Evaluating Teacher Internship Program in a Teacher Education Institution: A Proposed Mentorship Program
Authors
University of Cebu - Banilad Campus and Cebu Technological University - Danao Campus (Philippines)
Article Information
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100900105
Subject Category: Education
Volume/Issue: 10/9 | Page No: 1553-1573
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-09-14
Accepted: 2026-09-19
Published: 2026-10-01
Abstract
This study evaluated the teacher internship program of a teacher education institution by examining the self-reported teaching competencies, teaching confidence, and challenges encountered by graduating teacher interns. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational-comparative research design, the study involved 119 graduating BEEd and BSEd teacher interns who participated approximately one month before graduation. Data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire measuring teaching competencies, challenges encountered, confidence and preparedness, and recommendations for internship program improvement. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, independent-samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that the interns reported a very high level of teaching competencies (M = 4.53, SD = 0.72) and very high teaching confidence (M = 4.27, SD = 0.75), while challenges encountered were reported at a moderate level (M = 3.34, SD = 1.25). A statistically significant positive association was found between self-reported teaching competencies and teaching confidence (r = .606, p < .001). No statistically significant differences were found in teaching competencies or teaching confidence when respondents were grouped according to age. The findings also showed a statistically significant difference in teaching competencies by sex, while teaching confidence did not significantly differ by sex. Neither teaching competencies nor teaching confidence significantly differed according to academic program. Overall, the findings indicate that graduating teacher interns reported high levels of teaching competencies and confidence while experiencing moderate internship-related challenges. Based on these findings, a structured mentorship program is proposed to provide systematic guidance, feedback, and support during the teacher internship experience.
Keywords
teacher internship, teaching competencies, teaching confidence, internship challenges
Downloads
References
1. Abas, M. C. (2016). Pre-service teachers’ experiences during off-campus observation: Basis for improving the roles of teacher education institutions and cooperating schools. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 10(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v10i2.3449 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Almerino, P. M., Opeña, J. A., Abrigo, C. M., & Rosal, J. R. (2020). Teaching internship program of a teacher education institution in the Philippines: An evaluation. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(9), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.9.2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Arasomwan, D. A., & Mashiya, N. (2021). Foundation phase pre-service teachers' experiences of teaching life skills during teaching practice. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 11(1), a700. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v11i1.700 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Bandura, A. (1997). *Self-efficacy: The exercise of control*. W.H. Freeman. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Brondyk, S., & Cook, S. (2023). Developing and validating the Student Teaching Assessment Tool (STAT): Promoting developmental feedback and equity. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1259324. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1259324 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Buabeng, I., Ntow, F. D., & Otami, C. D. (2020). Teacher education in Ghana: Policies and practices. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 9(1), 68-95. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Cai, Z., Zhu, J., & Tian, S. (2022). Preservice teachers' teaching internship affects professional identity: Self-efficacy and learning engagement as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1070763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070763 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Caspersen, J., & Raaen, F. D. (2021). The role of practicum in developing professional confidence among student teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 103, 103348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103348 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Cheung, A. C. K., Wong, K. L., Wang, H. F., & Dai, J. B. (2023). Effect of a student teaching internship program on the self-efficacy of pre-service teachers in rural China. International Journal of Educational Management, 37(2), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-03-2021-0081 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Commission on Higher Education. (2017). CHED Memorandum Order No. 104, series of 2017: Revised guidelines for the Student Internship Program in the Philippines (SIPP) for all programs. Commission on Higher Education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Craft, J., Christensen, M., & Bakon, S. (2021). Exploring the relationship between confidence and competence in nursing students’ clinical performance. Nurse Education Today, 97, 104706. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Damoah, B., & Kkalo, X. (2024). Constructivist Mentor: Influence of Mentor Teachers on Mentees. Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, 15(1), 62-71. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Darling-Hammond, L. (2020). Accountability in teacher education. Action in Teacher Education, 42(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2019.1704464 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Dizon, S. G., & Tolentino, J. C. G. (2022). Internal assessment of a physical education teacher education program in the Philippines using the Engagement Theory of Program Quality (ETPQ). Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 9(2), 46–80. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2022.16959 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Donguines, I. T., Deguma, J. J., Deguma, M. C., Capuno, R. G., Pinili, L. C., Pantaleon, A. T., Tandag, J. N., Paulo, J. T., Paulo, J. F., & Arroz, M. D. (2021). Teacher-education students’ stress experience, coping strategies, and pre-teaching performance: A case in a public higher education institution in the Province of Cebu, Philippines. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 11(6), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0143 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Ellis, N. J., Alonzo, D., & Nguyen, H. T. M. (2020). Elements of a quality pre-service teacher mentor: A literature review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 92, 103072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103072 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. European Journal of Educational Research [EU-JER]. (2023). Improving the quality of teaching internships with the help of digital platforms. European Journal of Educational Research. https://www.eu-jer.com/improving-the-quality-of-teaching-internships-with-the-help-of-the-platforms [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Feiman-Nemser, S., Hammerness, K., Matsko, K. K., & Wallace, J. (2021). Where, when, and how does mentoring take place? Mentors' perspectives on the practice of mentoring. Journal of Teacher Education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2012). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications (10th ed.). Pearson. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Girgin, D. & Akcanca, N. (2021). The readiness of primary and preschool pre-service teachers for the teaching profession in Turkey: A Mixed methods research. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(2). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Gordon, D., Blundell, C., Mills, R., & Bourke, T. (2023). Teacher self-efficacy and reform: A systematic literature review. The Australian Educational Researcher, 50, 801–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00526-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Huang, F. F., Shen, X. Y., Chen, X. L., He, L. P., Huang, S. F., & Li, J. X. (2020). Self-reported confidence in patient safety competencies among Chinese nursing students: A multi-site cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, 20, 32. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Ignacio, R. E. (2023). Enhancing teacher self-efficacy in SEL: Insights from a scoping review. Journal of Education and Culture, 4(2), 92–105. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Kwarteng, J. T., & Sappor, P. (2021). Pre-service accounting teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching cost accounting. Education Research International, 2021, 1-11. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Kolb, D. A. (1984). *Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development*. Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2017). Experiential learning theory as a guide for experiential educators in higher education. Experiential Learning & Teaching in Higher Education, 1(1), 7–44. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. König, J. (2016). General pedagogical knowledge, teacher self-efficacy, and instructional quality: A longitudinal study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.006 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Lazarides, R., & Warner, L. (2020, May 29). Teacher self-efficacy. *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education*. https://oxfordre.com/education/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-890 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Li, M., Kuang, F., & Dan, W. (2023). Exploring the characteristics of pre-service EFL teachers' practicum experiences: A complexity theory-based case study in China. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 8, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-023-00187-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Maher, D., Prescott, A., & Jones, M. (2021). Practicing what we teach: Using digital tools for remote teacher internships during COVID-19. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 46(6),1–18. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2021v46n6.1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Malhoit, G. C., & Wake, D. (2021). Reinventing student teaching: A collaborative model for clinical practice. Journal of Teacher Education Reform, 67(2), 55–74. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Mamolo, L. A., & Sugano, D. B. (2020). Self-perceived and actual competencies of senior high school students in General Mathematics. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1779505. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. Manigbas III, J. P., Cama, E. P., Santelices, Y. A., & Alejandro, N. S. (2024). Pedagogical and classroom management competency of pre-service teachers in Partido College, Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10644851 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. Matsumoto-Royo, L., Campos-Rubio, V., & Moral-Pérez, M. E. (2023). Feedback for lifelong learning competence: A mixed methods research on pre-service teachers' perception. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1210678. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in education: Evidence- based inquiry (7th ed.). Pearson. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. Mechouat, K. (2024). The Impact of Aligning Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory with a Comprehensive Teacher Education Model on Pre-service Teachers’ Attitudes and Teaching Practice. European Scientific Journal, 20(28), 135–147. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. Michos, K., Cantieni, A., Schmid, R., Müller, L., & Petko, D. (2022). Examining the relationship between internship experiences, teaching enthusiasm, and teacher self-efficacy when using a mobile portfolio app. Teaching and Teacher Education, 109, Article 103570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103570 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. Michos, K., & Petko, D. (2024). Reflection using mobile portfolios during teaching internships: Tracing the influence of mentors and peers on teacher self-efficacy. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 33, 291–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2024.2311798 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. Napanoy,J.B.,Gayagay,G.C.,&Tuazon ,J.R.(2021). Difficulties Encountered by Pre-service Teachers: Basis of a Pre-service Training Program. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 342 -349. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2021.090210. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
46. Montebon, D. R., & Cagasan, L. M. (2021). Challenges in teaching internship: Experiences of pre-service teachers in Central Visayas. The Normal Lights, 15(2), 105–123. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
47. Nieto-Gutierrez, W., Zafra-Tanaka, J. H., Pacheco-Barrios, K., & Taype-Rondan, Á. (2020). Self-perception of competences in clinical practice among recently graduated physicians from Lima, Peru. Heliyon, 6(11), e05424. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
48. Odanga, S. J., & Aloka, P. J. O. (2024). Effects of age on teachers' self-efficacy: Evidence from secondary schools. Athens Journal of Education, 11(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.11-4-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
49. OECD. (2021). *Teachers and school leaders as valued professionals: Status, working conditions and support*. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/35d9d7f4-en [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
50. Orland-Barak, L., & Wang, J. (2021). Teacher Mentoring in Service of Preservice Teachers' Learning to Teach: Conceptual Bases, Characteristics, and Challenges for Teacher Education Reform. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
51. Palczyńska, M., & Rynko, M. (2021). ICT skills measurement in social surveys: Can we trust self-reports? Quality & Quantity, 55, 917–943. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
52. Panti, L. A. (2020). Pre-service teachers’ readiness and challenges during internship. Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 4(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.52631/jemds.v4i1.96 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
53. Quileste,R.M.(2020).The Pedagogical Content Knowledge of the School ofEducationPre-ServiceTeachers in Test Construction.JPAIR Institutional Research Volume 14June 2020 Print ISSN 2244-1824 • Online ISSN 2244-1816 https://doi.org/10.7719/irj.v14i1.7802 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
54. Reyes, L. M., & Santiago, D. P. (2022). Virtual practice teaching: Reflections and implications on teacher education in the new normal. Philippine Journal of Educational Measurement, 13(1), 24–39. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
55. Rizkiani, S. (2021). Professional competency of pre-service English teachers and ICT during COVID-19 pandemic. Acuity: Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature and Culture, 6(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v6i2.2462 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
56. Rushby, J. V., Klassen, R. M., Durksen, T. L., Pfaffel, A., & Bardach, L. (2025). Longitudinal effects of a scenario-based learning intervention on preservice teacher self-efficacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 154, Article 104859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104859 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
57. Scarparolo, G., & Subban, P. (2021). A systematic review of pre-service teachers' self-efficacy beliefs for differentiated instruction. Teachers and Teaching, 27(8), 753–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.2007371 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
58. Sinsay-Villanueva, L. M. V., Garcia, G. D. V., Lim, V. L., Tanyag, I. H., Berroya, J., Orbeta, A. C., Jr., & Rivera, J. P. R. (2025). Quality education starting with teacher education (PIDS Discussion Paper No. 2025-04). Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2025.04 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
59. Straková, Z. (2015). Developing pre-service teachers’ competencies through practical experience. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 882–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.168 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
60. Toker Gökçe, A. (2020, June 30). Professional socialization in schools. *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education*. https://oxfordre.com/education/view/10.1093/ acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-673 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
61. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
62. UNESCO. (2021). *Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education*. UNESCO Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
63. Vu, T. V., & Tran, D. N. (2020). Demystifying Perceptual Learning Style Preferences of Vietnamese University Freshmen in English Academic Achievement. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(9), 15–38. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
64. Weaver, J. C., Matangula, T. C., & Matney, G. (2024). The power of feedback in teacher education. International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies, 13(3), 190–204. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
65. Wilcoxen, K., & Lemke, M. (2021). Not too late to learn: How dialogic feedback supports preservice teachers’ learning. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 18(8), Article 14. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
66. Zhang, J. (2023). Research on the strategies to improve the quality of education practice for normal university students. Francis Academic Press. https://francis-press.com/index.php/papers/16414 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
67. Zulkifli, A. S., Sulaiman, N. F., & Mohamed, S. (2019). Pre-service teachers' knowledge of classroom management. Creative Education, 10(12), 3490–3501 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
- Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
- “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
- Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
- Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study