Effectiveness of Asian Green Mussel (Perna Viridis) Shells as Partial Replacement for Portland Pozzolana Cement (Ppc) On Magnesium Sulfate Resistance in Concrete

The deterioration of concrete exposed to sulfate and magnesium ions is a major durability concern for marine and coastal infrastructure. At the same time, the improper disposal of Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis) shells generates substantial waste in coastal communities. This study investigated the effectiveness of finely ground Asian Green Mussel Shells (GMS) as a partial replacement for Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) in concrete subjected to magnesium sulfate exposure. An experimental laboratory investigation was conducted using six GMS replacement levels: 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% by mass of PPC. The GMS material was collected from the Navotas Fishport Complex, processed through washing, drying, grinding, and sieving, and incorporated into concrete mixtures. A total of 24 cylindrical specimens were prepared, with 12 specimens subjected to water curing and 12 specimens exposed to a 5% magnesium sulfate solution. Specimen preparation and curing followed applicable ASTM procedures, while compressive strength was determined at 28 days in accordance with ASTM C39. The performance of the mixtures was evaluated using compressive strength, residual compressive strength, percentage strength loss, and Strength Retention Index (SRI). The processed GMS exhibited 99.984% passing through the No. 200 sieve and an average specific gravity of 2.72133, indicating its suitability as a fine filler material. The results showed that compressive strength increased with GMS incorporation up to 12%, after which strength decreased. The 12% GMS mixture achieved the highest reported compressive strength, reaching 23.062 MPa under the water-curing condition and 21.882 MPa after magnesium sulfate exposure. It also achieved an SRI of 94.885%, corresponding to a strength loss of approximately 5.115%. Replacement levels above 12% resulted in declining strength retention, with visible salt crystallization observed at higher replacement levels. The findings indicate that 12% GMS replacement provides the most favorable balance between mechanical performance and early-age resistance to magnesium sulfate attack under the controlled conditions of this study.

Technology and Education/Sustainability

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