Comparative Analysis of Inverters for Low-Power Acoustic-Based Energy Transfer System

The growing demand for efficient and reliable energy transfer systems has driven research into innovative solutions for low-power applications. This thesis focuses on the comparison analysis of inverters for low power application acoustic based energy transfer system. An acoustic energy transfer system is one of promising technology for wireless energy transmission in constrained environments especially in metal environments. The research evaluates the performance of different inverter topologies which are Class E ZVS Inverter and Class D Half Bridge Resonant Inverter by considering key parameters such as efficiency, power transmission, and adaptability to acoustic wave energy systems. Calculation and simulation results from both inverters were compared and Class E ZVS inverter has been chosen for further with experimental because the performance efficiency of Class E produces 98.6% compared to Class D which is 98.04%. The Class E inverter managed to produce better efficiency, power transmission at 40kHz and 470-ohm resistor as an inverter load. The experimental hardware of Class E inverter produces 64.2% as efficiency, as it undergoes tuning process where the tuning processes is critical to optimize the functionality of resonant circuits, ensuring they achieve the best and highest efficiency ii at transmitter. So, the power transmitted to the receiver have some drops due to their internal resistance, and components factor. The receiver will receive 7.36 V at 1cm distance while the target for this project is transmitting to 3cm distance with 6.43V. This shows that the goal of the project to transmit power to the receiving unit has been successfully implemented and it contributes to the progress in wireless power transmission technology.

The growing demand for efficient and reliable energy

1. Ismaili, Z., Mustapha, M.A., Abdullah, M.O. et al. (2025). “Converting industrial noise into useful electrical energy: a review and case study on acoustic energy harvesting in district cooling plants”, Sustainable Energy Research, 12, Article 18. DOI: 10.1186/s40807-025-00156- [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Z. Zhang, H. Pang, A. Georgiadis and C. Cecati, "Wireless Power Transfer—An Overview," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1044-1058, Feb. 2019. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. M. G. L. Roes, J. L. Duarte, M. A. M. Hendrix and E. A. Lomonova, "Acoustic Energy Transfer: A Review," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 242- 248, Jan. 2013. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. M. A. Mustapha, M. O. Abdullah, G. Ismaili, and A. S. M. Pauzan, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. “Converting industrial noise into useful electrical energy: a review and case study on acoustic energy harvesting in district cooling plants,” Sustainable Energy Research, vol. 12, Art. no. 18, 2025. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. M. P. Kazmierkowski and A. J. Moradewicz, "Contactless energy transfer (CET) systems— A review," 2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC), Novi Sad, Serbia, 2012. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Md Rabiul Awal, Muzammil Jusoh, Thennarasan Sabapathy, Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin, Rosemizi Abd Rahim, "State-of-the- Art Developments of Acoustic Energy Transfer", International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2016. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Q. Chen, Y. Zhu, K. Zhang, et al., “Broadband low-frequency acoustic energy harvesting amplified by sonic crystal metamaterial with double defects,” Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies, vol. 12, pp. 469–480, 2024. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. M. I. S. Faiz, M. R. Awal, M. R. Basar, N. A. Latiff, dan M. S. Yahya, “A comparative review on acoustic and inductive power transfer,” Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 188–224, 2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. S. Miziev, et al., “Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants: electromagnetic, acoustic, optical and direct connection,” Review, 2024. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Saat, S., Mokhtar, N., Zaid, T., A. Ghani, Z., M. Isa, A. A., Darsono, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. A., Yusop, Y., A.Rahman, F., Husin, S., M. Isa, M., & M. Zin, M. “The Development of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Low Power Applications: An Acoustic Based Approach”, Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC), 7(2), 129–135, 2016. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Zaid, T., Saat, S., Jamal, N., Yusop, Y., Huzaimah H, S., & Hindustan, I. “A study on performance of the acoustic energy transfer system through air medium using ceramic disk ultrasonic transducer”, Journal of Applied Sciences, 16(12), 580-587, 2016. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Pullabhatla, S. K., Bobba, P. B., & Yadlapalli, S. (2020). Comparison of GAN, SIC, SI technology for high frequency and high efficiency inverters. E3S Web of Conferences, 184, 01012, 2020. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. W. Zhou et al., "Design and Analysis of CPT System with Wide- Range ZVS and Constant Current Charging Operation Using 6.78 MHz Class-E Power Amplifier," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 3211-3225, June 2024. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Amir, M., Ahmad, I., Waseem, M., & Tariq, M. A Critical Review of Compensation Converters for Capacitive Power Transfer in Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Circuit Topologies. Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation, 100196, 2024. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Sanni, A. and Vilches, A., 2013. Powering Low-Power Implants using PZT Transducer Discs Operated in the Radial Mode. Smart Materials and Structures, 22(11), pp.1–12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Sladecek, V., Palacky, P., Pavelek, T. and Hudecek, P., 2011. Applications of Resonant and Soft Switching Converters. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings. 2011 PIERS Proceedings, Morocco, pp. 1434–1437. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study