Collaborative stakeholder involvement approach and implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 01-08
Water projects face implementation challenges of cost and time overruns due to lack of stakeholders’ involvement and this has led sustainability constraints. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of collaborative stakeholders’ involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and data collected through structured questionnaire. The research instrument was piloted for content validity and reliability tests. A sample size of 118 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling from a target population of 167 involved in implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. High Cronbach’s coefficient Alpha of 0.8 was obtained. The data was analysed using descriptive statistic of mean, standard deviation, frequencies percentages and inferential statistics of correlation and regression at α=0.05 level of significance. The study found out statistically significant relationships between Collaborative Stakeholder Involvement Approach and Implementation of Water Projects. The null hypothesis H01: Collaborative stakeholder involvement approach does not significantly influence implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county was rejected since p=0.000<0.05. It is recommended that a holistic bottom up approach in implementation of projects should be embraced so that all key stakeholders in projects become part and parcel of the projects and to bring ownership of projects by stakeholders. Further research should be carried out on project planning and design to establish whether stakeholders are involved at these initial stages before implementation of water projects.
Page(s): 01-08 Date of Publication: 21 December 2021
Edwin Omondi Arwa
MA Project Planning and Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
[1] Akhmouch A. and Clavreul D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: “Practicing What We Preach” with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. 8(204).
[2] Birongo, J.M. and Quyen, N.L. (2005). An Analysis of Water Governance in Kibera, Kenya. Retrieved 25th April 2019 from: http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/863/1/ Project%20Report%20-%20Group%202249.pdf
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[5] Chidammodzi, C. L., & Muhandiki, V. S. (2015). Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 20(3), 166–181.
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[8] Desai, V. M. (2018). Collaborative Stakeholder Engagement: An Integration between Theories of Organizational Legitimacy and Learning. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 220–244.
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[15] Nyabera T. M. (2015). Influence of Stakeholder Participation on Implementation of Projects in Kenya: A Case Of Compassion International Assisted Projects In Mwingi Sub-County. University of Nairobi.
[16] Owuor, M. O., & Moronge, M. (2017). Influence of Stakeholder Participation on Completion of Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Informal Settlements in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business and climate change,3(4), 42 – 59.
[17] Safford, T., Carlson, M., & Hart, Z. (2009). Stakeholder Collaboration and Organizational Innovation in the Planning of the Deschutes Estuary Feasibility Study. Coastal Management, 37(6), 514–528.
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[20] Uraiwong, P, & Watanabe T. (2017). Stakeholder Analysis of Water Resources Projects in Thailand. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724507_STAKEHOLDER_ANALYSIS_OF_WATER_RESOURCES_PROJECTS_IN_THAILAND on 30th March 2019
[21] Wickenden, M., Mulligan, D., Fefoame, G. O., & Katende, P. (2012). Stakeholder consultations on community-based rehabilitation guidelines in Ghana and Uganda. African Journal of Disability, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v1i1.1
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD, “Collaborative stakeholder involvement approach and implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.01-08 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/01-08.pdf
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Consultative stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 09-14
Water projects face implementation challenges of cost and time overruns due to lack of stakeholders’ involvement and this has led sustainability constraints. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of consultative stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and data collected through self-administered structured questionnaire. The research instrument was piloted for content validity and reliability tests. A sample size of 118 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling from a target population of 167 involved in implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county.High Cronbach’s coefficient Alpha of 0.8 was obtained. The data was analysed using descriptive statistic of mean, standard deviation, frequencies percentages and inferential statistics of correlation and regression at α=0.05 level of significance. The study found out statistically significant relationships between Participative Stakeholder Involvement Approach and Implementation of Water Projects. The null hypothesis H01: Participative stakeholder involvement approach does not significantly influence implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county was rejected since p=0.000<0.05.It is recommended that a holistic bottom up approach in implementation of projects should be embraced so that all key stakeholders in projects become part and parcel of the projects and to bring ownership of projects by stakeholders. Further research should be carried out onproject planning and design to establish whether stakeholders are involved at these initial stages before implementation of water projects.
Page(s): 09-14 Date of Publication: 21 December 2021
Edwin Omondi Arwa
MA Project Planning and Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Omale A. Jonathan
PhD,MSC,BSC, Federal Polytechnic Ekowe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
[1] Akhmouch A. andClavreul D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: “Practicing WhatWe Preach” with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. 8(204).
[2] Birongo, J.M. and Quyen, N.L. (2005). An Analysis of Water Governance in Kibera, Kenya. Retrieved 25th April 2019 from: http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/863/1/ Project%20Report%20-%20Group%202249.pdf
[3] Bunea, A. (2017). Designing stakeholder consultations: Reinforcing or alleviating bias in the European Union system of governance? European Journal of Political Research, 56(1), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12165
[4] Chidammodzi, C. L., &Muhandiki, V. S. (2015). Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 20(3), 166–181.
[5] Cook, J. &. (2016). Environment for Development: The Costs of Coping with Poor Water Supply in Rural Kenya. Retrieved from Environment for Development.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-costs-of-coping-with-poor-water-supply-in-rural-Cook-Kimuyu/68f51edccfa1bb9936ea0c6dd2bf2217329a9d4d
[6] Desai, V. M. (2018). Collaborative Stakeholder Engagement: An Integration between Theories of Organizational Legitimacy and Learning. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 220–244.
[7] Giupponi, C.,Jakemann, A.J,Karssenberg, D,. and Hare, M.P. (2006). Sustainable management of Water resources: An integrated approach, Massachusett: Edward ElgarPublishing limited
[8] Graff, M., & Francis, R. (2017). Does Stakeholder Participation Influence Epa’s Chemical Risk Values? Public Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 496–531.
[9] Hansen. (2007). Stakeholders participation In Project implementation and Delivery. New age International Publishers. London, UK
[10] Horney, J., Spurlock, D., Grabich, S., &Berke, P. (2016). Capacity for Stakeholder Participation in Recovery Planning. Planning Practice & Research, 31(1), 65–79.
[11] Mahianyu, J. & Njeru, A. (2016). Factors Influencing Project Implementation in the Department of Public Health in Kiambu County. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management.(68), 1291-1301.
[12] Marxsen, C. (2015). Open Stakeholder Consultations at the European Level-Voice of the Citizens? European Law Journal, 21(2), 257–280.
[13] Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R. & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. Academy of Management Review. 22, No 4, pp 853 – 886.
[14] Owuor, M. O., &Moronge, M. (2017). Influence of Stakeholder Participation on Completion of Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Informal Settlements in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business and climate change,3(4), 42 – 59.
[15] Slaymaker, T. &Newborne P. (2004). Implementation of Water Supply & Sanitation Programmes under PRSPs. Synthesis of research findings from sub-Saharan Africa
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[17] Smith, S. (2012). Toward Inclusive Co-Management: Factors Influencing Stakeholder Participation. Coastal Management, 40(3), 327–337.
[18] Sturdy, S., Smith-Merry, J., & Freeman, R. (2012). Stakeholder Consultation as Social Mobilization: Framing Scottish Mental Health Policy. Social Policy & Administration, 46(7), 823–844.
[19] UNEP (2019). Sustainable Development Goals and water. https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/water/what-we-do/supporting-sustainable-development-goals-and-water retrieved on 5th May 2019
[20] Wickenden, M., Mulligan, D., Fefoame, G. O., & Katende, P. (2012). Stakeholder consultations on community-based rehabilitation guidelines in Ghana and Uganda. African Journal of Disability, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v1i1.1
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD, “Consultative stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.09-14 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/09-14.pdf
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Monitoring and Evaluation Budgetary Allocation and Performance of Road Construction Projects in Kisumu County, Kenya
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD, Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD, Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 15-21
Road construction is a fundamental aspect in development of every economy, contributing 19.1% of GDP and accounting for 93% of all freight and passenger traffic in Kenya. However, these projects have experienced time and cost overruns besides compromised quality due to the poor exercise of monitoring and evaluation practices. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of M&E Budgetary Allocation on performance of road construction projects in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey research design and Structured questionnaires used to collect quantitative data from a sample size of 65 respondents out of a target population of 65 subjects. Validity test was done on the instruments and a value of 0.78 obtained using Content Validity Index while reliability involved pretesting of the instruments amongst the 10% of the respondents and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value of 0.79 obtained. Analysis was done through both descriptive techniques of mean and standard deviation and inferential techniques of Correlation and Regression at a significance level of 0.05 and thematic content analysis of qualitative data for triangulation. The hypothesis was tested at α=.05 level of significance and the result was: 1. H0: M&E Budgetary allocation does not significantly influence performance of road construction projects in Kisumu County, Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05. Therefore the study concluded that there is significant influence of M&E Budgetary Allocation on performance of road construction projects in Kisumu County, Kenya. It is recommended that Project management and policy makers should actively undertake M&E Budgetary Allocation to enhance performance of road construction projects and to suggest appropriate policies for strengthening M&E Budgetary Allocation to boost effective implementation and performance of road construction projects. Further research should be carried out on other case studies other than road construction projects
Page(s): 15-21 Date of Publication: 22 December 2021
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD
Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD
Associate Professor PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Open and Distance Learning, Kenya
Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Open and Distance Learning, Kenya
[1] Akali, T. and Sakaja, Y. (2018). Influence of Contractors’ Financial Capacity on Performance of Road Construction in Kakamega County, Kenya. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2018) Volume 00, No 1, pp 00-00
[2] Allen, M.J. and Yen, M.W. (2002). Introduction to measurement theory. Long Grove, IL: Waveland press
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[8] Gitahi, K.K. and Omutoko, L.O. (2015). Determinants Influencing Monitoring and Evaluation Processes of Road Construction Projects in Kenya National Highways Authority (Kenha), Central Region, Kenya. Unpublished MA Research Project Report: University Of Nairobi, Kenya.
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[13] Mandala, E. and Mulwa, A. (2018). Influence of Stakeholder’s Involvement in Project Management on the Performance of Road Construction Projects in Kenya: A Case of Bondo Sub County, Siaya County. Unpublished MA Research Report, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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[16] Mutoro, C., Asinza, K., Kanda, E. and Malenya, A. (2017). Effect of Contractor Capacity and Monitoring and Evaluation on Completion of Water Projects among Water Services Boards in Kenya. International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 163-167
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[24] Tengan, C. and Aigbavboa, C. (2018). The Role of Monitoring and Evaluation in Construction Project Management. International Journal of Project Management 30(1), 105–116
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[27] Wambugu, L.N, Kyalo, N.D, Mbii, M, and Nyonje, R.O. (2015). Research methods theory and practice. Kenya: Aura Publishers
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Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD, Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD, Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD, “Monitoring and Evaluation Budgetary Allocation and Performance of Road Construction Projects in Kisumu County, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.15-21 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/15-21.pdf
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Empowering stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 22-27
Water projects face implementation challenges of cost and time overruns due to lack of stakeholders’ involvement and this has led sustainability constraints. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of empowering stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and data collected through self-administered structured questionnaire. The research instrument was piloted for content validity and reliability tests. A sample size of 118 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling from a target population of 167 involved in implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. High Cronbach’s coefficient Alpha of 0.8 was obtained. The data was analysed using descriptive statistic of mean, standard deviation, frequencies percentages and inferential statistics of correlation and regression at α=0.05 level of significance. The study found out statistically significant relationships between Empowering Stakeholder Involvement Approach and Implementation of Water Projects. The null hypothesis H01: Empowering stakeholder involvement approach does not significantly influence implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county was rejected since p=0.000<0.05. It is recommended that a holistic bottom up approach in implementation of projects should be embraced so that all key stakeholders in projects become part and parcel of the projects and to bring ownership of projects by stakeholders. Further research should be carried out on project planning and design to establish whether stakeholders are involved at these initial stages before implementation of water projects.
Page(s): 22-27 Date of Publication: 22 December 2021
Edwin Omondi Arwa
MA Project Planning and Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
[1] Akhmouch A. and Clavreul D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: “Practicing WhatWe Preach” with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. 8(204).
[2] Birongo, J. M. and Quyen, N. L. (2005). An Analysis of Water Governance in Kibera, Kenya. Retrieved 25th April 2019 from: http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/863/1/ Project%20Report%20-%20Group%202249.pdf
[3] Bunea, A. (2017). Designing stakeholder consultations: Reinforcing or alleviating bias in the European Union system of governance? European Journal of Political Research, 56(1), 46–69.
[4] Carr, S. M., Lhussier, M., Wilkinson, J., & Gleadhill, S. (2008). Empowerment evaluation applied to public health practice. Critical Public Health, 18(2), 161–174.
[5] Chidammodzi, C. L., & Muhandiki, V. S. (2015). Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 20(3), 166–181.
[6] Cook, J. &. (2016). Environment for Development: The Costs of Coping with Poor Water Supply in Rural Kenya. Retrieved from Environment for Development. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-costs-of-coping-with-poor-water-supply-in-rural-Cook-Kimuyu/68f51edccfa1bb9936ea0c6dd2bf2217329a9d4d
[7] Giupponi, C., Jakemann, A.J, Karssenberg, D. and Hare, M.P. (2006). Sustainable management of Water resources: An integrated approach, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing limited
[8] Graff, M., & Francis, R. (2017). Does Stakeholder Participation Influence Epa’s Chemical Risk Values? Public Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 496–531. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=124570588&site=ehost-live
[9] Nyabera T. M. (2015). Influence of Stakeholder Participation on Implementation of Projects in Kenya: A Case of Compassion International Assisted Projects in Mwingi Sub-County. University of Nairobi.
[10] Owuor, M. O., & Moronge, M. (2017). Influence of Stakeholder Participation on Completion of Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Informal Settlements in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business and climate change, 3(4), 42 – 59.
[11] Rowlinson, S., & Yan Ki Fiona Cheung. (2008). Stakeholder management through empowerment: modelling project success. Construction Management & Economics, 26(6), 611–623.
[12] Safford, T., Carlson, M., & Hart, Z. (2009). Stakeholder Collaboration and Organizational Innovation in the Planning of the Deschutes Estuary Feasibility Study. Coastal Management, 37(6), 514–528.
[13] Smith, S. (2012). Toward Inclusive Co-Management: Factors Influencing Stakeholder Participation. Coastal Management, 40(3), 327–337.
[14] Spath, L., & Scolobig, A. (2016). Stakeholder empowerment through participatory planning practices:The case of electricity transmission lines in France and Norway. Energy Research & Social Science. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82828322.pdf retrieved on 20.04.2019
[15] Sturdy, S., Smith-Merry, J., & Freeman, R. (2012). Stakeholder Consultation as Social Mobilization: Framing Scottish Mental Health Policy. Social Policy & Administration, 46(7), 823–844. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2012.00848.x
[16] Taplin, D. H., Clark, H, Collins E., & Colby, D. C. (2013). A Series of Papers to Support Development of Theories of Change Based on Practice in the Field. Theory of Change Technical Papers. http://www.actknowledge.org/resources/documents/ToC-Tech-Papers.pdf
[17] UNEP (2019). Sustainable Development Goals and water. https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/water/what-we-do/supporting-sustainable-development-goals-and-water retrieved on 5th May 2019
[18] UNICEF. (2014). Theory of Change
[19] Uraiwong, P, & Watanabe T. (2017). Stakeholder Analysis of Water Resources Projects in Thailand. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724507_STAKEHOLDER_ANALYSIS_OF_WATER_RESOURCES_PROJECTS_IN_THAILAND on 30th March 2019
[20] Wickenden, M., Mulligan, D., Fefoame, G. O., & Katende, P. (2012). Stakeholder consultations on community-based rehabilitation guidelines in Ghana and Uganda. African Journal of Disability, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v1i1.1
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD, “Empowering stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.22-27 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/22-27.pdf
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Alternative Risk Transfer and Performance of Power Projects in Kenya
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD, Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD, Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 28-35
Renewable energy development has been underexploited in Kenya due to investor’s negative perception of the projects’ high investment risk which has depressed private capital penetration. The purpose of the study was to establish the extent to which Alternative Risk Transfer influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. The study adopted pragmatism paradigm, mixed method approach and descriptive survey design. Structured questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a census of 94 participants. Validity test of 0.775 and a reliability coefficient of 0.781 were obtained after pretesting of the instruments amongst 10% of the participants. Descriptive statistic and inferential statistic of Correlation and Regression was done at a significance level of 0.05 and thematic content analysis of qualitative data for triangulation. The hypothesis test results for H0: Alternative Risk Transfer does not significantly influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05.Therefore the study concluded that Alternative risk transfer significantly influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. It is recommended that Project management and policy makers should integrate alternative risk transfer products to improve performance of hydroelectric energy projects through targeted policies to boost investors and lenders confidence. Further research should be carried out on the determinants for adoption of Alternative risk transfer in power projects in Kenya.
Page(s): 28-35 Date of Publication: 23 December 2021
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD
Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD
Associate Professor PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Open and Distance Learning, Kenya
Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Open and Distance Learning, Kenya
[1] Bouriaux, S. and Richard MacMinn, R. (2009). Securitization of Catastrophe Risk: New Developments in Insurance- Linked Securities and Derivatives. Journal of Insurance Issues, 2009, 32 (1): 1–34
[2] Chieh, O.Y. (2010). Managing Catastrophic risk by alternative risk transfer instruments (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 220. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/220
[3] Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
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[8] Eling, M. and Schnell, W. (2017). Recent Research Developments Affecting Non-Life Insurance – The CAS Risk Premium Project 2016 Update. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 19(2), 249-284
[9] Forent, N. (2003). The ART gallery. Accessed from www.captivereview.com.
[10] Frisari, G., Hervè-Mignucci, M., Micale, V., and Mazza, F. (2013). Risk Gaps: A map of risk mitigation instruments for clean investments. Climate Policy Initiative Report. Available at: www.climatepolicyinitiative.org
[11] Gitone, I. (2014). Determinants of adoption of renewable energy in Kenya. Unpublished research paper in M.A Economics, School of Economics, University of Nairobi.
[12] Gómez-Baggethun, E. and Muradian, R. (2015). In Markets We Trust? Setting the Boundaries of Market-Based Instruments in Ecosystem Services Governance. Journal of Ecological Economics. Vol. 117 pp 217-224.
[13] International Evaluation Group (IEG) (2009). Independent evaluation of MIGA’s development effectiveness: Enhancing MIGA’s risk mitigation in IDA and conflict-affected countries. The World Bank-MIGA Washington, DC.
[14] Kothari C. (2003). Research methodology, methods and Techniques. New Delhi: Wisha Prakshan.
[15] Luis, J., Sidek, L., Desa, M., and Julien, P. (2013). Sustainability of hydropower as source of renewable and clean energy. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth and Environmental science. 16 012050
[16] Ministry of Energy (2020c). Kenya Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda. Kenya.
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[21] Pramangioulis, D., Atsonios, K., Nikolopoulos, N., Rakopoulos, D., Grammelis, P. and Kakaras, E. (2019). A Methodology for Determination and Definition of Key Performance Indicators for Smart Grids Development in Island Energy Systems Energies 2019, 12, 242; doi:10.3390/en12020242
[22] Rezec, M. and Scholtens, B. (2017). Financing energy transformation: The role of renewable energy equity indices, International Journal of Green Energy, 14:4, 368-378
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[24] Saxena, S.C. (2008). Growth Dynamics: The Myth of Economic Recovery. American Economic Review, 98 (1): 439-57.DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.1.439
[25] Schanz, K. (1999). Alternative Risk Transfer (ART) for corporations: A passing fashion or risk management for the 21st century? Sigma Report No. 2/1999, Swiss Re.
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[27] Sibiya, M., Aigbavboa, C. and Thwala, W. (2015). Construction Projects’ Key Performance Indicators: A case of the South Africa Construction Industry. DOI: 10.1061/9780784479377.111
[28] Teddlie, C., and Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research. CA: Sage Publications.
[29] Wambugu, L.N, Kyalo, N.D, Mbii, M, and Nyonje, R.O. (2015). Research methods theory and practice. Kenya: Aura Publishers
[30] Waweru, E. and Rambo, C. (2017). Factors influencing effective hydroelectric power supply generation in Kenya; a case of Kindaruma power station project in Machakos County. Unpublished research report
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD, Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD, Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD, “Alternative Risk Transfer and Performance of Power Projects in Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.28-35 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/28-35.pdf
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Management Systems of 3R and Sustainability of E-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, George G. Wagah, PhD, Leah Onyango, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 36-44
In spite of the increased use of electronic gadgets which has proportionately increased the accumulation of e-waste, E-waste in Kisumu is informally managed and it is not known whether the informal management of e-waste is sustainable. The purpose of this study was to establish management systems of 3R on sustainability of e-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya. The research adopted a descriptive survey design and data collected using questionnaires, interview, Focus Group Discussions and observation from a sample size of 425 respondents out of a target population of 148,494 households while analysis involved descriptive statistics. The study concludes that the current e-waste management is not sustainable because: there is no monitoring of the volumes of e-waste generated making it difficult to plan for its disposal, there is a high turnover of e waste at the rate of 78% within 5 years without a corresponding mechanism for reducing, recycling and reusing, policy formulation and enforcement by relevant government ministries remains weak and investors and NGOs are unwilling to invest in this area due to expensive capital infrastructure and technology inadequacy. The study recommends that NEMA e-waste management guideline 2010 should be enforced to ensure proper reduce, reuse, recycling and disposal besides amendments to Public Health Act (1962), Urban Areas and Cities Act No.13 of 2011 (Cap. 265) to comply with the NEMA guideline. MIC should enforce their requirement for Extended Producer Responsibility on ICT Actors. The relevant ministries and the civil society need to create awareness of e-waste and its safe handling. NEMA and the County Government should offer incentives to interested investors. KEBS should train expertise in forensic audit of hazardous components included in electronic equipment’s and discourage importation of such substances.
Page(s): 36-44 Date of Publication: 23 December 2021
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo
MA Project Planning and Management Student, Maseno University, Kenya
George G. Wagah, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, Maseno University, School of Planning and Architecture, Kenya
Leah Onyango, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, Maseno University, School of Planning and Architecture, Kenya
[1] Babu, B. R., Parande, A. K., & Basha, C., A. (2007): Electrical and electronic waste: a global environmental problem. Waste Management & Research, 25(4), 307-318
[2] Brunner, P. H., & Fellner J. (2007): Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries. Waste Manage Res 25:234– 240. Washington DC.
[3] Bulkeley, H., Watson, M., Hudson, R., & Weaver, P. (2005). Governing municipal waste: towards a new analytical framework. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 7 (1), 1–23.
[4] Carl Bro report (2001): Study of the Environmental Situation in Three Urban Centres; New-Delhi India.
[5] Chatterjee, S. & Kumar, K. (2009). Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(13), 893–905.
[6] Cunmingham, W. P., & Cunningham M. A., (2002): Principles of Environmental Science. Graw Hill, New York.
[7] Davis, G., & Heart, S. (2007): Electronic waste: The local government perspective in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(8-9), 1031–1039
[8] Fricker & Alan (2001): Measuring up to sustainability – Sustainable Futures Trust http://www.metafuture.org/articlesbycolleagues/AlanFricker/MeasuringSustainability
[9] Gartner Inc. (2007): Worldwide mobile phone sales; Press release 27 February 2007. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/612207. Accessed 26 Jul 2014
[10] Gao Z., Li J., & Zhang H., C. (2004): Electronics and the Environment, IEEE International Symposium pp.234-241. Earthscan, London.
[11] Hall W.J., & Williams P.T., (2007). Separation and Recovery of Materials From Scrap Printed Circuit Board., Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 51, 2007, pp. 691-709.
[12] Hanapi B. M., & Tang B. S., (2006). Selective Liquid-Liquid Extraction of precious metals from semiconductor wastes, Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Technology Malaysia. http://eprints.utm.my /2743 /1 /72157.pdf.
[13] Hewlett-Packard HP, (2010): http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/government/us/ewaste.html, Accessed June 15, 2010.
[14] Kenya Alliance of Resident Associations (KARA), Sustainable Aid in Africa (SANA) International, and Ilishe Trust, (2007). Citizens’ Report Card on Urban Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Services in Kenya: Summary of Results from Nairobi, Kisumu and Mombasa. Nairobi, Kenya.
[15] Kathuri, N. J., & Pals, A. D. (1993): Introduction to educational research. Egerton: Egerton University Education Book Series. Kenya
[16] Kleine, D., & Unwin, T. (2009): Technological Revolution, Evolution and New Dependencies: Third World Quarterly, 30(5), 1045 – 1067. Latin- America
[17] Klundert, A., & Anschutz, J. (1999). Integrated Sustainable Waste Management: the selection of appropriate technologies and the design of sustainable systems is not (only) a technical issue.
[18] Kombo D. K., & Tromp D. L. (2006): Proposal and Thesis Writing: Introduction (2006). Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.
[19] Kothari C. (2003). Research methodology, methods and Techniques. New Delhi: Wisha Prakshan.
[20] Lardinois, I., & Van de Klundert, A. (1999). Integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM). LARDINOIS, I. and FUREDY, C. Source Separation of Household Waste Materials–Analysis of Case Studies from Pakistan, The Philippines, India, Brazil, Argentina and the Netherlands. Gouda, Urban Waste Series, 7.
[21] Lifset, R., & Lindhqvist T. (2008). Producer Responsibility at a Turning Point? Journal of Industrial Ecology 12(2) 144–147.
[22] Lindhqvist, T. (2000): Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production; the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economic; Dissertations 2000:2 Sweden Lund University.
[23] Liu, Q., Li, Q. K., Zhao, H., Li, G., & Fan, Y. F. (2009): The global challenge of electronic waste management. Environmental science and pollution research international, 16(3), 248–249. China.
[24] Lombard R., & Widmer R., (2005). E-Waste Assessment in South Africa, A Case Study of the Gauteng Province. EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland. Available at: http://ewasteguide.info/ Widmer_2005_Empa. Last accessed on 7th July, 2008.
[25] Moreno, J.A., Rios F.R. & Lardinois I. (1999): Solid waste management in Latin America: the role of micro- and small enterprises and co-operatives. Latin America
[26] Mou, W., Namara, T. P., Valiquette, C. M., & Rump, B. (2004): Allocentric and egocentric updating of spatial memories. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30(1):142–157
[27] Nnorom, I. C., & Osibanjo, O., (2008): Electronic waste (e-waste): material flows and management practices in Nigeria. Waste Manage 28:1472–1479.
[28] Napoleon Edger (2009): E-waste Management in East African Community. Orebro University, Sweden
[29] Nokia (2010): Nokia Sustainability Report. http://www.nokia.com/corporate-responsibility/ reporting
[30] Obera B. and Oyier M. (2002): Sustainable Solid Waste Management for Kisumu, Kenya in: 28th WEDC Conference Kolkata (Calcutta), India.
[31] OECD (2002): Working Group on Waste Prevention and Recycling; How to Apply Environmentally Sound Management to Small and Medium Size Enterprises. Washington D.C.
[32] Peralta, G. L., & Fontanos, P., M. (2006). E-waste issues and measures in the Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(1), 34-39
[33] Pirrone F. P., & Peralta, G. L. (2006): E-waste issues and measures in the Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(1), 34-39. Philippines.
[34] Pirrone, N. & Mahaffey K., R. (2005). Where we stand on mercury pollution and its health effects on regional and global scales. In N. Pirrone and K. Mahaffey (eds.), Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales: Atmospheric Processes, Human Exposure around the World, pp. 1-24. Norwell: Springer Publisher.
[35] Shinkuma, T., & Huong, M., T. (2009): The flow of E-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of international trade policies on E-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment, Review 29(1), 25-31
[36] Smith, T. & Byster, L. (2006). The Electronics Production Lifecycle. From Toxics to Sustainability: Getting Off the Toxic Treadmill,’ in T. Smith, D. Sonnenfeld & D.N. Pellow (eds), Challenging the Chip, Labour Rights and Environmental Justice in the Global Electronics Industry. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
[37] Streicher-Porte, M., Widmer, R., Jain, A., Bader, H. P., Scheidegger, R., & Kytzia, S. (2005): Key drivers of the e-waste recycling system: Assessing and modeling e-waste processing in the informal sector in Delhi. Environmental Impact Assessment, 25(5), 472-491
[38] Tibbs H. (1999): ‘Sustainability’, Deeper News, Global Business Network, 10:1 E-waste management in South Africa, Kenya and Morocco: Developing a pathway to sustainable systems
[39] Report commissioned by Hewlett-Packard 2009. St. Gallen, Switzerland.
[40] United Nations Environment Programme (2009): Recycling – From E-waste to Resources. www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/E-Waste_publication_screen_
[41] Van-de-Kludert, A and Anschütz J., (2001): Integrated Sustainable Waste Management .Gouda Taiwan.
[42] Waema, T. and Muriuki, M. (2008): E-waste Management in Kenya. Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya.
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, George G. Wagah, PhD, Leah Onyango, PhD, “Management Systems of 3R and Sustainability of E-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.36-44 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/36-44.pdf
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Public awareness and sustainability of e-waste management in Kenya
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, George G. Wagah, PhD, Leah Onyango, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 45-52
The increased use of electronic gadgets has proportionately increased the accumulation of e-waste. Currently, E waste in Kisumu is informally managed and it is not known whether the informal management of e-waste is sustainable. The purpose of this study was to assess the public awareness on sustainability of e-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya. The research adopted a descriptive survey design and data collected using questionnaires, interviews, Focus Group Discussions and observation from a sample size of 425 respondents selected through simple random sampling out of a target population of 148,494 households while analysis involved descriptive statistics. The study concludes that the current e-waste management is not sustainable because: there is no monitoring of the volumes of e-waste generated making it difficult to plan for its disposal, there is a high turnover of e-waste of 78% every 5 years without a corresponding mechanism for reducing, recycling and reusing, the current level of stakeholder awareness on e-waste management is not adequate, policy formulation and enforcement by relevant government ministries remains weak and investors and NGOs are unwilling to invest in this area due to expensive capital infrastructure and technology inadequacy. The study recommends that NEMA e-waste management guideline 2010 should be enforced to ensure proper reduce, reuse, recycling and disposal besides amendments to Public Health Act (1962), Urban Areas and Cities Act No.13 of 2011 (Cap. 265) to comply with the NEMA guideline. MIC should enforce their requirement for Extended Producer Responsibility on ICT Actors. The relevant ministries and the civil society need to create awareness of e-waste and its safe handling. KEBS should train expertise in forensic audit of hazardous components included in electronic equipment and discourage importation of such substances.
Page(s): 45-52 Date of Publication: 23 December 2021
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo
MA Project Planning and Management Student, Maseno University, Kenya
George G. Wagah, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, Maseno University, School of Planning and Architecture, Kenya
Leah Onyango, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, Maseno University, School of Planning and Architecture, Kenya
[1] Babu, B. R., Parande, A. K., & Basha, C., A. (2007): Electrical and electronic waste: a global environmental problem. Waste Management & Research, 25(4), 307-318
[2] Brunner, P. H., & Fellner J. (2007): Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries. Waste Manage Res 25:234– 240. Washington DC.
[3] Bulkeley, H., Watson, M., Hudson, R., & Weaver, P. (2005). Governing municipal waste: towards a new analytical framework. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 7 (1), 1–23.
[4] Carl Bro report (2001): Study of the Environmental Situation in Three Urban Centres; New-Delhi India.
[5] Chatterjee, S. & Kumar, K. (2009). Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(13), 893–905.
[6] Cunmingham, W. P., & Cunningham M. A., (2002): Principles of Environmental Science. Graw Hill, New York.
[7] Davis, G., & Heart, S. (2007): Electronic waste: The local government perspective in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(8-9), 1031–1039
[8] Gartner Inc. (2007): Worldwide mobile phone sales; Press release 27 February 2007. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/612207. Accessed 26 Jul 2014
[9] Gao Z., Li J., & Zhang H., C. (2004): Electronics and the Environment, IEEE International Symposium pp.234-241. Earthscan, London.
[10] Hall W.J., & Williams P.T., (2007). Separation and Recovery of Materials From Scrap Printed Circuit Board., Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 51, 2007, pp. 691-709.
[11] Hanapi B. M., & Tang B. S., (2006). Selective Liquid-Liquid Extraction of precious metals from semiconductor wastes, Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Technology Malaysia. http://eprints.utm.my /2743 /1 /72157.pdf.
[12] Hewlett-Packard HP, (2010): http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/government/us/ewaste.html, Accessed June 15, 2010.
[13] Kenya Alliance of Resident Associations (KARA), Sustainable Aid in Africa (SANA) International, and Ilishe Trust, (2007). Citizens’ Report Card on Urban Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Services in Kenya: Summary of Results from Nairobi, Kisumu and Mombasa. Nairobi, Kenya.
[14] Kathuri, N. J., & Pals, A. D. (1993): Introduction to educational research. Egerton: Egerton University Education Book Series. Kenya
[15] Kleine, D., & Unwin, T. (2009): Technological Revolution, Evolution and New Dependencies: Third World Quarterly, 30(5), 1045 – 1067. Latin- America
[16] Klundert, A., & Anschutz, J. (1999). Integrated Sustainable Waste Management: the selection of appropriate technologies and the design of sustainable systems is not (only) a technical issue.
[17] Kombo D. K., & Tromp D. L. (2006): Proposal and Thesis Writing: Introduction (2006). Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.
[18] Lardinois, I. & Van de Kludert A. (1995): Community and private (formal and informal) sector involvement in municipal solid waste management in developing countries. Ittingen, Switzerland.
[19] Lardinois, I., & Van de Klundert, A. (1999). Integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM). LARDINOIS, I. and FUREDY, C. Source Separation of Household Waste Materials–Analysis of Case Studies from Pakistan, The Philippines, India, Brazil, Argentina and the Netherlands. Gouda, Urban Waste Series, 7.
[20] Lifset, R., & Lindhqvist T. (2008). Producer Responsibility at a Turning Point? Journal of Industrial Ecology 12(2) 144–147.
[21] Lindhqvist, T. (2000): Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production; the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economic; Dissertations 2000:2 Sweden Lund University.
[22] Liu, Q., Li, Q. K., Zhao, H., Li, G., & Fan, Y. F. (2009): The global challenge of electronic waste management. Environmental science and pollution research international, 16(3), 248–249. China.
[23] Lombard R., & Widmer R., (2005). E-Waste Assessment in South Africa, A Case Study of the Gauteng Province. EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland. Available at: http://ewasteguide.info/Widmer_2005_Empa. Last accessed on 7th July, 2008.
[24] Moreno, J.A., Rios F.R. & Lardinois I. (1999): Solid waste management in Latin America: the role of micro- and small enterprises and co-operatives. Latin America
[25] Mou, W., Namara, T. P., Valiquette, C. M., & Rump, B. (2004): Allocentric and egocentric updating of spatial memories. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30(1):142–157
[26] Mou P., Wa L., Xiang D., Gao J., & Duan G. (2004). A physical process for recycling and reusing waste printed circuit boards, Dept. of Precision Instrum. & Mechanology, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China, IEEE International Symposium on electronics and the environment, 10-13 May, pp.237- 242.
[27] Nnorom, I. C., & Osibanjo, O., (2008): Electronic waste (e-waste): material flows and management practices in Nigeria. Waste Manage 28:1472–1479.
[28] Napoleon Edger (2009): E-waste Management in East African Community. Orebro University, Sweden
[29] Nokia (2010): Nokia Sustainability Report. http://www.nokia.com/corporate-responsibility/ reporting
[30] Obera B. and Oyier M. (2002): Sustainable Solid Waste Management for Kisumu, Kenya in: 28th WEDC Conference Kolkata (Calcutta), India.
[31] OECD (2002): Working Group on Waste Prevention and Recycling; How to Apply Environmentally Sound Management to Small and Medium Size Enterprises. Washington D.C.
[32] Peralta, G. L. & Fontanos, P., M. (2006). E-waste issues and measures in the Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(1), 34-39
[33] Pirrone F. P., & Peralta, G. L. (2006): E-waste issues and measures in the Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(1), 34-39. Philippines.
[34] Shinkuma, T., & Huong, M., T. (2009): The flow of E-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of international trade policies on E-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment, Review 29(1), 25-31
[35] Smith, P., G. & Scott J., S. (2005): Dictionary of Water and Waste Management; Second edition. Heinemann, Oxford.
[36] Smith, T. & Byster, L. (2006). The Electronics Production Lifecycle. From Toxics to Sustainability: Getting Off the Toxic Treadmill,’ in T. Smith, D. Sonnenfeld & D.N. Pellow (eds), Challenging the Chip, Labour Rights and Environmental Justice in the Global Electronics Industry. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
[37] Streicher-Porte, M., Widmer, R., Jain, A., Bader, H. P., Scheidegger, R., & Kytzia, S. (2005): Key drivers of the e-waste recycling system: Assessing and modeling e-waste processing in the informal sector in Delhi. Environmental Impact Assessment, 25(5), 472-491
[38] Tibbs H. (1999): ‘Sustainability’, Deeper News, Global Business Network, 10:1 E-waste management in South Africa, Kenya and Morocco: Developing a pathway to sustainable systems
[39] United Nations Environment Programme (2009): Recycling – From E-waste to Resources. www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/E-Waste_publication_screen_
[40] Van-de-Kludert, A and Anschütz J., (2001): Integrated Sustainable Waste Management .Gouda Taiwan.
[41] Waema, T. and Muriuki, M. (2008): E-waste Management in Kenya. Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya.
[42] Williams, E. (2004). ‘Energy Intensity of Computer Manufacturing: Hybrid Assessment Combining Process and Economic Input-Output Methods’. United Nation University. Environmental Science Technology, Volume 38. No 22. Tokyo, Japan.
[43] Mitullah W. V., (2013): Urban Areas and Cities Act No.13 of 2011 and Transition Imperatives; Maseno University, Kenya
[44] World Bank (2006, 2004): World Development Indicators; http://www.worldbank.org/data/ wdi2004 / index.htm
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, George G. Wagah, PhD, Leah Onyango, PhD, “Public awareness and sustainability of e-waste management in Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.45-52 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/45-52.pdf
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Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticidal Residue in Selected Daily Consumed Vegetables in Akure Metropolis
Abata E.O December 2021 – Page No.: 53-58
Farmers highly depend on chemical pesticides in recent farming practices to ensure expected yield is met, and organophosphates pesticides has been the common pesticides used on fruits and vegetables, this pesticide’s instruction are not dully followed by farmers. Thereby the possibility of residue of these pesticides will continually be a concern. Acceptable daily intake values are being set by WHO and Food and Drug Agency using Cordex, and also the maximum residual limits of each pesticides in each fruit and vegetables to ensure safe level is maintained. But the farmers might not be informed about the possibility of the dangers of long-term exposure to the pesticide. This study shows the concentration level of organophosphate residue in fruits eaten almost every day in relation to the health risk values. The concentration ranges from Fenamiphos with a mean concentration of 0.08mg/kg showing the lowest while bromophos-methyl showed a mean concentration of1.136mg/kg as the highest mean concentration followed by azinfos-methyl with a mean concentration of 1.056mg/kg, then Chlorpyrifos with mean concentration of 1.046mg/kg. Bromophos-ethyl was only detected in tomatoes and onions, Etrimfos was not detected in carrot and carrot has the least pesticides summation of the detected pesticide while garden egg sample shows the highest concentration summation followed by tomato, a daily consumed vegetable/fruit in the southern part of Nigeria. It also revealed that the health risk index for children is of concern than other population therefore cooking these vegetable and fruits is recommended to greatly lower the residues.
Page(s): 53-58 Date of Publication: 27 December 2021
Abata E.O
Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
[1] Akan, J.C., Jafiya L., Mohammed Z., AbdulrahmanF.I 2013. Organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables and soil samples from alau dam and gongulong agricultural areas, Borno State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2013, pp. 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.14
[2] Angioni, A., Dedola, F, Garau, A, Sarais, G, Cabras, P, Caboni, P. 2011. Chlorpyrifos residues levels in fruits and vegetables after field treatment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 46(6), 544-549.
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[4] Elgueta, S., Moyano, S., Sepúlveda, P, Quiroz, C, Correa, A. 2017. Pesticide residues in leafy vegetables and human health risk assessment in North Central agricultural areas of Chile. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 10(2), 105-112.
[5] EPA (2021, February 1). What is pesticide? Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/minimum-risk-pesticides/what-pesticide
[6] Fatunsin, O. T., Oyeyiola, A. O, Moshood, M. O., Akanbi, L. M & Fadahunsi, D. E. 2020. Dietary risk assessment of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues in commonly eaten food crops. Scientific African, 8, e00442.
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[21] Zhao, F.&Liu, J. 2020 Effects of the cooking modes on commonly used pesticides residue in vegetables and their chronic dietary exposure risk in South China, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 37:1, 121-130, DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1681594
Abata E.O, “Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticidal Residue in Selected Daily Consumed Vegetables in Akure Metropolis” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.53-58 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/53-58.pdf
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Analysis and implications of swampy lands development in Major City of Nigeria
Tobi Derebebeapade Stanisslous, EDIDONG Elijah Usip, Amakiri – White Belema Henry December 2021 – Page No.: 59-65
With the current trend and challenges of built-up swamp, many urban centres are experiencing consistent flooding and food insecurity causing huge damages and losses. The aim of the study was to analyse the implications of swampy development and the concern before the contributors of physical development in Nigeria. It explores the institutional arrangement for swamp management, planning measures that have been undertaken to reduce non-scientific development and management of swamplands, and possible ways to enhance the application of urban planning to reduce built-up swamp and management. However, the strength of physical planning in mitigating the development of swamp is well recognised. Also inadequate plans and poor enforcement makes development of swamp preparedness, response and recovery laughable hence resilience is frail .This study therefore set out to disentangle pertinent land uses that vanished swampland in Port Harcourt, ascertain the pattern and consequences of the encroachment in to swampy land. The research employed structured questionnaire techniques for data collection while Pearson product moment Correlation coefficient and mathematical percentage (MP) were the analytical tools used. The findings show that transportation land use (r = .262 p>.05), industrial land uses (r = .211 p>.05), residential land uses (r = .358 p>.05) commercial (r = .222 p>.05) and institutional were the significant factors for sprawling and by extension the development of swampy land in Port Harcourt urban space. In addition, the result also shows that the loss of food security (23%), recreation (11%), education and research services (15%), tourism/recreation (17%), open space and aesthetics (17%) cultural value (17%) are the major effects. The study concluded with recommendations that town planning board, authorities and registered town planners in consultancy services should advice state government on the risk and challenges of buildings on swamp regions and blockage of water ways of Port Harcourt Nigeria.
Page(s): 59-65 Date of Publication: 27 December 2021
Tobi Derebebeapade Stanisslous
Department of Architecture, Ken Saro Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria
EDIDONG Elijah Usip
Department of urban and Regional Planning, AkwaIbom state Polytechnic Ikot Osurua, Nigeria
Amakiri – White Belema Henry
Department of Architecture, Ken Saro Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria
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Tobi Derebebeapade Stanisslous, EDIDONG Elijah Usip, Amakiri – White Belema Henry, “Analysis and implications of swampy lands development in Major City of Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.59-65 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/59-65.pdf
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Participative stakeholder involvement approach and implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya
Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 66-72
Water projects face implementation challenges of cost and time overruns due to lack of stakeholders’ involvement and this has led sustainability constraints. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of participative stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. The study adopted descriptive survey research design; the data was collected through self-administered structured questionnaire. The research instrument was piloted for content validity and reliability tests. A sample size of 118 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling from a target population of 167 involved in implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. High Cronbach’s coefficient Alpha of 0.8 was obtained. The data was analysed using descriptive statistic of mean, standard deviation, frequencies percentages and inferential statistics of correlation and regression at α=0.05 level of significance. The study found out statistically significant relationships between Participative Stakeholder Involvement Approach and Implementation of Water Projects. The null hypothesis H01: Participative stakeholder involvement approach does not significantly influence implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county was rejected since p=0.000<0.05. It is recommended that a holistic bottom up approach in implementation of projects should be embraced so that all key stakeholders in projects become part and parcel of the projects and to bring ownership of projects by stakeholders. Further research should be carried out on project planning and design to establish whether stakeholders are involved at these initial stages before implementation of water projects.
Page(s): 66-72 Date of Publication: 27 December 2021
Edwin Omondi Arwa
MA Project Planning and Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
, A. andClavreul, D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: “Practicing What We Preach” with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. 8(204).
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Edwin Omondi Arwa, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD, Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD, “Participative stakeholder involvement approach and implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.66-72 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/66-72.pdf
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Stakeholders’ Role and Sustainability of E-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, George G. Wagah, PhD, Leah Onyango, PhD December 2021 – Page No.: 73-80
The increased use of electronic gadgets has proportionately increased the accumulation of e-waste. E-waste is hazardous to the environment and health if not properly managed due to toxic substances contained in them. Currently, E waste in Kisumu is informally managed and it is not known whether the informal management of e-waste is sustainable. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of stakeholders in sustainable e-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya. The research adopted a descriptive survey design and data collected using questionnaires, interviews, Focus Group Discussions and observation from a sample size of 425 respondents selected through stratified random sampling out of a target population of 148,494 households while analysis involved descriptive statistics. The study concludes that the current e-waste management is not sustainable because the current level of stakeholders’ awareness on e-waste management is not adequate, policy formulation and enforcement by relevant government ministries remains weak and investors and NGOs are unwilling to invest in this area due to expensive capital infrastructure and technology inadequacy. The study recommends that NEMA e-waste management guideline 2010 should be enforced to ensure proper reduce, reuse, recycling and disposal besides amendments to Public Health Act (1962), Urban Areas and Cities Act No.13 of 2011 (Cap. 265) to comply with the NEMA guideline. MIC should enforce their requirement for Extended Producer Responsibility on ICT Actors. NEMA and the County Government should offer incentives to interested investors. KEBS should train expertise in forensic audit of hazardous components included in electronic equipments and discourage importation of such substances.
Page(s): 73-80 Date of Publication: 28 December 2021
Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo
MA Project Planning and Management Student, Maseno University, Kenya
George G. Wagah, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, Maseno University, School of Planning and Architecture, Kenya
Leah Onyango, PhD
Senior Lecturer PhD, Maseno University, School of Planning and Architecture, Kenya
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Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, George G. Wagah, PhD, Leah Onyango, PhD, “Stakeholders’ Role and Sustainability of E-waste management in Kisumu City, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.73-80 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/73-80.pdf
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Construction Bonds Effect for Novice Construction Firms in Kampala Uganda
Gilbert Ahereza, Hussein Muhaise, Abdul Qayoum Lawal, Mohammad Mustafa Mundu December 2021 – Page No.: 81-82
Surety bonds are of ancient times dating back to 2750 BC when a farmer who was offering services to a king, when not able to fulfill his duties hired another farmer to do the duties on his behalf and share the proceedings equally, a local merchant acted as surety and effected the compliance of the second farmer to the agreement. Suretyship grew up steadily over years and has today taken root in many business transactions requiring guarantors. In Construction projects, surety bonds are fundamental as construction projects are a risky business and at times referred to as a war fare. Apart from mobilization of materials and labor there is usually a divergence between project teams. The cause of divergent views between the project owner, principal contractor, sub contractors and the architect arrive from the payments allocations for all the concerned in the construction project. There is high entry new firms into construction ventures in Uganda, an investment that is fragile by nature of operations which is motivated the need for creating awareness on construction bonds that are vital for all parties involved in the construction project. This paper aims to craft knowledge on surety bonds /construction bonds to the novice construction companies getting aboard of the construction industry in Uganda. The study applied literature review, generalizations and systemization methods to diffuse the concept of construction bonds to the novice construction contractors as they enter the volatile construction business particularly in Kampala, Uganda.
Page(s): 81-82 Date of Publication: 29 December 2021
Gilbert Ahereza
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala international University, Uganda
Hussein Muhaise
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala international University, Uganda
Abdul Qayoum Lawal
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala international University, Uganda
Mohammad Mustafa Mundu
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kampala international University, Uganda
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Gilbert Ahereza, Hussein Muhaise, Abdul Qayoum Lawal, Mohammad Mustafa Mundu, “Construction Bonds Effect for Novice Construction Firms in Kampala Uganda” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.81-82 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/81-82.pdf
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White Misconducts: Informal Acts in Crossborder Primary Health Service Delivery (Case of Panggang, Central Java, Indonesia)
Isti Andini, Achmad Djunaedi, Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto, Ahmad Sarwadi December 2021 – Page No.: 83-89
Public health services in Indonesia are managed in a territorialism approach that limits services to a specific administrative area. Refferal system in health care sets primary health facilities to each citizen and limits crossborder services. The absence of primary health care in Glagaharjo border settlement and the limitation of crossborder services created barriers for universal health care in rural provincial border settlements. Interruptions in providing services to borderland communities were a major problem with the system during the era of good governance. Informal crossborder services involving changes in health-care administration came as a viable option for ensuring universal health-care services. This paper examines the process of crossborder primary health service delivery by Pustu Panggang, Central Java Province, to communities in Glagaharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, sharing provincial borderline. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews with local officials and stakeholders. Using the compare and contrast technique, the concepts of good governance and cross-border health services are compared and contrasted. Thefindings shows that informal acts including exceeding-authority decision making, ignorance, and other forms of misconducts come as the impromptu strategy to keep primary care available to those in need. As Covid-19 pandemic unfolded, informal acts save community from the lack of access to primary healthcare due to the cost of formal arrangement.
Page(s): 83-89 Date of Publication: 31 December 2021
Isti Andini
Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mad., Indonesia
Achmad Djunaedi
Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mad., Indonesia
Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto
Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mad., Indonesia
Ahmad Sarwadi
Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mad., Indonesia
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Isti Andini, Achmad Djunaedi, Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto, Ahmad Sarwadi, “White Misconducts: Informal Acts in Crossborder Primary Health Service Delivery (Case of Panggang, Central Java, Indonesia)” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.83-89 December 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2021.81201
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Factors Influencing User’s Behavior at Riverbank Space
Suryaning Setyowati, Achmad Djunaedi, Ahmad Sarwadi, Diananta Pramitasari December 2021 – Page No.: 90-98
The pedestrian path on one of the riverbanks that divides Surakarta, namely Kali Pepe, which is primarily used for circulation, is also used for a variety of activities by the surrounding communities The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that influence riverbank space use behavior. A qualitative descriptive case study was used as the research method. The Pringgodani Row House, Pringgading Village, Setabelan Village, Banjarsari District, Surakarta City, and 6 samples of row houses were chosen as cases on the banks of the Kali Pepe river. The findings indicated that space constraints, occupant status, health, livelihoods, and security were factors that influenced he behavior of using the edge space, evidenced by the closure of the pedestrian street with a full canopy that functions as a living room, terrace, kitchen, gathering room, space for drying and circulation. This paper would help pedestrian planners in the edge space make the most of it as a public space and circulation space.
Page(s): 90-98 Date of Publication: 04 January 2022
Suryaning Setyowati
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Indonesia
Doctoral Program of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Achmad Djunaedi
Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mad., Indonesia
Ahmad Sarwadi
Doctoral Program of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Diananta Pramitasari
Doctoral Program of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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Suryaning Setyowati, Achmad Djunaedi, Ahmad Sarwadi, Diananta Pramitasari, “Factors Influencing User’s Behavior at Riverbank Space” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.90-98 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/90-98.pdf
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Determinants of Revisit Intention. Study on Local Tourist at Timor Tengah Selatan Regency
Elly Lay, Fred M. Dethan, Erna Giri, Frengky Dupe December 2021 – Page No.: 99-104
This study aims to analyze and determine the factors that influence the intention of tourists to make repeat visits to tourist objects in the Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) district. The data analysis method used is descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, using the SPSS application.
This study took place in Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) Regency, with the consideration that TTS Regency has a variety of potential tourism objects, which still need to be developed. For this reason, it is necessary to know in advance what factors can influence the intention of tourists to visit tourist objects in the area. Thus, appropriate marketing strategies can be formulated in order to increase the number of tourist visits in the future.The results showed that the average scores for the variables of service quality, facilities, attractiveness, destination image and revisit intentions were in the good or high category. Service quality has no significant effect on the intention to return. Meanwhile, the facilities, attractiveness, and image of the destination have a significant effect on the intention to visit again. Simultaneously these four variables have a significant effect on the intention to revisit. The results of the research are expected to provide input to local stakeholders in formulating tourism development policies as one of the supporting sectors for the regional economy.
Page(s): 99-104 Date of Publication: 05 January 2022
Elly Lay
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
Fred M. Dethan
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
Erna Giri
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
Frengky Dupe
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
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Elly Lay, Fred M. Dethan, Erna Giri, Frengky Dupe, “Determinants of Revisit Intention. Study on Local Tourist at Timor Tengah Selatan Regency” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.99-104 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/99-104.pdf
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Studies on Settlement Pattern, Gas Production and Rate of Degradation of Putrescible Via Primary Leachate Generation in Tropical Climate of Nigeria
Enokela O.S, M. G. Abubakar December 2021 – Page No.: 105-110
The study on settlement pattern, gas production and rate of degradation of putrescibles was investigated in this study from a prototype landfill in Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi-Nigeria using proposed water balance model. Fresh putrescible were collected from the university community to fill the single celled prototype landfill and allowed to degrade under natural condition for 50 days. Principal leachate and gas generation were recorded in-situ while other parameters were obtained from the waste settlement. Moisture content and pH variation were observed in a typical cell/bed (depth 60cm) during phase I and phases II of the experiment. A uniform settlement was recorded as a drop in height of the substrate column and maximum settlement was attained after 40 days. Field capacity decreases with waste volume and time. TOC and Gcell values of 2.5 and 2.7 respectively were established insitu for determination of the time rate of degradation. The time rate of degradation of putrescibles from the study is described as first order polynomial function (R² = 0.9866) with respect to FC but expressed as an exponential function in terms of height and wet weight of substrate ( R² = 0.9505 and R² = 0.9943 respectively).
Page(s): 105-110 Date of Publication: 06 January 2022
Enokela O.S
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi Nigeria
M. G. Abubakar
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi Nigeria
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Enokela O.S, M. G. Abubakar, “Studies on Settlement Pattern, Gas Production and Rate of Degradation of Putrescible Via Primary Leachate Generation in Tropical Climate of Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.105-110 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/105-110.pdf
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Effects of Collaborative Learning and Mathematics Achievement on Gender Groupings of Colleges of Education in Ghana
Collins Fordjour Nkrumah December 2021 – Page No.: 111-128
The study was conducted to find the effects of collaborative learning on gender groupings in the mathematics performance of Bachelor of Education (BED) students at the Colleges of Education in Ghana.
The design for the study was experimental design, comprising 144 Mathematics students purposively selected from all Science and Mathematics colleges in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana. The quantitative data comprised questionnaire and test.
The study variables were students who had been admitted into the colleges at the two regions purely for Mathematics and Science programs. The variables in this study comprised 9 groups: three all-male groups, three all-female groups, and three mixed groups. The instrument is composed of 20 questions covering the content area and testing the various levels of knowledge, understanding and application. Simple means, standard deviation and variance were used to answer research questions while, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized for the testing of the hypotheses. The results indicated that students’ formative tests mean scores had no significant difference which implies that if students were working alone, they might obtain more or less similar results. The collaborative learning treatment, where the students worked in different gender groups, showed that there was a significant difference in their performance. Specifically, all-female groups obtained the highest mean score followed by mixed groups. In the mathematics achievement test, the results revealed that all male group performed better than the other two groups. The study recommended that tutors of mathematics in the Colleges of Education use collaborative learning in their various classrooms.
Page(s): 111-128 Date of Publication: 08 January 2022
Collins Fordjour Nkrumah
Mathematics Department, Wesley College of Education, Ghana
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Collins Fordjour Nkrumah, “Effects of Collaborative Learning and Mathematics Achievement on Gender Groupings of Colleges of Education in Ghana” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.111-128 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/111-128.pdf
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Techno-Economic Analysis of Gas Monetisation Technologies Using Topsis
Okoli Nnanna O, Nwaozuzu Chijioke, Nteegah Alwell, Onyejekwe Ifeanyi M December 2021 – Page No.: 129-135
The study was conducted to find the effects of collaborative learning on gender groupings in the mathematics performance of Bachelor of This study conducted a techno-economic comparative analysis of gas monetization technologies (Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Gas to Liquid (GTL)) using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In the course of the study, the pros (strengths) and cons (constraints/limitations) of the different gas monetization options were discussed, and the economics and technical viabilities of LNG and GTL were ascertained. Technically, five attributes/criteria (volume, distance, cost, time and environmental impact) were considered. From the TOPSIS analysis and results, the technically best technology considering volume, distance, cost, time and environmental impact was GTL with a score of 0.505. This LNG had a score of 0.495. From the analysis, the GTL performed better under the most significant criteria (cost and environmental impact), it also performed better than LNG under time of delivery. Whereas, the criteria where LNG performed better (volume and distance), their weights are not too significant to make it emerge ahead of GTL as a better technology technically. Hence, from the study findings, it can be deduced that GTL performed better technically than LNG.
Page(s): 129-135 Date of Publication: 11 January 2022
Okoli Nnanna O
Emerald Energy Institute, UNIPORT
Nwaozuzu Chijioke
Emerald Energy Institute, UNIPORT
Nteegah Alwell
Emerald Energy Institute, UNIPORT
Onyejekwe Ifeanyi M
Department of Petroleum Engineering, FUTO
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Okoli Nnanna O, Nwaozuzu Chijioke, Nteegah Alwell, Onyejekwe Ifeanyi M, “Techno-Economic Analysis of Gas Monetisation Technologies Using Topsis” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.129-135 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/129-135.pdf
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The factors that influence the pattern of real estate development in Awka Anambra State
Ifediora, Christian Osita and Nwosu, Chimezie Chisom December 2021 – Page No.: 136-143
The real estate sector has been growing in leaps and bounds and it has contributed to o the transformation in the built environment without doubt. The rapid increase of the same in terms of its growth within the capital city of Anambra state is also worth taking a cursory look, hence this study; the factors influencing the pattern or choice of real estate development in some selected areas in Awka, the capital city of Anambra State. The findings indicated that some factors responsible for the pattern of real estate development in the study area are; physical features, legal restrictions/Government regulations, existing land use pattern, location/nearness to other residential development, access to infrastructural facilities, distance to employment sources, distance to commerce, access to credit facilities or finance, neighborhood facilities, social/cultural identity or influence/show off of wealth, cost of raw materials, cost of labour and cost of professional services/hiring of expert services. Also, it was discovered that the real estate sector within the Awka capital city is private sector driven, an emerging one and that the state of supporting infrastructure is not commensurate with the pace of real estate development in the study area. The findings indicated there is a significant difference in the pattern of real estate development in the Ziks Avenue and Expressway of Awka metropolis. It is hereby recommended that stakeholders should play close attention to the factors that influences the pattern of real estate development in Awka, Anambra State as doing so will enhance practice.
Page(s): 136-143 Date of Publication: 17 January 2022
Ifediora, Christian Osita
Department of Estate Management, Ajayi Crowther University Oyo, Nigeria
Nwosu, Chimezie Chisom
Department of Estate Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria
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Ifediora, Christian Osita and Nwosu, Chimezie Chisom, “The factors that influence the pattern of real estate development in Awka Anambra State” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.136-143 December 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-8-issue-12/136-143.pdf
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Antibacterial Activities of Azadirachta indica and Syzigium guinensee on Bacteria Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis
Dada, E. O. and Alagha, B. A. December 2021 – Page No.: 144-151
Background: Bacteria infection of the urinary tract, also known as “Urinary tract infections (UTIs)” are among the most common bacterial infections of humans. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections can be easily treated with antibiotics; however, there is a growing resistance to conventional antibiotics. This has also been reported among bacteria associated in co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria.
Objective: To assess the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica and Syzygium guineense leaves against bacteria associated with urinary schistosomiasis.
Methods: Fresh leaves of A. indica and S. guineense were air dried and extracted using sterile distilled water and ethanol. Phytochemical constituents of A. indica and S. guineense leaves were elucidated using standard techniques. Antibacterial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts against; bacteria isolated from urine samples with single infection of bacteriuria, bacteria isolated from urine samples with co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria, and typed bacteria were also determined using standard methods.
Results: Qualitatively, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid and glycoside were present in all the plant extracts, while alkaloid and phlobatannin were absent in the extracts. Quantitatively, terpenoid was the highest bioactive compound in aqueous extract of A. indica (25.15 ± 0.04) and ethanol extract of S. guineense (51.16 ± 0.03), while saponin was the highest in the aqueous extract of S. guineense (72.09 ± 1.67) and ethanol extract of A. indica (220.82 ± 0.64). The MIC of the various plant extracts against all the isolates and typed bacteria ranged from 6.25 mg/mL – 12.5 mg/mL, while the MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/mL – 25 mg/mL.
Conclusion: This study revealed the antibacterial candidature of A. indica and S. guineense on Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine.
Page(s): 144-151 Date of Publication: 17 January 2022
Dada, E. O.
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704 Akure, 340001, Nigeria
Alagha, B. A.
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704 Akure, 340001, Nigeria
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Dada, E. O. and Alagha, B. A., “Antibacterial Activities of Azadirachta indica and Syzigium guinensee on Bacteria Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.144-151 December 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2021.81202
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Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya and Newbouldia Laevis on Hormone Profile of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat
Ifegwu NO, Anibeze CIP, Njoku-Oji NN December 2021 – Page No.: 152-158
Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on hormone profile of alloxan-induced diabetic male wistar rats.
Methodology: Forty (40) male wistar rats weighing 150-180g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which, they were divided into eight (8) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A – H. Group A served as the control group, and received distilled water only. Animals in groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. The diabetic group B did not receive any treatment throughout the experiment, while the diabetic groups C – H received 400mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis, and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and blood samples were then collected through ocular puncture for hormonal assay. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.
Result: Levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in groups B and D when compared to the control group A; and significantly (P<0.05) increased in groups F, G, and H when compared to the control group A. However, there was no significant difference on the levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone in groups C and E when compared to the control group A.
Conclusion: Combined leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis have ameliorating effect on the levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone of alloxan-induced male wistar rats.
Page(s): 152-158 Date of Publication: 20 January 2022
Ifegwu NO
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State, University Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.
Anibeze CIP
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State, University Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.
Njoku-Oji NN
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi, Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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Ifegwu NO, Anibeze CIP, Njoku-Oji NN, “Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya and Newbouldia Laevis on Hormone Profile of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 12, pp.152-158 December 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2021.81203
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