Beyond the Policy: An Ethnographic Exploration of IKSP in Philippine Practice

Beyond the Policy: An Ethnographic Exploration of IKSP in Philippine Practice

Ma. Teresa G. De Guzman, PhD

Department of Behavioral Sciences College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Manila

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.807044

Received: 14 May 2024; Accepted: 21 June 2024; Published: 31 July 2024

ABSTRACT

Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) have gained significant attention over the past decade, moving from the periphery to the forefront of sustainable development discussions. Until recently, there was limited evidence to support the effectiveness of IKSP-based interventions. However, since the early 1990s, research in this field has flourished, resulting in a substantial body of information that addresses various aspects of IKSP. Despite this progress, the field remains in its early stages, and there is a scarcity of reliable sources that can compile and integrate this vast body of knowledge, making it more accessible and valuable.

This paper provides a concise and comprehensive overview of IKSP research and assessment, heavily relying on field cases and current theory and practice discussions. By examining thriving agricultural, health, and environmental conservation interventions among indigenous communities in the Philippines, the paper highlights the practical benefits of IKSP. For instance, the Ifugao rice terraces illustrate sustainable agricultural practices, while traditional herbal medicine and integrated health practices demonstrate the value of indigenous health systems. Environmental conservation efforts, such as the Aeta’s fire management techniques and the T’boli’s sustainable fishing practices, further underscore the importance of IKSP.

The paper also incorporates a wealth of literature, including research findings from the first, second, and third International IKSP Conferences sponsored by the University of the Philippines, Manila, and the University of Ahmad Dahlan. These findings present critical positions advanced by indigenous peoples, helping to improve the design, delivery, monitoring, and evaluation of research programs for IKSP. The recommendations aim to enhance the integration of IKSP into formal education systems and policy-making processes, thereby promoting cultural preservation and environmental sustainability.

By thoroughly synthesizing existing research and practical examples, this paper contributes to the growing recognition of IKSP as a vital component of sustainable development strategies, fostering resilience and well-being in Indigenous communities.

Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP), Sustainable Development, Cultural Preservation, Environmental Sustainability, Resilience, Community Well-being

INTRODUCTION

Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) have garnered increasing attention over the past decade due to their significance in cultural preservation and sustainable development. With its rich tapestry of indigenous cultures in the Philippines, IKSP provides crucial insights into sustainable living practices. These practices have been shaped by centuries of adaptation to local environments, making them highly relevant in addressing contemporary issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and community resilience.

Since the early 1990s, research on IKSP has blossomed, resulting in an extensive body of literature documenting various traditional practices and their applications. This research has highlighted the role of IKSP in sustainable agriculture, healthcare, and environmental management. However, the field remains in its developmental stages, with many studies focusing on specific aspects without providing an integrated view. The existing literature underscores the need for more interdisciplinary research and collaborative approaches involving indigenous communities.

Despite the growing research volume, more comprehensive studies are needed to compile and synthesize IKSP knowledge. Many studies address isolated elements of IKSP, such as agricultural techniques or medicinal practices, but need to connect these to broader theoretical frameworks or practical applications. This gap limits the ability to fully leverage IKSP for policy-making, education, and community development. Addressing this gap requires holistic studies integrating various dimensions of IKSP, facilitating its application in diverse contexts.

Objectives of the Research

This study addresses the identified gap by providing a comprehensive IKSP research and assessment overview. The primary objectives include identifying and documenting successful IKSP interventions, evaluating their impacts on community well-being and sustainability, and proposing strategies for broader application and integration of IKSP into formal systems. Through these objectives, the study aims to enhance understanding of how traditional knowledge can be preserved and utilized in modern contexts, contributing to both cultural preservation and sustainable development.

The research scope encompasses various IKSP interventions, examining their effectiveness and role in addressing contemporary issues such as environmental preservation, cultural identity, and community health. Case studies from different indigenous communities in the Philippines will be included, such as the Ifugao rice terraces showcasing sustainable agricultural practices, traditional herbal medicine among rural communities for healthcare, and the T’boli’s brass casting techniques and their cultural significance.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research employs ethnographic methods, including participant observations, field case studies, and interviews with key informants. This approach ensured a deep understanding of indigenous peoples’ cultural contexts and lived experiences. Additionally, the study will utilize Participatory Action Research (PAR) to involve community members actively in the research process. This collaborative method helps validate findings and supports community empowerment by integrating their perspectives and knowledge into the research outcomes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Health practices among indigenous communities are deeply intertwined with their cultural heritage and natural environment. Traditional herbal medicine, for instance, plays a significant role in healthcare among various Filipino communities. These practices are not merely about treating ailments but are embedded in a holistic understanding of health that includes physical, spiritual, and community well-being.

For example, the use of Lagundi (Vitex negundo) for treating coughs and respiratory ailments is widespread among rural Filipino communities. This plant, well-known for its medicinal properties, is used in various forms, such as teas, decoctions, and poultices. Modern science has recognized the efficacy of Lagundi and other herbal remedies, leading to their inclusion in government-approved treatments for common illnesses.

Another notable example is the Aeta community’s integration of traditional health practices with modern healthcare. The Aeta people use natural remedies and rituals to address common health issues. For instance, they use herbs like Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) for kidney stones and urinary tract infections. These practices are crucial for maintaining community health, particularly in remote areas with limited access to modern medical facilities. Their approach to health care emphasizes prevention, using a variety of plants and natural substances to maintain health and treat illnesses before they become severe.

Environmental conservation practices among indigenous communities are also deeply rooted in IKSP. The Aeta community, for example, employs fire management techniques that effectively prevent wildfires and promote soil health. By using controlled burns, they manage the landscape to reduce fire risk and enhance the growth of certain plant species. This practice, known as “kaingin,” involves the careful and controlled burning of underbrush and dead vegetation to maintain open spaces and prevent more enormous, uncontrolled wildfires.

The T’boli people of Mindanao engage in sustainable fishing and forest management practices that help conserve local biodiversity. Their techniques include maintaining fish sanctuaries and practicing rotational farming to prevent soil depletion. For instance, the T’boli have designated areas in their lakes and rivers where fishing is prohibited during specific seasons to allow fish populations to regenerate. Additionally, their rotational farming practices ensure that the soil remains fertile and productive over long periods, supporting sustainable agriculture.

Integrating IKSP into formal education and policy systems poses significant challenges due to differing worldviews and epistemologies. However, there are opportunities to bridge these gaps through collaborative efforts. For example, incorporating IKSP into school curricula can enhance students’ understanding of sustainability and cultural heritage. By learning about traditional agricultural practices, medicinal plants, and conservation techniques, students can gain a deeper appreciation for their cultural heritage and the importance of preserving it.

Policies that recognize and support IKSP are crucial for its preservation and application. The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) 1997 provides a solid legal foundation, but practical implementation requires ongoing support and advocacy. Policymakers must engage with indigenous communities to ensure their knowledge and practices are respected and integrated into broader development strategies. This includes creating legal frameworks that protect indigenous lands, intellectual property rights, and cultural heritage.

Empowering Indigenous communities to take an active role in preserving and disseminating their knowledge is vital. Participatory approaches in research and policy-making can enhance community ownership and ensure that IKSP continues to thrive. Training programs and capacity-building initiatives can further support these efforts. For instance, community-led documentation projects can help preserve traditional knowledge and practices for future generations. At the same time, workshops and training sessions can equip community members with the skills to advocate for their rights and interests.

CONCLUSION

This paper emphasizes the significant progress in research on Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) and their crucial role in preserving Indigenous cultures while promoting sustainable development. The diverse case studies from various indigenous communities in the Philippines highlight the practical benefits of IKSP in different areas, including agriculture, health, and environmental conservation.

The Ifugao rice terraces stand as a testament to the sustainable agricultural practices honed over centuries, while the Hanunuo Mangyan’s forest management techniques illustrate the profound understanding and respect for biodiversity. Health practices, such as traditional herbal medicine and the Aeta community’s integration of natural remedies with modern healthcare, demonstrate how IKSP contributes to community health and resilience.

Environmental conservation efforts, including Aeta’s fire management practices and the T’boli’s sustainable fishing techniques, underscore the vital role of IKSP in maintaining ecological balance.

Looking forward, future research should prioritize the creation of comprehensive, accessible, and practical IKSP databases. Such databases would facilitate the integration of indigenous knowledge into formal education systems, thereby enhancing cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. This approach acknowledges the value of IKSP and ensures its transmission to future generations, fostering a deeper appreciation and understanding of indigenous wisdom.

Moreover, fostering robust partnerships between indigenous communities and policymakers is essential. These collaborations help ensure that IKSP is recognized and valued as a vital component of sustainable development strategies. By involving indigenous communities in policy-making processes, their knowledge and practices can be effectively integrated into broader development frameworks, contributing to the resilience and well-being of these communities.

In summary, IKSP has the potential to tackle global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable resource management. Embracing and integrating IKSP into modern practices preserves cultural heritage and offers innovative solutions for present-day issues. By respecting and bolstering the knowledge of indigenous peoples, we can work towards building a more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient future for everyone.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge the following those involved:

1. Thank you to the late Professor Marilen Balolong for allowing me to revise my paper.
2. Joseph Bechayev edited the initial revision of the paper.
3. Dr. Leonardo Estacio, thank you for facilitating my work on the IKSP Department of Communication and the Arts for the 1st IKSP conference minutes.
4. The presenters at the first and second international IKSP conferences

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