Analysis of the Progress and Future Prospects of Broadcast Journalism in Bangladesh

Analysis of the Progress and Future Prospects of Broadcast Journalism in Bangladesh

Md. Golam Kadir Mondal

Business Department Chief, ATN News, Dhaka

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.9010078

Received: 13 December 2024; Accepted: 31 December 2024; Published: 01 February 2025

ABSTRACT

People widely regard broadcast news as the most influential medium in the world for shaping public opinion. In Bangladesh, the field of broadcast journalism experienced significant growth with the emergence of private television networks about twenty years ago. Television news broadcasts hourly press bulletins, generating a strong news demand among the general public. However, the current has had a significant impact on all aspects, particularly the media. The dissemination of news through broadcast media is crucial in the current period because of the prevailing demand for news. Effectively conveying the appropriate message to the appropriate audience is a formidable task. The dearth of information renders this task unattainable, as the epidemic is novel to this generation. Amidst the global impact on broadcast journalism, Bangladesh has also experienced negative consequences. Commercial television networks are unable to reach all categories of viewers. There are serious issues with conducting a thorough audience analysis before preparing the message. Nevertheless, the progress of broadcast journalism in Bangladesh has encountered obstacles. From the beginning, broadcast journalism faced numerous difficulties and barriers to establishing its position in the media sector. Television news is subject to significant influence from the political funding industry and concerns over freedom of speech. Furthermore, it presents the most formidable obstacle or hurdle in the distribution of news, as television news lacks sufficient space for comprehensive coverage. There is insufficient opportunity for a comprehensive and analytically rigorous report. Furthermore, social media has now assumed a prominent position in the media sector, although television media remains indispensable. Evidently, experts predict that television news will not disappear in the near future.

Key words: Broadcast, journalism, freedom of speech, Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh possesses a robust and dynamic media sector in terms of both market size and impact. Both print and electronic media have a significant influence on the journalism landscape and contribute to the development of well-informed and actively involved political elite. Universally, broadcast news is the most influential media for shaping public opinion. In Bangladesh, the field of broadcast journalism experienced significant growth with the emergence of private television networks about twenty years ago. Television news broadcasts hourly press bulletins, thereby generating a strong desire for news among the mass audience. The pandemic has had a significant impact on various aspects, particularly the media industry. The dissemination of news through broadcast media is crucial in the current period because of the prevailing demand for news. However, it also poses a significant risk since the World Health Organization has classified disinformation as an “infodemic.” During periods of global lockdown and widespread dissemination of false information and rumors, the boundaries between reality and falsehood become indistinguishable. Such an event has the potential to incite widespread fear and have a devastating impact on individual well-being (Azim, 2022).

Effectively conveying the intended message to your audience is a formidable task. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge renders this task unattainable, as the epidemic is novel to this population. Bangladesh is not immune to the global impact of broadcast journalism. Private TV networks fail to effectively communicate their message to a significant number of people. A significant issue is a lack of thorough audience research prior to message preparation. As the world transitioned into a new paradigm, the media also adapted accordingly. Now is the time to examine the issues that broadcast media will encounter in the near future and how the pandemic has transformed these challenges into impediments. The epidemic has had a significant impact on broadcast journalism in Bangladesh. This article will undertake an analysis of the trajectory of broadcast journalism in Bangladesh, investigate the emergence of television journalism as a media sector, scrutinize the difficulties encountered by television journalism as a demanding medium, and finally scrutinize the barriers confronting television journalism (Rashid, 2018).

The paper necessitates a well-structured conceptual framework. Given the purpose of this piece and the questions it aims to address, it is clear that this review will be predominantly analytical. The paper in question requires a specific methodology that can facilitate qualitative analysis. However, this study requires a range of methodologies as it examines the emergence of television news as a media sector and observes the challenges and barriers it faced during the epidemic. This research presented a meticulous document analysis approach to acquiring secondary data. A thorough review of papers can improve the analysis of critical information. Furthermore, the knowledge gained through document analysis supported the original data. Furthermore, in addition to documentary research, the author conducted comprehensive interviews with five experts from various broadcast media. The author selected these experts through purposive sampling and conducted interviews with them using several public questionnaires.

BACKGROUND OF BROADCAST JOURNALISM IN BANGLADESH

In the 1990s, the advent of democratic, two-party, parliamentary administration and the surge of the urban middle class led to the popularity of a novel form of newspaper. These publications attracted fresh readership and generated increased profitability. Computer-driven advancements in printing technology propelled newspapers to broaden the boundaries of journalism. Concurrently, the real estate, construction, and banking sectors are also experiencing significant growth. The second wave of transformation occurred ten years later, when private satellite television networks entered the scene. The development deviated from previous practices and established a distinctly original environment for broadcast journalism. The growing telecom and real estate sectors’ advertising income has propelled the proliferation of these satellite channels. Over the past twenty years, we have successfully operated 38 television stations, thereby establishing ourselves as a prominent media entity. Two recent media studies indicate that television consumption in the country is at a considerably high level, over 80%. In contemporary times, there exists a belief among certain individuals that the radio industry has surpassed its peak and that its material is deficient in both originality and soul. The emergence of FM radio stations during the television revolution revived a culture of listening in new urban manifestations.

The advent of internet news channels has precipitated the third phase of transformation. Founded in 2006, bdnews24.com is the pioneering online news portal in the country and proudly asserts its status as the first “online newspaper.” The media and readers of that era were lacking in foresight. Unbeknownst to them, this was not a digitalized version of traditional newspaper publication, but rather the precursor to a new era of news collection and distribution that would emerge as the dominant force in media for the next six months. The nation possesses a minimum of 3,000 portals, which exceeds the combined count of daily, weekly, and monthly newspapers and periodicals. Aside from specialized news portals, the majority of conventional flat-screen TV media have also established web portals, with several emerging as industry leaders. Concurrently, the national rate of mobile and Internet penetration experienced the most rapid growth, reaching 48.4%. Despite substantial growth in coverage and viewership, online news portals have yet to experience the anticipated change in their sources of income. Today, with social media dominating and supplanting conventional news content and distribution systems, together with action journalism and a worldwide protest against false information, the media industry in the third decade of the 21st century is seeing a significant transformation in the media business environment. Media organizations are facing intense competition and consistently lagging behind social media behemoths like Facebook, YouTube, and Google in securing a share of the limited funds. Reportedly, the telecommunications companies of the country, namely Grameenphone, Banglalink, and Robi, have allocating thousands of dollars towards online advertising on various platforms, including Facebook, Google, and YouTube, throughout the years. The report presented before the High Court by the Bangladesh Telecommunications and Regulatory Commission (BTRC) provides a limited overview of the whole scenario. Within the context of the developing phenomenon of several media platforms competing for expanding audiences, there is a prevailing perception that the standards of journalism are deteriorating and the ethical principles of journalism are progressively being disregarded.

BROADCASTING MEDIA IN BANGLADESH

In Bangladesh, it took over three and a half years for television to become commercially viable news medium. When the first television channel was launched in 1964, it was inherently a government-owned venture because of the need to fund costly broadcasting equipment. For the next thirty years, Bangladesh Television (BTV), the public station named after its independence in 1971, served as the exclusive provider of broadcasted content for viewers. By means of substantial government investment in terrestrial broadcasting infrastructure, the nationwide coverage of television channels has experienced dramatic expansion. Nevertheless, due to the widespread appeal of music programs and TV series, it is primarily focused on entertainment and has evidently not succeeded in serving as a genuine source of news and opinions. This is because its announcements lack press freedom and are replete with diverse descriptions of office staff’s everyday activities. However, the government’s 1992 authorization of television reception plates (TVROs) and the operation of international satellite channels slightly alleviated this oppressive transmission monopoly. Cable television operators extended their satellite receiver networks, and while the majority of viewers resided in metropolitan regions, the emancipating encounter first generated cultural unease among urban elites (Saiful, & Park, 2019). In 2000, a significant turning point in broadcast journalism occurred when Ekushey Television, a privately owned station housing a team of skilled journalists, commenced broadcasting. Fundamentally, television journalism in Bangladesh began with Ekushey Television, which was the first privately owned terrestrial broadcaster. From its inception, Ekushay Sambad gained great popularity by implementing a strategy that aimed to engage the general public in journalism and report on all aspects of national life rather than only government-related news. Prior to the official start of broadcasting, nearly all members of the news department at Ekushey TV underwent rigorous television news training.

Simon DeLing, a distinguished British television journalist, provided direct supervision throughout the process. In addition, Mishuk Munier is affiliated with this channel. Simon Dring is a British foreign correspondent, television producer, and presenter. He reported on the 1971 fight for independence in Bangladesh. Mishuk Munier is a respected Bangladeshi media specialist and broadcaster who have revolutionized the television production industry with his program. It is noteworthy that both ATN Bangla and Channel I had not previously aired news for a few years. However, ATN Bangla recently began doing the same, albeit in their own unique manner. It is unclear whether the channels provided any training to the journalists prior to the two individuals commencing news coverage.

Following its shutdown, a group of journalists affiliated with Ekushey TV joined NTV, while another group joined ATN News and ATN Bangla. Other than Ekushey TV, no other channel has taken the proactive step of providing comprehensive training for journalists. Channel One, which is now inactive, conducted a concise training session. Prior to the introduction of news-only television channels, television news mostly replicated the journalistic content of Ekushe TV. Nevertheless, in the present day, all television networks offer sufficient training to journalists. One other factor contributing to its popularity was its extensive coverage across the entire country, as it utilized BTV’s terrestrial broadcasting infrastructure. This strategic advantage, however, proved to be its downfall only two years later, after the change of government. A court dispute stripped it of its license. However, the revolution continued unaffected as private television emerged, built on the foundation of satellite broadcasting. Television garnered immense popularity as a medium, offering a wide range of entertainment programs in addition to news and opinions. Empirical data suggests that viewers’ consumption of television is steadily increasing (Khan, et al., 2022).

Nielsen Bangladesh conducted an analysis in 2017 which revealed that television is the predominant form of media consumption in Bangladesh, with viewership rates increasing from 74% in 2011 to 84% in 2016. Currently, 38 privately held television stations operate daily in Bangladesh. This gives Bangladesh a distinct advantage over West Bengal, its neighboring Bengali-speaking state, which has 22 privately-owned television channels. Authorities in Bangladesh issued television licenses to an additional twelve individuals and revoked the licenses of four operating stations. Collectively, these channels broadcasted a total of 912 hours of material. The field of broadcast journalism is experiencing significant growth due to the rising need for a fresh cohort of motivated news gatherers and broadcast technologists. Furthermore, it has sparked a surge in interest in entertainment content, leading to the emergence of a fully developed production sector involving a multitude of artists. The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics conducted an initial survey during the fiscal year 2013–14, identifying the creation of 10,581 TV novels at a total expenditure of Tk 780 million and 67 lacs. The competition in broadcast journalism stems from the indirect control over licensing and the party orientation of the investors who own these television networks (Khan, 2007).

POWER PRACTICE OF NEWS CHANNELS

The country’s broadcasting regulations mandate that TV channels hold a broadcasting license, which they grant without following clear and transparent processes and requirements. Successive administrations of the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) exclusively granted licenses to property owners who demonstrated unambiguous loyalty to their party or its cause. As a result, there have been profound partisan rifts in television ownership, impeding the progress of autonomous and brave television journalism. Bangladesh categorizes television channels into two groups based on their content: news channels and general channels, which encompass both news and entertainment programming. The McBright Commission, mandated by UNESCO in 1980, declared that journalism in Third World nations represents both progress and growth. However, the actual picture is quite different. Within the realm of electronic media, there exists a substantial amount of influence exerted by both the corporate sector and political parties. Individuals often encounter unbalanced or prejudiced news (Mahmud & Nasreen, 2009).

Insufficient clarity in reporting on government operations and insufficient professionalism and politicization of its operations prevent its credibility from being established. The key point is that access owners use their pipelines as instruments to protect against misconduct and corruption. However, the advertising market for broadcast media is somewhat small, and its advertising volume has not increased in tandem with the rates of growth in the media industry. Statistics provided by several advertising firms indicate that the advertising volume varies between US$250 million and US$300 million, with television advertising representing two-thirds of this amount.

NTV is a highly regarded television channel in the country, owned by Mosaddek Hossein Falu, a businessman who has amassed his wealth as a political consultant to the BNP party’s head. The news channel “Channel-24” is a subsidiary of the well-known garment and textile conglomerate Hameem Group. During the last election, its chairman, Abul Kalam Azad, actively sought the support of the Awami League. Salman F. Rahman, a member of the ruling Awami League party and a private sector advisor to the ex-prime minister, serves as the deputy chairman of The Independent, a news station affiliated with the Beximco business. Jamuna TV is a subsidiary of the prominent real estate conglomerate Jamuna Group, and its chairman Salma Ali is a member of parliament affiliated with the Jatiyo Party. She was the Minister of State in charge of Women’s and Children’s Affairs. Following legal problems over the licensing process, Ekushey TV resumed broadcasting in 2007 but ceased operations in 2002. The steel and power conglomerate S. Alam Group acquired the station after several ownership changes (Andaleeb & Rahman, 2015).

This phenomenon exposes the biased ownership of television networks, which obstructs the establishment of a professional atmosphere conducive to the growth of independent journalism, ensuring the accountability of those in positions of authority and serving as the representative medium for the public. On the other hand, business magnates use media properties under their ownership as protective barriers to safeguard their enterprises and reputations, sometimes through illicit, unethical, and uninvited means.

Role of Television media

Undoubtedly, television stands out as the most popular and distinctive medium among all others. Given that television broadcasts instantaneously reach the viewer, there is a heightened demand for this medium. Television has the ability to disseminate information and news to a large audience at the same time. Nevertheless, in the current era of digital technology, television also encounters a multitude of obstacles. Nevertheless, television has evolved into a distinct medium through observation and auditory perception. Occasionally, television may captivate audiences by presenting real-time visuals of significant affairs. On the contrary, television graphic news is more reliable and impactful than other forms of media. While static photographs convey a significant amount of information on a newspaper page, moving visuals have the potential to offer more robust and trustworthy storytelling. As a result, the news broadcast on television has greater credibility, exerts a significant influence on the audience, facilitates audience interpretation, and, most importantly, has the ability to both captivate the public and fulfill their requirements (Rahman, 2020).

Recent significant progress in satellite and communications technology has enabled the direct transmission of news from any location, direct communication with journalists, live broadcasting of victim statements, receiving of expert opinions, and even real-time presentation of events. The few factors give television news an additional dimension. In television news, the primary obstacle to conveying the news is the severe time constraint. Television news programming lacks the opportunity to go deeply into several topics. A private station stated that television news often needs to increase its pace in order to provide real-time news to viewers in a very competitive market and authenticate material. While the main purposes of media are to provide education, information, persuasion, and entertainment, television news deliberately strives to uncover the truth while considering these roles (Bhuiyan, 2002).

As technology advances, the obstacles that television faces also increase. Because there are no prospects for foreign investment, domestic media outlets are unable to match the speed of foreign networks. Consequently, it lagged behind its competitors. Additionally, there are YouTube and Facebook videos, live streaming, and several over-the-top (OTT) media platforms available. Television’s existential issues are far more serious. Moreover, private news station stated that online platforms also deliver the same level of immediacy as television news. Furthermore, apart from cable television programming with visual content, web portals now offer immediate news delivery with the option of video or live streaming. Furthermore, the current scenario has intensified these difficulties for television. In addition, online platforms like YouTube and Facebook have also directed their attention towards this matter. The shift is focused on increasing the reliance of customers or audiences on the Internet.

Digital media and television

The introduction of mobile phones was the single most significant transformation in Bangladesh within the last twenty years. Mobile phones have become ubiquitous, even in isolated rural regions, with almost 80% of families owning at least one handheld device. This indicates that nearly every household in the nation owns a mobile phone, and the number of mobile phone displays is increasing in sophistication, with around 26 million Smartphone users. A total of 90 million active internet connections in Bangladesh, as reported by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission, represent an internet penetration rate of over 50%. This profoundly alters the mechanism by which individuals engage in communication with one another (Rahman, 2024).

Government authorities stated that, whereas there are almost three thousand online news portals in Bangladesh, only a small number of them consistently provide independent content. Regarding their activities and business structure, there exist two distinct categories of internet news portals. Specialized teams inside independent, online-only media organizations are responsible for sourcing news content. Another category of site functions as an online extension of the offline media pipeline, whereby these portals repurpose original content. Well-established newspapers and television networks own these portals, which share identical identities. The largest portal in the former category is professionally and commercially managed and operated organizations.

Associated news portals in the latter category are currently creating autonomous content for their websites to capitalize on their growing user base and revenue. Prothomalo.com, the portal bearing its name and owned by the country’s second-largest daily newspaper, is at the forefront of this movement. The media firm has established a comprehensive media team, which is composed of autonomous teams of reporters and technical teams. Nevertheless, the outlet has seen a decline in sales lately as a result of the epidemic situation, which has compelled the company to modify its approach and merge with its newspaper staff (Hasan, & Wadud, 2020).

The Daily Star’s web site commenced operations in 2006. According to the publication, as of January 2018, the website had over 1 million active users and maintained a daily average of over 70,000 active visitors. The bulk of readers maintain communication using mobile phones. Approximately 2.7 million individuals are fans of the daily on Facebook, 460,000 followers on Twitter, and 50,000 subscribers on YouTube. We recently introduced a Bengali version of the portal to appeal to a wider audience. As a result, the daily revenue generated increased by almost 53% in 2017 compared to the previous year. Web sites are observing an upward trajectory in the development of multimedia content. Currently, News portals are piloting multimedia functionalities through news segments and video programs.

THE BELEAGUERED FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Concerns about the dwindling scope for freedom of expression in politics and culture are growing, as evidenced by the media’s increasing scrutiny. There is a prevailing feeling that the government has grown exceedingly irritable and highly unresponsive to criticism. As authorities apply pressure through various methods, such as the removal of government advertising, intimidation, physical assaults, or harassment through indiscriminate and baseless defamation allegations, there is a propensity to artificially stifle negative viewpoints. In recent years, there has been an increasing public outcry against the use of legal instruments against journalists. News coverage has decreased due to specific clauses under the recently implemented Digital Security Act 2018. Section 32 of the bill renders access to any digital information from a government entity illegal, carrying a maximum penalty of 14 years in jail. This clause effectively renders journalistic inquiries or investigations and access to records exceedingly difficult. The Act implicates a growing number of journalists. In 2019, the Act initiated a total of 63 lawsuits, primarily targeting journalists. This year, the trend has become significantly more prominent, as evidenced by the 45 cases that have been filed in the first four months. The majority of them oppose journalists who provoke the anger of influential local stakeholders. In the World Press Freedom Index issued by Reporters Without Borders, Bangladesh consistently has the lowest ranking among South Asian countries. Consistent data indicates that Bangladesh’s press freedom rating has been unchanged since 2016. They are hesitant to risk incarceration or the shutdown of their media establishments. Professional journalists and citizens alike are aware of the comprehensive level of control exerted over news and media, especially electronic media (Begum, & Khan, 2022).

Unethical competition

Television news stated that the fundamental concept of fact-checking is becoming obsolete as a result of the intense competition to be the first to report news, particularly on news-oriented channels. The replication of certain news stories through alternative media outlets is a growing phenomenon. As a result, the influence of social media pressure intensifies the desire to meet public demands. There has been a deliberate attempt to exploit news articles published by daily newspapers in order to generate undue excitement. Furthermore, the media lacks interest in adopting anti-government positions and occasionally hesitates to give coverage of such situations. Hence, audiences choose to avoid conventional media. At present, the primary challenge facing the media is effectively involving audiences and adhering to accepted journalistic ethics standards (Rahman, 2012).

Another issue in broadcast journalism is the lack of emphasis on television’s visual aspects. Several News Channels indicated that the majority of TV networks engaged in competition for live broadcasts without taking editorial factors into account. Instead of expressing their opinions, they distribute content that receives financial support from the government or other prominent entities.

Role of social media

In contemporary times, social media frequently assumes the function of an agenda-setter. Even if an incident unfolds in a certain manner, social media may interpret it differently or form erroneous appraisals. Adhering to truthfulness in news reporting poses a significant problem for mainstream media outlets like television. There was a time when either the mainstream media or the general populace determined the agenda (Hasan, at el., 2024). Currently, the impact of social media is so significant that it compels the traditional media to embrace the social media agenda. Just as we perceive the impact of social media, we may also underscore the challenges that traditional media faces. The presence of fact-checking websites enables broadcast journalism to effectively differentiate between credible and false information, therefore minimizing the impact of fake news. Several social networking platforms have also been diligently striving to eradicate all forms of misinformation (Andaleeb, et al., 2012). The influence of social media on conventional news management will put significant pressure on broadcast journalism. Furthermore, television should not showcase the influence of social media, thereby compelling other forms of media to disseminate this kind of information.

CHALLENGES

The epidemic phase has presented novel obstacles for broadcast journalism in gathering information and photos in accordance with the recently implemented health regulations. Initially, this phenomenon was novel, and the media lacked familiarity with it. As a result, they were deceived by healthcare professionals and administrators. With time, journalists became cognizant of the issue. The advent of social media has enabled individuals to access up-to-date information about matters from a multitude of sources, including reputable websites like CNN. Hence, the unique features of the epidemic in Bangladesh provide a formidable obstacle for local TV stations in their news reporting efforts. Conversely, in the absence of broadcast news, a greater number of individuals would succumb (Polas, et al., 2025). Reports prompt public awareness, compelling authorities to intervene to protect lives in danger in spite the prevalence of deceptive claims and efforts to conceal information from the authorities on social media, the audience is capable of discerning the actual circumstances. In a career replete with novel encounters, journalists are currently contending with fresh obstacles (Naser, 2021).

Since there is no substitute for high-quality images in delivering information of superior quality, television news has become increasingly crucial and perilous in meeting the demands of viewers and readers. Medical clinicians, scientists, and researchers are diligently striving to acquire accurate information. Once individuals receive an accurate message, they tend to internalize it. Governments consistently play a game of concealment and deception. Therefore, there is a significant information crisis that occasionally results in inaccurate reporting. The deficiency of information exacerbates the divide between the government and the people. People perceive the government as failing to provide a clear description of the emergency situation in Bangladesh, despite its assertion that the general public should not receive comprehensive information on the matter. In order to achieve this, stakeholders must incur a cost (Shahin, & Hasan, 2023).

The primary obstacle encountered by journalists is the task of locating accurate information. There are certain rumors and false information being spread about this epidemic. For instance, initially, individuals will not have any interaction with patients, even after their deaths. However, subsequent findings revealed that does not propagate via deceased individuals. Therefore, journalists face the primary challenge of effectively combating misinformation, as people have grown accustomed to overlooking errors and erroneous information (Alam, at el., 2016). Application usage: The practice of conducting interviews with individuals who use different online applications, such as Zoom, has been a recent development. Telephone interviews are essential for disseminating significant news and material. Operating a television channel requires constrained human resources; while establishing a home office is feasible in other forms of media, it is not feasible in television or radio.

CONCLUSION

Effective resolution of the obstacles presented by social media is crucial for the future of television journalism in Bangladesh. Undoubtedly, the field of television journalism is not in danger of extinction, but we cannot substitute the rigorous training and ethical standards necessary for its effective maintenance. Integrity in broadcast journalism refers to the rigorous adherence to journalistic ideals and ethics. Secondly, the transformation of TV ownership is necessary. Establishing at least a few news-oriented channels under the operation of experienced journalists is crucial. These channels will receive assistance from associations or other sources. Despite the challenges, media enterprises in Bangladesh are still contending with emerging readership and viewership patterns and business transformations driven by social media. In an era characterized by diminishing attention spans and omnipresent screens, conventional journalism is facing significant challenges. Nevertheless, a contemporary cohort of journalists is rapidly adjusting to this phenomenon, seeking methods to reconcile the disparity between transient revenue and the traditional methodology of journalism. 

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