Ecological and Economic Implications of Sand Mining in the Opa Dam Catchment, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Sand mining in hydrologically sensitive zones presents complex ecological and economic challenges. This study investigated the spatial distribution and economic implications of sand mining within the Opa Dam catchment, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Using geospatial analysis, field measurements, and market-based assessments, twelve mining sites were systematically examined to evaluate hydro-geomorphological impacts and revenue-reclamation trade-offs. Results revealed that mining activities are concentrated along accessible road networks and drainage systems, intensifying risks of erosion, sedimentation, and biodiversity loss (Padmalal & Maya, 2014; Koehnken et al., 2020). Economically, while sites such as Ede Road and Modakeke generated substantial revenues exceeding ₦5 billion, reclamation costs nearly offset profits, underscoring unsustainable exploitation (Torres et al., 2017). Abandoned pits further exacerbate ecological degradation, threatening groundwater recharge and water quality (Ajibade, 2019). The findings highlighted the duality of sand mining as both a livelihood source and a driver of environmental stress. This study contributes to resource management discourse by integrating spatial and economic evidence, emphasizing the need for policy interventions that balance short-term economic gains with long-term ecological resilience. Recommendations include stricter enforcement of buffer zones, reclamation-linked licensing, and promotion of alternatives such as manufactured sand (Padmalal & Maya, 2014).

Average Nearest Neighbour, Directional distribution, Eco- ecology

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