Status of Organizational Resilience of Laguna Provincial Jail: An Input to Contingency Plan

Authors

Ralph Tenido Alon-Alon

Laguna State Polytechnic University-Santa Cruz Campus, Santa Cruz, Laguna (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100500521

Subject Category: Public Administration

Volume/Issue: 10/5 | Page No: 7706-7747

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-05-08

Accepted: 2026-05-14

Published: 2026-06-06

Abstract

This study aims to determine the status of organizational resilience at Laguna Provincial Jail (LPJ), evaluate its contingency management practices, and analyze their relationships to propose enhancements for a contingency plan focusing on the five dimensions of organizational resilience such as the Leadership and Decision-Making, Security and Risk Control, Inmate Management Stability, Emergency Preparedness, and Psychological and Operational Resilience as well as the Contingency Planning, Staff Training, Coordination and Collaboration, and Response and Incident Management and Communication System. The research used a total enumeration sampling, conducted with the 103 personnels of Laguna Provincial Jail. The study hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between the Contingency Management and the Organizational Resilience of the LPJ. The study used a researcher-made instrument validated and tested for reliability through Cronbach Alpha to collect the data while employing a descriptive correlational design enabling quantitative assessment of resilience and contingency practices. SThe significant correlations emerged across all dimensions, strongest between inmate management stability and response/incident management. The LPJ exhibits robust resilience bolstered by effective contingency practices, though gaps persist in drills and psychological support. Thus, this research affirms strong leadership and coordination as resilience drivers while recommending urging quarterly scenario-based training, counseling programs, vulnerability mapping, and comparative jail studies.

Keywords

Organizational Resilience, Contingency Management

Downloads

References

1. Abeba, M. A., Mesele, D. A., & Lemessa, B. (2015). The impact of training and development on employee performance and effectiveness: A case study of Ethiopian banks. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 189, 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.012 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451–474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163537 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Belenko, S., et al. (2022). Interagency criminal justice teams and data driven change. Journal of Justice Policy and Practice, 10(3), 189–212. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. BJMP vs Laguna Provincial Jail: Correctional administration case study. (2026). Scribd document. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. BJS. (1994). Assessment of Prisoner Assaults on Corrections Officers. Office of Justice Programs. https://ojp.gov [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Huang, J. C. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1065–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352880 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bressan, S., et al. (2019). Challenges for prison governors and staff in implementing the Healthy Prisons framework. The Prison Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Candaliza-Gutierrez, F. (2012). Pangkat: Inmate Gangs at the New Bilibid Prison. University of the Philippines Diliman. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Chapman, N. L. (2025). Emergency operations plan to sufficiently support prison disaster response: A phenomenological study. Walden University ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Chapman, N.L. (2025). Emergency operations plan to sufficiently support prison disaster response: A phenomenological study. Walden University ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Clements, A.J. (2023). Job Demands, Organizational Justice, and Emotional Exhaustion Among Prison Officers. Taylor & Francis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Clements, A.J. (2023). Job Demands, Organizational Justice, and Emotional Exhaustion Among Prison Officers. Taylor & Francis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Coping mechanisms employed by persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) to manage stress, mental health issues, and other challenges at the Laoang Sub-Provincial Jail. (2025). Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. CORDIS. (2022, December 22). In pursuit of interagency collaboration in the prison system. CORDIS EU Research Results. https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/442720-in-pursuit-of-interagency-collaboration-in-the-prison-system [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. CrimRxiv. (2024). A critical analysis of the police prison collaboration in contrasting organised crime groups. CrimRxiv. https://www.crimrxiv.com/pub/ne00i2mz/download/pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Cruz, J. T. (2020). Human resource allocation and resilience in Philippine jails. Journal of Public Administration and Development, 38(3), 213-225. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Cruz, M. & Cruz, R. (2022). Compassionate leadership and organizational resilience: Lessons from correctional institutions. Journal of Correctional Leadership Studies. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Department of Justice Philippines. (2024). Operational protocols for jail and prison coordination. https://doj.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Duggins, C. (2023). Understanding Lived Experiences of Correctional Officers Assaulted by Inmates. Liberty University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. EDCOM II. (2026). Workforce development plan 2026. Commission on Higher Education. https://edcom2.gov.ph/media/2026/01/EDCOM-II_Y03_Workforce-Development-Plan.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. El Sawy, S., & El Sayed, R. (2021). Impact of training on employee performance in Egyptian SMEs. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2271 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Ferdik, F.V., et al. (2025). It's a Dangerous Job! A Systematic Review of the Predictors of Correctional Officer Victimization. SAGE Journals. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Gaillard, J. C., et al. (2016). Reducing and managing the risk of disaster in Philippine jails and prisons. PreventionWeb. https://www.preventionweb.org/publication/reducing-and-managing-risk-disaster-philippine-jails-and-prisons [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Georgescu, M. (2019). Employee training and development as a support for organizational performance. Journal of Economic Studies & Research, 2019, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14738/jesr.7.1.6123 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Gist, R. (2020). Resilience in correctional officers: Personal coping and institutional support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(4), 345-358. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Guo, X. (2021). Examining resilience of disaster response systems from a complex adaptive system perspective: The COVID-19 response in China. PLoS ONE, 16(4), e0249407. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Hernandez, D. R. (2021). Disaster vulnerability assessment of selected jails in CALABARZON. International Organization of Educational Research and Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 4(1), 45-61. https://ioer-imrj.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Hernandez, R., & Ingco, R. (2017). Disaster vulnerability assessment of selected jails under Bureau of Jail Management and Penology in CALABARZON. International Journal of Emerging Science and Technology Research. https://www.ioer-imrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Disaster-Vulnerability-Assessment-of-Selected-Jails-.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Hidalgo, C. N. (2025). Local governments in the Philippines begin leadership training in socially inclusive resilience. CLARE Programme. https://clareprogramme.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. IJARCCE. (2022). Prison management system: Connectivity across jails and administrative efficiency. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 11(6), 136–142. https://ijarcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/IJARCCE.2022.115136.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Ingvaldsen, G., Patriarca, R., & Steen, R. (2021). Engineering resilience in a prison’s performance management system. Safety Science. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Ingvaldsen, G., Patriarca, R., & Steen, R. (2021). Engineering resilience in a prison’s performance management system. Safety Science. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Jha, S., & Kumar, M. (2012). Management education in India: Issues and challenges. Journal of Management & Public Policy, 5(1), 1–22. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Jossie, M.K.L. (2023). Attitudes About Rehabilitation Among Jail Correctional Officers. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Just enough for resilience? Creating capacity in a high-security prison. (2025). Safety Science. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Justice Trends. (2022, September 25). Risk assessment in corrections. https://justice-trends.press/risk-assessment-in-corrections/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Justice Trends. (2026). Using intelligence to improve incident awareness in custody. https://justice-trends.press/using-intelligence-to-improve-incident-awareness-in-custody/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Larsen, J. A., Conway, M. A., & K. et al. (2018). Factors affecting the transfer of training to the workplace after healthcare training. Human Resources for Health, 16(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0295-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Latham, G. P., & Latham, G. N. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35 year odyssey. American Psychologist, 47(9), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Latham, G. P., & Latham, G. N. (2011). The impact of training methods on the motivation to transfer training. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.11.002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Lexipol. (2025). Communicating effectively in corrections. Retrieved from https://www.lexipol.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. M2SYS Technology. (2025). AI powered incident monitoring in prisons. https://www.m2sys.com/blog/jail-management/ai-powered-incident-monitoring-for-swift-incident-response/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Mesele, M., Abeba, D. A., & Lemessa, B. (2015). The impact of training and development on employee performance and effectiveness: A case study of Ethiopian banks. International Journal of Management, 6(4), 1–12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Midtlyng, S. (2025). Creating capacity in a high-security prison: The role of human resources in organizational resilience. Journal of Correctional Management Studies. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2023). Situational Risk Factors for Inmate-on-Staff Assault. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Mitchell, S. (2025, April 1). A guide to preparing for and responding to emergencies in correctional facilities. National Institute of Corrections. https://nicic.gov/resources/nic-library/guide-preparing-and-responding-emergencies-in-correctional-facilities [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Narag, M.K.L. (2023). Informal Coping Mechanisms in Philippine Correctional Management. SIU News. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Narag, R. E., & Jones, C. R. (2016). Understanding Prison Management in the Philippines. The Prison Journal, 97(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885516679366 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Nario-Lopez, H.G. (2021). Dealing with Operational Challenges in a Philippine City Jail. Ateneo Archium. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Nario-Lopez, H.G. (2025). Diskarte Lang: Dealing with Operational Challenges in a Philippine City Jail. Ateneo de Manila University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. National Commission on Correctional Health Care. (2025). Preparing for the 2026 jail and prison health standards. https://ncchcresources.org/2026-jail-and-prison-health-standards/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. National Commission on Correctional Health Care. (2026). Standards for health services in jails and prisons (2026 ed.). https://ncchcresources.org/2026-jail-and-prison-health-standards/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Nordman, A.M. (2024). Understanding the Lived Experiences of Assaulted Correctional Officers in the Philippines. Walden University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. NursingCECentral. (2025). Emergency response in the correctional setting. https://nursingcecentral.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Oklahoma Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Community corrections emergency plans: Guidelines for riot and incident management. Oklahoma City [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. ORTALEZA, L. R. B., & NABE, PhD, N. (2024b, June). A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY ON IN-PRISON TREATMENT OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY IN A PENAL COLONY WITHOUT WALLS. PhD Research, Paper Publications, Paper Publication, Paper Publisher, Publication of Papers, Electrical Journal, Civil Journal, Medical Sciences Journal, Veterinary Sciences Journal, Healthcare Journal, Economics Journal. https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/A%20MULTIPLE%20CASE%20STUDY%20ON%20IN-PRISON-04012024-2.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Paper 12926. (2026). Jail management system: Efficient management of prisoner information and operations. International Journal of Recent Research in Science and Engineering, 12(1), 1–11. https://www.scribd.com/document/834902466/Paper12926 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Pérez, J., et al. (2021). The role of prison officers' regulation of inmates affect on their exposure to violence and PTSD symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Philippine Judiciary. (2020). Supreme Court administrative orders on case management and emergency response. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. PreventionWeb. (2019, December 17). Reducing and managing the risk of disaster in Philippine jails and prisons. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/reducing-and-managing-risk-disaster-philippine-jails-and-prisons [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Prison Incident Management Handbook. (2019). United Nations Peacekeeping. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/handbook_pim.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Provincial Government of Laguna. (2025). Laguna Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2021-2030. https://laguna.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Quraishi, M., & Benton, M. (2014). Interagency collaboration within juvenile detention to improve outcomes. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 3(1), 45–59. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Reyes, L. (2018). Kapit-bisig and relational resilience: Strengthening collaboration during crises. Asian Journal of Organizational Behavior, 5(3), 101-115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Ricciardelli, R. (2024). The Moral Impacts of Organizational Stress on Correctional Officers. SAGE Journals. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. RSIS International. (n.d.). Issues and concerns of the jail officers in dealing ... https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-7-issue-6/197-204.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Sal, S., & Raja, K. (2016). A study on the impact of training on employee performance in the manufacturing sector. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(4), 1–12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Salas, E., & Cannon Bowers, J. A. (2001). The science of training: A decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.471 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Sarkar, M., & Ray, A. (2017). Emotional intelligence and team effectiveness: A study among correctional officers of West Bengal. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3), Article 18.01.118/20170403. https://doi.org/10.25215/0403.118villa [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Sarmiento, D. S. (2024). Association between reoffending factors and the effectiveness of therapeutic community programs in selected city jails of Laguna. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 7(5), 12-34. https://ijmrap.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Schultz, N. et al. (2025). It's a Dangerous Job! A Systematic Review of the Predictors of Correctional Officer Victimization. SAGE Journals. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Scribd. (2025). Crisis and incident management in Philippine correctional institutions [Working document]. https://www.scribd.com/document/958439680/4-Crisis-and-Incident-Management-in-Philippine-Correctional-Institutions [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Silva, D. S. (2024). Association between reoffending factors and the effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) in chosen Laguna provincial jails. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Silva, D. S. (2024). Association between reoffending factors and the effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) in chosen Laguna provincial jails. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Slade, K., & Lopresti, E. (2013). Predictors of resilience among prison staff: The impact of experience and training on crisis management. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 9(2), 89-102. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Smither, J. W., London, M., & Reilly, R. R. (2005). Does training work? A meta analysis and review of training evaluation studies. Personnel Psychology, 58(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00300.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Sørensen, J.R. (2011). Serious Assaults on Prison Staff: A Descriptive Analysis. ScienceDirect. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Taaka, S.S. (2024). Predicting Physical Violence Against Corrections Officers. PMC. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Technological Institute of the Philippines. (2016). Impact of training and development on employee performance in the manufacturing sector [Unpublished thesis]. Technological Institute of the Philippines. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. TESDA. (2026, January 7). TESDA vows expanded training, employment opportunities in 2026. TESDA News. https://tesda.gov.ph/Media/NewsDetail/20447 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. The function, organization, and administration of provincial jail. (2025). Scribd document. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Understanding corrections fatigue and perceptions of natural environments. (2024). The Prison Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Unismuh. (2022). Conditions of Correctional Facilities in the Philippines. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2022). Tabletop exercise on harmonizing public health emergency response in the Philippine correctional system. https://unodc.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2022, March 4). UNODC gears Philippine jails and prisons on health emergency preparedness. https://www.unodc.org/roseap/philippines/2022/03/jails-prisons-health-emergency-preparedness/story.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. United Nations Peacekeeping. (n.d.). Prison Incident Management Handbook. Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/prison_incident_management_handbook.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Useem, B., & Piehl, A. M. (2006). Prison Journal. Inmate assault rates and staff safety. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Useem, B., & Piehl, A.M. (2006). Inmate Assault Rates and Staff Safety. Prison Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Vadil, C. F., Castriciones, S. O., Anduyan, D., Zulueta, D., & Quimzon, L. L. (2025). Filipino organizational resilience (FilOR): Development of a culturally grounded framework. Consortia Academia Publishing. https://consortiacademia.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Van den Broek, et al. (2021). Testing the job-demand-control-support model of stress with jail officers. The Prison Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. Villarreal, M. C., Jr. (2017). Psychological resilience in correctional officers: The role of demographics [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4522 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. Yamamoto, M., et al. (2020). Training effectiveness in Asian small and medium sized enterprises. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 58(4), 456–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12198 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. Yatsco, J. A., et al. (2020). Interagency criminal justice–behavioral health teams and service outcomes. Guard1. (2025). How to be proactive with incidents in jail: Essential preparation. https://www.guard1.com/how-to-be-proactive-with-incidents-in-jail/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

96. Zielinski, M. J. (2022). Policy and public communication methods among U.S. state prison systems during COVID-19. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. https://www.ncjrs.gov [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

97. Journals [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

98. A qualitative exploration of persons deprived of liberty in selected BJMP facilities in Laguna, Philippines. (2025). All Multidisciplinary Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

99. Bureau of Corrections. (2024). Bureau of Corrections Manual. Department of Justice, Philippines. https://www.bucor.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

100. “Interagency Cooperation in Juvenile Detention.” (2025). In Interagency Cooperation in Juvenile Detention Center Library (pp. 45–70). Emerald Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

101. “Managing jails at the height of Covid 19 pandemic: Jail officers in focus.” (2025, June 3). International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 15(6), 1123–1135. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/managing-jails-at-the-height-of-covid-19-pandemic-jail-officers-in-focus/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

102. “The WHO, what, and how of interagency criminal teams.” (2024, September 23). PLOS ONE, 19(9), e0312345. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11737727/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles