Ebola Virus Immuno-Evasion and Cellular Dysfunctional Mechanics: A Bio-Terrorizing Agent of Zoonotic Origin
- October 20, 2020
- Posted by: RSIS Team
- Categories: Biochemistry, IJRSI
International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VII, Issue IX, September 2020 | ISSN 2321–2705
Iquo A. Archibong1, Mfonabasi U. Inyang2, Emmanuel Okon3, Idongesit A. Victor4
1,3Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
2,4Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author*
Abstract -: Ebola virus disease remains one of the most deadly epidemic viral disease in humans, characterized by severe hemorrhagic fever, caused by Ebola viruses – an aggressive viral pathogen of a zoonotic origin. A robust immune response against pathogens requires a coordinated-synergistic activities of both innate and adaptive immunological response. However, Ebola virus attacks immune cells to compromise both innate and adaptive immunological responses against their cytopathic induction by adopting myriads of biochemical mechanisms. Ebola virus infection is mediated following viral attachment, receptor-mediated (co-receptor binding) endocytosis and macropinocytosis fusion mechanisms to invade its host cells and subsequently attacking the innate immune response cells (monocyte, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neurophiles, basophils and eosinophils) and the adaptive immune response cells (CD8 T-cells, CD4 T-cells, B-cells, regulatory T-cells, natural killer T-cells) to evade the immunological response of the host cell. Immuno-evasion and cellular disruption of both immune cells and non-immune cells/tissues remain one of the major hallmarks of Ebola virus infection. The biochemical mechanisms of Ebola virus disease involves rapid viral genomic integration/expression and viremic dissemination of the viral pathogen to other distant cells/tissues; induction of apoptotic signals in both healthy bystander immune cells and non-immune cells/tissues; deregulation in inflammatory response and intravascular coagulation leading to multi-cells/tissue/organs toxicities and eventually death if supportive measures are not adequate to repair and rejuvenate the Ebola virus induced disarray to its host. This review work elucidates the mechanisms of Ebola virus immuno-evasion and cellular dysfunction, geared towards providing an insightful paradigm that can be utilized to combat Ebola virus bio-terrorizing nature.
Keywords – Cytopathic effect, Ebola virus, Immuno-evasion, Immunological response, Pathogen, hemorrhagic fever, Zoonotic.
I. INTRODUCTION
The immune system plays a key role in cytodestruction and detoxification of pathogens in the biological system. Abrogating the immune-surveillance activities in the biological system is one of the trait of viral pathological conqueror to living organisms which effectuate cellular toxicity (cytopathic conditions) and eventually death of an organism. A contagious viral infection of zoonotic origin known as Ebola virus (EBOV), has been reported as a zoonotic viral pathogen capable of inducing cytopathic effect
