justifies that consumers should consider saving energy and be mindful of their behavior (International Energy Agency, 2024). Philippines is considered to be one of the fastest growing economies in the Southeast Asia, the country’s progressing economy demands an increase reliance on electricity as population grows. With the country’s favorable GDP growth, energy demand increases as Filipinos are looking for better and comfortable living conditions (Manila Bulletin, 2024, Enteria & Cuartero, 2017).

According to Parikh & Parikh (2016), an increase in income leads to higher electricity consumption on household appliances; therefore, it is important to have awareness in the energy consumption of such appliances and selection of energy efficient products would be ideal.

The Philippine average electricity as of 2015 was $0.19/kWh, which is significantly higher than other neighboring countries such as Singapore having $0.16/kWh, Thailand at $0.13/kWh, Indonesia at $0.12/kWh, and $0.08/kWh in Malaysia (International Energy Agency 2016). Sahari (2019) claimed that electricity prices notably influence builders’ choices, and that electricity tax increases have induced demand for technologies based on renewable energy.

This will be a growing concern amongst consumers and even business owners in which electricity is a commodity that cannot be neglected in this modern age. Thus, energy efficient products and devices must be adopted considering high electricity prices in the Philippines (PCIJ, 2023). Although innovative solutions introduce new demands and opportunities which changes the landscape of competition among businesses (Arthur, 2017). However, the prices of such products are usually higher compared to its ordinary counterparts especially those are not yet widely adopted.

Hence, the researcher is therefore challenged in addressing this gap by designing and developing a system that can control, monitor, and limit power usage inside buildings or residential units particularly in rooms and offices. This approach does not lead to buying new equipment and appliances but it allows you to utilize the existing ones by acting as a complementary system. The main goal of the system is to promote better energy consumption and monitoring amongst owners and consumers that adopts which leads to better energy saving and significantly reduce operation costs without the need of replacing or upgrading. The system is innovatively capable of restricting and allowing devices and appliances on any registered outlet by converting it into a smart device. Users will have the capability of monitoring power consumption, configure power restrictions, over load protection, and control through a network-based system. Furthermore, monitoring can be done in real-time from the dashboard of the network application. This allows the users to have better control and learn their day-to-day energy consumption which will be a valuable insight and basis for cost-cutting measures.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study was to design and develop a Smart Power Outlet Management System (SPOMS) for commercial establishments and households.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Design and develop a smart power outlet management system with the following technical feature:
2. intuitive monitoring of power ratings,
3. electronically controlled power outlet,
4. configurable load restrictions for any device or appliance,
5. notification and detection of overload occurrence, and
6. generation of energy consumption reports.
7. Evaluate the acceptability of the system in terms of;
8. functional suitability,
9. performance efficiency,
10. compatibility,
11. usability,
12. reliability,
13. security,
14. maintainability, and
15. portability.

Framework of the Study

The study used the input, process, output and outcome framework as shown in Figure 1. The requests listed in the INPUT are vital requirements for all the operations of the system to function. The request come from electrical load restrictions that limit only the power supply to given load requirements into the power outlet. The application uses a network-based system for control, monitoring, and load restriction configuration. As for the PROCESS, the main module control the hardware components of the device and performs the logical operations of the system. The OUTPUT of the study is the development of the smart power outlet and the system will be evaluated using ISO/IEC 25010:2011 System and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation. Having the system provides an efficient monitoring and management of appliances and equipment

Fig. 1 IPOO of the System

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the design and development of the smart power outlet management system. The device is a network-based system but is capable of beings hosted online for internet-based management in which you can control, monitor, and configure the load restrictions according to your preference. The system can also notify the network application encase of overload occurrence, as the device also needed Wi-Fi connection at the installed area. The device can tell actual power consumption in real time through network application. Device acting as client connected to a Wi-Fi network in presenting data acquired of the system. A systems acting as a Server connected to the same network as the device. Device being installed in a room, hallways, function room and any designated area. The main module will require two power supplies; 9 volts DC and 220 volts AC adapter. The device needs Wi-Fi connection to transmit in network application. The network application can only be installed to desktop or laptop computer.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be beneficial and of great significance to the following:

Business Owner. The output of this study will help them in their power saving scheme specifically to power monitoring and unauthorized power usage during business operation.

Educational Institution. This study will provide insights to all educational institution in terms of unauthorized use of electrical energy and power monitoring for cost-saving measures.

Ends User / Costumers. The output of this study may give the end user a convenience in term of human interference during plug-in or plug-out electrical appliance.

Technology Instructors. The output of this study will provide references in the field of industrial and home automation electrical system.

Technology Students. The output of this study will likewise provide further reference in technology development in terms of power outlet and network application system.

Future Researchers. This can help them when they undergo similar studies. Also, the findings of this study may serve as an instrument for them to expand the different aspects of the study not considered by the present researcher.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally for a clearer understanding of this study.

Microcontroller. A computer in a single integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific application (Technopedia, 2015)

In this study, the term refers to the electronic component present inside the monitoring device to process and interpret requests.

Management. The process by which managers ensure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the organization’s objectives (Langfield-smith, 1997).

In this study, it refers to the person who controlled, monitored, and configure the system.

Monitoring. A technique or a process of monitoring the operating characteristics of machine in such a way that changes and trends of the monitored characteristics can be used to predict the need for maintenance before serious deterioration or breakdown occurs, and/or to estimate the machine’s “health.” (Han & Song, 2003).

In this study, monitoring refers to the process of determining the power consumption, status, and limit.

Smart Power Outlet. A device for cutting off power and energy saving when detecting lower power and judging the electrical facility in a stand-by condition using wireless module (Huang, Chang, Chen, & Kuo, 2011).

In this study, the term refers to the power outlet that can be configured, monitor, and controlled through network-based system.

System. Identification is the term used in the automatic control field for estimating dynamical models of systems, based on measurements of the system’s input and output signals (Ljung, 2010).

In this study, the system refers to the communication of the device and network application respectively.

Wi-Fi Module. A self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network (Sparkfun, 2015).

In this study, the term refers to the device parts that transfer data from micro-controller to the network system

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, evaluation procedure, software development life cycle, design plan and fabrication, and cost analysis of the Smart Power Outlet Management System.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive and developmental types of research since it involves various phases in the conduct of the study and development of the system.

There are two categories of developmental research referred as Type 1 and Type 2; Type 1 focuses on a given instructional product, program, process, or tool and addresses product design, development, and evaluation while Type 2 focus on a given design, development or evaluation model or process (Richey & Klein, 2005).

This study aimed to design and develop a smart power outlet management system hence it will adapt the Type 1 developmental research. According to Richey & Klein (2005), Type 1 developmental research are structured into phases such as analysis, design, development, testing, and evaluation.

 Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were determined using purposive sampling with 30 respondents grouped according to their technical expertise. These comprised the following: Electrical Engineers, Electronics/Communications Engineers, Computer Engineers, Hospitality Industry Engineers and an Information Technology expert. Purposive sampling technique is a type of non-probability sampling that is most effective when one needs to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable experts within or according to the purpose of the researcher (Singh & Masuku, 2014 and Tongco, 2007).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher made use of the modified questionnaire adopted from ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation questionnaire. The device and network-based application was installed. To guide the flow of the system, the researcher verified each functionality and feature stated in the objectives of this study to the identified group of experts.

Furthermore, the survey was conducted to 30 technical experts composed of two (2) hotel engineers, five (5) electrical engineers, five (5) electronics technology professionals, five (5) electronics communication engineers, eight (8) computer engineers, and five (5) information technology experts. The evaluation of the system was administered personally by the researcher to the experts to guarantee all features described were clearly presented and demonstrated.  Upon retrieval of the survey questionnaires, the data were tabulated and processed electronically.

Data Analysis

To interpret the results of the survey, the researcher utilized the appropriate statistical tools providing a meaningful data from the survey conducted.

Treatment of Data

The mean was used as statistical tool to answer objective number two.  Each criterion on the data gathered was computed using the scale below of 1 to 5 where 1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest.

The mean score is interpreted using the following rating:

4.21 – 5.00      Excellent

3.41 – 4.20      Very Satisfactory

2.61 – 3.40      Satisfactory

1.81 – 2.60      Fair

1.0– 1.80         Poor

Software Life Cycle Model

As to the technical aspect of the system, the development process of the system was based on the software development life cycle which guided the researcher by dividing each process into multiple phases for the development of the module’s software and network application for the smart power outlet management system.

Fig. 2 Modified Waterfall Model

This study followed the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for the development of the Smart Power Outlet Management System. The “Modified Waterfall” was the model selected by the researcher as it is suited for the current system since it incorporated incremental approach which is applied to the nature of the study and required testing of individual components before integration and implementation. The said approach addresses compatibility problems due to intensive testing before integration of multiple modules.

Some experts argue that the Waterfall model was never meant to be a process model for real projects. Regardless, the Waterfall model is widely considered the oldest of the structured SDLC methodologies. It is also a very straightforward approach: finish one phase, then move on to the next. No going back. Each stage relies on information from the previous stage and has its own project plan (Half, 2017).

Requirements Definition Phase

In this phase, the researcher determined the best approach to be made during the development of smart power outlet to response to the present needs of the study. The outcome of this phase aided the researcher to choose the finest tools for the development and the suitable hardware for the task to meet the objectives of the study.

Hardware and Software Requirements

For a general overview of the system, as presented in Figure 6, it describes the flow of the process, the technology used to achieve the features and requirements described in the previous phase. The selection of the modules for the system were made to extend in terms of functionality and security system of smart power outlet management system in case of overload.

To further support the technical details of the module, Figure 3 showed the block diagram of the module process. The said diagram showed a detailed overview of the internal components integrated in the module. Thus, the said choices for the internal components of the circuit provided more flexibility to the hardware aspect of the system.

In order to run the network-based application and apparatus, the following software and hardware requirements were installed as reflected in Table 1.

Table 1 Hardware and Software Minimum Requirements

Hardware	Specification
CPU	Dual Core
RAM	1GB
ROM	at least 200mb free
Communication	Wi-Fi/LAN
Operating System	Windows 10 or higher
Database Server	MySql Version 5.6+
Web Server	Apache Version 2.4+
Runtime Environment	JRE6+

Design Plan and Fabrication

This phase of the study played a vital part towards the direction of the system.

All ideas were consolidated into comprehensible diagrams and coherent flow for the system’s development. Since system comprises a software and hardware component, construction and development are discussed in this phase.

Module Construction

The module was installed with enclosure place inside the designated area of installation. It comprised of Wi-Fi Module, circuit relay, dc power supply, outlet/socket, and micro-controller, which controlled its entire operation of the module.

Attached to the micro-controller is a Wi-Fi module which is responsible for communication. Meanwhile, the circuit relay, dc power supply, outlets/socket, and Light Emitting Diodes (LED), are all connected to the micro-controller General-Purpose Input or Output (GPIO) pins.

As for the prototype, all circuits were attached to a breadboard to guarantee appropriate pins are in place especially the supply pins to avoid short circuits and incorrect pins. The pins were programmed to a specific function. Hence, pin assignment is very important. Considering that all the circuits were in place, it will be transferred and soldered to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The finished product will be placed in a safe enclosure for installation.

Fig. 3 Block Diagram of the Module

Network Application Development

The network-based application was designed and developed which was intended for controlling, monitoring, and configuring the device through a software. Using the Netbeans Integrated Development Environment for the development of the system, the desired features were achieved. The code was divided according to the features present in the network-based application. It was composed of the Wi-Fi connectivity data and command algorithm. All requests made in the application were transmitted to the main module for verification. Once verified, communication of the main module and application via Wi-Fi were established.

Login Menu Interface Design

Figure 4 illustrates login interface menu from the desktop or laptop screen in which user gain access to the system. It can be accessed in different user’s name authorized by the system.

Fig. 4 Login Menu

Main Control Interface

Main control menu display shows the outlet id, device name, load limits configuration, current status of a single module and the control panel, also it presents the list of selection of power outlets registered in the system as well as the power rating monitoring window as shown in Figure 5.

Fig. 5 Main Menu Display

System Architecture

Figure 6 shows that the system requires a desktop or laptop with Wi-Fi connectivity to let the user configure, control, and monitor the device through the system’s graphical user interface. As for the main module, it comprised of a casing wherein a microcontroller with Wi-Fi Module is mounted. Attached to the microcontroller are circuit relays for control, with Light Emitting Diode (LED) for notification, and a current sensor for energy monitoring. To energize the device, a power outlet is connected to the designed circuit and a 220Vac power supply. Once the device is fully initialized, it will then communicate to the network application.

Fig. 6 System Architecture

Testing Phase

This phase determined the performance and functionality of each component for the module and network-based application. This study dealt with the embedded technology, wireless communication, control, monitoring, and configuring and network development. To attain successfully, the ideal results for this study. The researcher conducted a thorough assessment of the flow of operation of the existing advanced outlets/sockets to serve as input for the functionality and features of the module and network application.

Furthermore, the researcher conducted a product testing of aftermarket outlets/sockets and compared the difference regarding features, installation, and price.

Hardware Testing

After the completion of design and development, the hardware was checked for circuit integrity, connection compatibility and power supply. In order to achieve the process, the schematic diagram was carefully developed to cater to the requirements as specified in the design. Furthermore, testing of functional suitability and reliability of the Wi-Fi module on network-based application to guarantee its optimization of the performance upon using alongside with the network application was conducted. The tests run individually for at least five laptops or desktop computers with different manufacturer and operating system versions.

Software Testing

This phase handled the debugging of the network-based application to a laptop or desktop computer to guarantee compatibility and avoid software malfunctions during operation. The application was tested on multiple computers which ensured proper functionality across modules. Furthermore, Wi-Fi connectivity was tested during operation which ensured that the application’s reliable communication with the module.

Hardware and Software Communication Testing

A critical part of testing, is checking to test if the device is compatible with the network-based application system and check if it is still functioning upon configuring the network application. On the other hand, the software was checked if it is communicating to its hardware and detecting a possible wireless interference upon the system is turned on. Moreover, it was determined its reliability and efficiency of the micro-controller and Wi-Fi connectivity during actual operation and after the operation. The reliability of the communication modules was tested to ensure the usability of the module and system.

System Technical Evaluation

Upon successful testing on every component, the system was checked in terms of its hardware and software aspect by an electrical specialist. The specialist observed the smart power outlet management system installation, connection of wirings, and electrical components which guaranteed the safety of the device. Installation was carefully administered by the current researcher together with the certified electrician.

Pilot Testing

The module and system were tested in a boarding house located at Barangay Estafania, Fortune Towne, Bacolod City. The boarding house is comprised of (18) rooms and each room can accommodate two (2) to four (4) persons.  Each room consists of one (1) lighting and (1) two-gang outlet having exposed wire installation that is accessible for illegal wiretapping. The partition is made of light materials like plywood that is prone to fire in case of overload occurrence. As for the demonstration the system is functioning well as expected and the owner was satisfied with the existing function and features of smart power outlet management system. Testing of module and system to one of the rooms in his boarding house, the researcher installs the device to the power outlet of the room and opening the laptop computer to login into the network, the connectivity of the existing device was automatically connected through the Wi-Fi module at the router. The next step is to login to the system using the login menu interface in the laptop to test the functionality of the device, and test all the features of the smart power outlet management system and check if the system function well for both sample modules.

As for the owner requirements in the boarding house system should have an auto refresh or auto on for the system in case of overload occurrence so that system will again start its operation. Moreover, system must be configured according to the requirement of the user.

Cost Analysis

The total cost of the device includes the cost of supplies and materials, labor and overhead cost constitute 40% and 10% respectively of the cost of supplies and materials in Philippine currency (Php). Table 2 present the supplies and materials and their cost this was a vital selection of the process of constructing the module to attain a decent priced product. The said pricing was based only for the prototype as an individual product. However, once ready for mass production pricing will be significantly lower.

Table 2 Cost of Supplies and Materials

Table 3 shows the total cost of the device in its prototype stage and will subject to changes once it undergoes mass production. Likewise, what’s included is the application development as an initial investment without considering hosting and server cost since it is in a personal network.

Table 3 Total Cost of Smart Power Outlet Management System

RESULTS

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data that were gathered in based on the objectives of the study.

Design and Develop a Smart Power Outlet Management System

The first objective of the study was to design and develop a Smart Power Outlet Management System with the following features:

7. It has an application dashboard for power ratings and device details specific to the target outlet as shown in Figure 7.
8. It has the ability to electronically control the power outlet. In this area, the application communicates to the module which allows it to electronically switch on or off appliances or equipment attached as shown in Figure 7.
9. It provides and intuitive configuration through the application for load restrictions by simply entering the minimum or maximum load you would want the module to cater with as shown in Figure 8.

Fig. 7 Power Monitoring Window

8. It is capable of visually notifying if there is overload occurrence, as shown in Figure 8. It displays the current load in (watts) and visually indicates once overload was detected through the user interface as shown in Figure 8.

Fig. 8 Power Monitor Window in Overload State.

9. It generates energy consumption reports. The application stores all the module’s reading data in a database and provides graphical representation of the status of the said module during its operation as shown in Figure 9.

Fig. 9 Power Rating Report Window System Evaluation

System Evaluation

Referring to Table 4, it shows the summary of evaluation of the SPOMS in terms of System and Software Quality. The table reveals that overall, the SPOMS obtained the average mean score of 4.65 interpreted as “Excellent”. The table further reveals that the highest obtained mean score was 4.69 interpreted as “Excellent” on the item “Security”. The lowest obtained mean score was 4.62 interpreted as “Excellent” on the item “Compatibility”.

This indicates that the system achieved its requirements as expected without any fault or breakdown during operation or execution of the system. Furthermore, the data revealed that the system comply the high standard performance based on the ISO/IEC 25010.

Table 4 Summary of Evaluation of Smart Outlet Management System in terms of System and Software Quality

CONCLUSION

The following conclusion were formulated based on the findings of the study:

1. The design and development of the smart power outlet management system was simple and easy to use for non-technical person and is highly acceptable for commercial establishment and households.
2. The overall results of the evaluation of the Smart Power Outlet Management System is “Excellent” which means that the system performed as expected and extended the safety and convenience feature of the system and the device was acceptable according to the user. Moreover, the adoptability of the study in the hotel industry and other business is very high due to the stability and security of the system as well as the low cost of the device.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations were advanced:

1. The smart power outlet management system is recommended to be used to various hotels and business offices in terms of energy conservation guidelines. Considering its useful features like control system and load restrictions, it is useful for department offices of establishments.
2. Academic institutions may adapt the system for central control of all classrooms, faculty rooms, and other laboratories as basis for energy conservation guidelines and policy.
3. The study can be a basis for formulating electrical safety guidelines for both industrial companies and commercial businesses.
4. The result of this study may help electrical utility companies to further improve their services and operations to their consumers.
5. The smart power outlet management system may serve as basis for development of new products and technological solutions.

REFERENCES

1. Aggarwal, K. K., Singh, Y., & Chhabra, J. K. (2003). An integrated measure of software maintainability. 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/rams.2002.981648.
2. Arthur, W. B. (2017). Where is technology taking the economy? McKinsey Quarterly, October(October).
3. Bettany-Saltikov, J., & Whittaker, V. J. (2014). Selecting the most appropriate inferential statistical test for your quantitative research study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(11–12), 1520–1531. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12343.
4. CHEN, Z., WANG, Y., WANG, G., CHEN, C., WANG, J., WANG, T., CHEN, Y. (2012, 11 21). espacenet.com: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=CN&NR=202551081U&KC=U&FT=D.
5. Enteria, N, & Cuartero, O (2017). A Review of the Recent Development of the Philippine Household Tech-nologies and Energy Consumption. Recent Patents on Engineering, ingentaconnect.com.
6. Fernandez-Carames, T. M. (2015). An Intelligent Power Outlet System for the Smart Home of the Internet of Things. SAGE Journals, 4.
7. Fischer, C. (2008). Feedback on household electricity consumption: A tool for saving energy? Energy Efficiency, 1(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-008-9009-7.
8. GUOQING, X. (2013, 02 06).espacenet.com: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/ publication Details/biblio? CC=CN&NR=102915021A&KC=A&FT=D.
9. Half, R. (2017, November 21). roberthalf.com. https://www.roberthalf.com/blog/salaries-and-skills/6-basic-sdlc-methodologies-which-one-is-best.
10. Han, Y, & Song, YH (2003). Condition monitoring techniques for electrical equipment-a literature survey. IEEE Transactions on Power delivery, ieeexplore.ieee.org.
11. Herniak, J. (2011). Energy Monitoring A Crucial Part of Energy Conservation. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/09/energymonitoring-a-crucial-part-of-energy-conservation.
12. Herrera-Restrepo, O., Triantis, K., Trainor, J., Murray-Tuite, P., & Edara, P. (2016). A multi-perspective dynamic network performance efficiency measurement of an evacuation: A dynamic network-DEA approach. Omega (United Kingdom), 60, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2015.04.019
13. Hiranaka, Y., Sato, Y., Taketa, T., & Miura, S. (2011). Smart power outlets with cross-layer communication. Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), 2011 13th International Conference On, 1388–1393. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5746064.
14. Hua, P. (2015, 08 26). https://worldwide.espacenet.com/ publication Details/ biblio? CC= CN&NR= 104868326A&KC=A&FT=D. espacenet: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/ publication Details/ biblio? CC=CN&NR=104868326A&KC=A&FT=D
15. Huang, L. C., Chang, H. C., Chen, C. C., & Kuo, C. C. (2011). A ZigBee-based monitoring and protection system for building electrical safety. Energy and Buildings, 43(6), 1418–1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.02.001.
16. International Energy Agency. (2024). Southeast Asia’s role in the global energy system is set to grow strongly over next decade. https://www.iea.org/news/southeast-asias-role-in-the-global-energy-system-is-set-to-grow-strongly-over-next-decade
17. Johnson, W. (2014). google.com: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5582522A/en.
18. Leach, M. A. (2015). google.com: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6940956B1/en.
19. Ljung, L. (2010). System identification. The Control Systems Handbook: Control System Advanced Methods, Second Edition, 1275–1314. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10384.
20. Manila Bulletin. (2024). Salceda: PBBM’s push for investments is paying off. https://mb.com.ph/2024/2/1/salceda-pbbm-s-push-for-investments-is-paying-off
21. Narasimhan, S., Allred, C., Stemm, M., & HariBalakrishnan. (2002, 09 03). google.com: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6446192B1/en?q=(network+based)&q=(control)&q=(+monitoring)&oq=(network+based)+(control)+(+monitoring).
22. Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence Based Nursing. University of Huddersfield Repository, 18(0), 34–35.
23. Ovalles, F. O., Bolivar, A. E., & Rodriguez, A. J. (2018). Use of an embedded system with wifi technology for domotic control of conventional environments. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1126(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1126/1/012070.
24. Parikh, K. S., & Parikh, J. K. (2016). Realizing potential savings of energy and emissions from efficient household appliances in India. Energy Policy, 97, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.07.005.
25. (2023). Filipinos pay more for electricity compared to many Asean neighbors. What can Marcos do about it?. https://pcij.org/2023/09/14/filipinos-pay-more-for-electricity-compared-to-many-asean-neighbors-but-what-can-marcos-do-about-it/
26. Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2005). Developmental research methods: Creating knowledge from instructional design and development practice. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 16(2), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02961473
27. Sahari, A (2019). Electricity prices and consumers’ long-term technology choices: Evidence from heating investments. European Economic Review, Elsevier Agency, International Energy (2016). World energy statistics 2016., IEA
28. Sepe Jr., R. (2004). google.com: https://patents.google.com/patent/ US6792321B2/en?q= (network+based)&q=(control)&q=(+monitoring)&oq=(network+based)+(control)+(+monitoring).
29. Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). SAMPLING TECHNIQUES & DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE IN APPLIED STATISTICS RESEARCH: AN OVERVIEW. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 1–22.
30. Sivaraman, V., Gharakheili, H. H., Vishwanath, A., Boreli, R., & Mehani, O. (2015). Network-level security and privacy control for smart-home IoT devices. 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, WiMob 2015, 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMOB.2015.7347956
31. Sivaraman, V., Gharakheili, H. H., Vishwanath, A., Boreli, R., & Mehani, O. (2015). Network-level security and privacy control for smart-home IoT devices. 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, WiMob 2015, 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMOB.2015.7347956
32. Tinsley, HEA, & Brown, SD (2000). Multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling. Handbook of applied multivariate statistics and Mathematical Modeling.
33. Tongco, M. D. (2007). Purposive Sampling as a Tool for Informant Selection. A Journal for Plant, People and Applied Research. Ethnobotany Journal, 5, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.147-158.
34. Toribio-Guzmán, J. M., García-Holgado, A., Soto Pérez, F., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Franco Martín, M. (2017). Usability Evaluation of a Private Social Network on Mental Health for Relatives. Journal of Medical Systems, 41(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-017-0780-x
35. Wi-Fi Alliance. (2010). Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Wi-Fi Direct TM October 2010. (October), 14.
36. Xiolei, C. (2014, 12 10). https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publication Details/biblio? CC=CN &NR=204011998U&KC=U&FT=D. com: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/ publication Details/biblio?CC=CN&NR=204011998U&KC=U&FT=D.
37. Xu, Y. (2013). https://patents.google.com: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8503340B1/en?q=(wi-fi)&oq=(wi-fi).
38. Yang, C., & Shao, H. R. (2015). WiFi-based indoor positioning. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(3), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2015.7060497.