The Effect of Bitter Leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) Extract on Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi
- July 30, 2021
- Posted by: rsispostadmin
- Categories: Botany and Microbiology, IJRIAS
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | Volume VI, Issue VI, June 2021|ISSN 2454-6194
Femi Gbadeyan A., Olukayode Orole O., Olugbenga Ajala O., Bashiru Sani E.* and Fatima Yusuf A.
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, PMB 146, Lafia, Nasarawa State-Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Research Background: Antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella spp have been a major foodborne pathogen threat to human and amplify significant food safety hazard. The emergence of multiple drug resistance salmonella in foods has necessitated a search for new antimicrobial substance from other sources, including plants. This research aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals and anti-salmonella activity of ethanol and cold-water extracts of bitter leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) extract against S. typhi and S. paratyphi.
Experimental approach: Two species of Salmonella were collected from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa State. The plant leaf extracts were screened for their phytochemical component to evaluate the availability of active bio-compounds in the leaves. The leaf extracts were subjected to antimicrobial analysis by disc diffusion method using different concentration of the leaf’s extracts.
Results and conclusion: The phytochemical evaluation showed that compounds such as Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins, and Glycosides were present in different quantities. The extracts showed antibacterial effect against the bacteria with zone of inhibition ranging between 8.1± 0.14 mm (9.257 mg/mL) to 22.5± 0.24 mm (75 mg/mL) on Salmonella typhi and 7.3± 0.11 mm (9.257 mg/mL) to 23.3± 0.31mm (75 mg/mL) on Salmonella paratyphi. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was observed at 18.25 mg/mL and 37.5 mg/mL for ethanol and cold-water extracts of V. amygdalina, respectively, in both isolates. However, no significant difference in the extract’s activity against the test isolates at p<0.05 was observed. V. amygdalina cold-water and ethanolic extracts possess phytochemical with inhibitory activities on Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.
Novelty and scientific contribution: This study showed that V. amygdalina possesses phytochemicals active against Salmonella and should be further explored to extract bioactive ingredient for use in Salmonella drug development and treatment regime.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Bitter Leaves, Phytochemical, Zone of Inhibition
INTRODUCTION
The burden of reducing the effect of pathogenic microorganism on human health has been a global and major public health challenge[1]. Multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria are increasing at an alarming rate in developing countries due to the random use of antimicrobial drugs to treat infection[2]. Several synthetic antimicrobial drugs have been developed to counter the effect of these pathogens and their resistant strains, with few of these antimicrobial compounds having a significant effect on these pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the need to find novel and potent antimicrobial compound from various sources becomes paramount due to the realities of the rapid worldwide dissemination of these resistant strains
