Global Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Challenging Threat to the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases in Clinical Practice

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | Volume VI, Issue X, October 2021|ISSN 2454-6194

Global Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Challenging Threat to the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases in Clinical Practice

J. O. Olayiwola^1,3, D. A. Ojo¹, S. A. Balogun², O. E. Ojo^3
1Department Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
²Department Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
³Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria

Abstract: The increase in the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae constitutes a threat not only to treatment of bacterial infection but also to public health problems. Resistance to carbapenems is mostly due to the production of carbapenemases, which are capable of hydrolyzing not only carbapenems but also other groups of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, etc. The most common carbapenemases include veronica integron Metallo-β-lactamases types (VIM), imipenemase (IMP) types, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48), and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), encoded by carbapenem resistant determining genes blaVIM, blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, and blaNDM, respectively. Carbapenemase activity can be investigated by phenotypic assay however carbapenemase encoding genes can also be part of the routine assay for diagnosis of bacterial infection. In Africa, there is limited data on the prevalence and distribution of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae in clinical studies except in East Africa where a few studies have been done in Kenya and Tanzania.

Keywords: Carbapenemase, Prevalence, Distribution, Resistance, Hydrolyze.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Family Enterobacteriaceae

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic and non-spore forming rod bacteria with the majority of the members of the family mainly inhabit the gut of humans and animals (Nordmann et al, 2011a & 2012). Currently, there are 51 known genera within the family of Enterobacteriaceae which include Arsenophonus, Biostraticola, Citrobacter, Cronobacter, edwardsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Morganella, Providencia, Salmonella, Photorhabdus, Serratia, Shigella, Yersinia, Xenorhabdus, Phaseollibacter, Samsonia, Saccharobacter, Erwinia, Plesiomonas Enterobacter, etc (Iversen et al 2008; Halpern et al, 2013). Members of Enterobacteriaceae are generally motile with exception of Klebsiella, Arsenophonus, Biostraticola etc, catalase positive, and oxidase negative with exception of Plesiomonas. These members use the Embden-Meyerhof pathway for sugar metabolism and acid production from sugar fermentation. (Francino et al, 2006).

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