Antibacterial Activities of Azadirachta indica and Syzigium guinensee on Bacteria Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue XII, December 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705

Antibacterial Activities of Azadirachta indica and Syzigium guinensee on Bacteria Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis

Dada, E. O. and Alagha, B. A.*
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704 Akure, 340001, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author

Abstract:
Background: Bacteria infection of the urinary tract, also known as “Urinary tract infections (UTIs)” are among the most common bacterial infections of humans. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections can be easily treated with antibiotics; however, there is a growing resistance to conventional antibiotics. This has also been reported among bacteria associated in co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria.
Objective: To assess the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica and Syzygium guineense leaves against bacteria associated with urinary schistosomiasis.
Methods: Fresh leaves of A. indica and S. guineense were air dried and extracted using sterile distilled water and ethanol. Phytochemical constituents of A. indica and S. guineense leaves were elucidated using standard techniques. Antibacterial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts against; bacteria isolated from urine samples with single infection of bacteriuria, bacteria isolated from urine samples with co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria, and typed bacteria were also determined using standard methods.
Results: Qualitatively, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid and glycoside were present in all the plant extracts, while alkaloid and phlobatannin were absent in the extracts. Quantitatively, terpenoid was the highest bioactive compound in aqueous extract of A. indica (25.15 ± 0.04) and ethanol extract of S. guineense (51.16 ± 0.03), while saponin was the highest in the aqueous extract of S. guineense (72.09 ± 1.67) and ethanol extract of A. indica (220.82 ± 0.64). The MIC of the various plant extracts against all the isolates and typed bacteria ranged from 6.25 mg/mL – 12.5 mg/mL, while the MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/mL – 25 mg/mL.
Conclusion: This study revealed the antibacterial candidature of A. indica and S. guineense on Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine.

Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Asymptomatic Bacteriuria, Co-infection, Azadirachta indica, Syzigium guineense.

I. INTRODUCTION

The vicious cycle of antibiotic resistance even in uncomplicated urinary tract infection remains a public health concern and has motivated researchers to explore the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants in the treatment of bacterial infection of the urinary tract (Daswani 2019; Kidane et al., 2019). According to Mahomoodally (2013), medicinal plants remain the classical alternative to antibiotics in the advent of antimicrobial resistance, because, unlike pharmacological drugs, they typically contain mixtures of different phytochemicals, working together catalytically and synergistically to produce a combined effect that surpasses the total activity of the individual constituents. This is credible because medicinal plants have been used since time memorial to cure and alleviate both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Moreover, available reports illustrate that extracts (aqueous/organic) from different parts of medicinal plants and/or their secondary metabolites have been employed for the treatment and/or prevention of urinary tract infections (Shaeen et al., 2019).

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