Rethinking Kenya’s National Police Service Recruitment Model Towards Competence and Merit-Based Process for Selecting Recruits: A comparison of Kenyan National Police Service and Northern Territory Police Force 2002-2022

Authors

Charles SHAMBI

A project submitted in partial fulfilment for the conferment of the degree of Master of Public Administration College of Business, Government & Law Flinders University (Australia)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100212

Subject Category: Public Administration

Volume/Issue: 9/11 | Page No: 2647-2682

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2025-11-10

Accepted: 2025-11-20

Published: 2025-12-05

Abstract

Police recruitment in Kenya has been problematic with claims of unethical practices including corruption, nepotism, favouritism, political interference as well as patronage featuring prominently among the citizenry, media and at times becoming a subject of research.
Recommendations to address this topical issue have been suggested in the past and it may be argued that the Kenya National Police Service (KNPS) has operationalised some of these suggestions, yet the problem persists.
While this paper agrees with Baker 2018 (cited in Hope 2018, p. 13) analysis that police reforms do not happen overnight, based on global police reforms experience, it will argue that the prescriptions provided so far (e.g., Hope 2018; Nyamu, 2019; Wasike, 2005) to deal with police recruitment lacks substantive and nuanced zeal required to fix the problem. This research project takes a different approach by placing the emphasis on the recruitment model itself to address an area of further study as suggested by Wasike (2005, p.68). It proposes a radical solution in the shape of a ‘competent recruitment’ model that shall promote merit in recruitment and selection of police recruits in the KNPS.

Keywords

Police recruitment in Kenya has been problematic

Downloads

References

1. Aiello, M F 2021, ‘Procedural Justice and Demographic Diversity: A Quasi-Experimental Study of Police Recruitment’, Police Quarterly, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 387-411 viewed 18 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111211043473 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Angira, Z 2022, ‘Police took home Sh500m in bribes from recruitment fields’ People Daily, April 11, Viewed 31 October 2022, https://www.pd.co.ke/news/police-took-home-sh500m- in-bribes-from-recruitment-fields-122756/. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Australian Government Productivity Commission, 2022, Report on Government Services 2022: Police services, Australian Government Productivity Commission, Australian Government, accessed 10 November 2022. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. APSC (Australian Public Service Commission), 2010, Proposing a new set of Public Service Values, APSC, Australian Government, accessed 10 October 2022, http://www.apsc.gov.au/ourvalues/discussionpaperround2.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Baker, B 2018, ‘Is it complex environments or complex systems that undermines police reform in developing countries?’, Police Practice and Research, Vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 398- 410, viewed 7 November 2022, DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2018.1453982. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Berger, S E, Parekh, B, Berger, M & Ortega, C 2020, ‘Cognitive neuroscience contribution to police officer fitness for duty assessment: 2 case examples’, Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 3, viewed 14 November 2022, DOI: 10.33552/OAJAP.2020.03.000564. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Bartlett, L & Vavrus, F 2017, ‘Comparative case studies: An innovative approach’, Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE), vol. 1, no. 1, viewed 25 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.1929. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Christiansen, M 2014, ‘Citizens juries and deliberative democracy’, ABC Radio National, 28 September, accessed 1 December 2022, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/futuretense/citizens-juries-and-deliberative- democracy/5762684. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Constitution of Kenya 2010 (Kenya). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Cooper, C 2018, ‘Encouraging civil servants to be frank and fearless: Merit recruitment and employee voice’. Public Administration, Vol. 96, Issue 4, pp. 721-735, viewed 10 March 2022 <https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12548>. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Dahlström C, Lapuente V, & Teorell J 2012, ‘The Merit of Meritocratization: Politics, Bureaucracy, and the Institutional Deterrents of Corruption’. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 656-668, viewed 12 February 2022 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912911408109> [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Daily Nation, 2003, ‘No More Bias in Recruitment of Officers, Vows Nyaseda’ Daily Nation, April 12, viewed 1 November 2022, https://allafrica.com/stories/200304150602.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Daily Nation, 2005, ‘Police in new bribery scandal over recruits’, Daily Nation, 16 December, viewed 2 October 2022, <https://nation.africa/kenya/news/police-in-new-bribery-scandal- over-recruits-509820>. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Daily Nation, 2017, ‘Woman dies during police recruitment as hundreds turn out for drive’ Nation, May 11, viewed 22 October 2022, https://nation.africa/kenya/news/woman-dies- during-police-recruitment-as-hundreds-turn-out-for-drive--396124. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Doherty, R 2010, ‘Getting social with recruitment’, Strategic HR Review , Vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 11- 15. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Donaldson, D., 2016. Public servant complaints rise in the Northern Territory. The Mandarin. Viewed 30 September 2022, <https://www.themandarin.com.au/59193-public-servant- complaints-rise-nt/. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Foley, M & Williamson, S 2018, ‘Managerial Perspectives on Implicit Bias, Affirmative Action, and Merit’, Public Administration Review, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 35-45, viewed 25 November 2022, https://doi-org.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/10.1111/puar.12955. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Gastrow, P (2009), The Kenya National Task Force on police reforms: key recommendations summarised, International peace institute, New York, United States, viewed 17 November 2022, https://www.ipinst.org/wp- content/uploads/2010/01/pdfs_summary_policereformreport.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Godwin, A 2011, ‘Merit and its Merits in the Public Service: Are We Confusing the Baby With the Bathwater?’, Australian Journal of public administration, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 318-326, viewed 18November 2022,https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2011.00732.x. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. ‘Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach’. Crime Delinquency,Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 236-258 viewed 30 January 2022 DOI:/ 10.1177/001112877902500207 . [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Hausser, D 2013, ‘Commentary: Does “Radical Civil Service Reform” Really Abandon Merit?,’ Public Administration Review, Vol.73, no. 4, pp. 649–50, viewed 22 November 2022, https://doi-org.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/10.1111/puar.12093. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Hiernonimus, F, Schaefer, K & Schröder, J 2005, ‘Using branding to attract talent’. The McKinsey Quarterly, Issue 3, p. 12-14. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Hope, K R 2018, The police corruption ‘crime problem’ in Kenya. Springer Nature Limited. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Hope, K R 2015, ‘In Pursuit of Democratic Policing: An Analytical Review and Assessment of Police Reforms in Kenya’. International Journal of Police Science and Management, Vol. 17, Issue. 2, pp. 91–97, viewed 10 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355715580915>. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Ingraham, P W 2006, ‘Building Bridges over Troubled Waters: Merit as a Guide’, Public Administration Review, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 486– 95. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Kalyankar, D, Mathur, N & Bakshi, S 2014, ‘is employer branding the need of the hour? a study of its significance to attract, recruit and retain potential candidates’, Abhinav-International Monthly Refereed Journal Of Research In Management & Technology, Volume 3, p. 79-85. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Kangero, A 2022, ‘National Police Service Conducts A Nationwide Youth Sensitization Exercise’, Kenya News Agency March 16, viewed 26 October 2022, National Police Service conducts a nationwide youth sensitization exercise – Kenya News Agency. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Kibor, F, Tanui, N, Koskei, S, Wakhisi, A, Kipngenoh, B & Kibet, P 2015, ‘The highs, and lows of police recruitment in Kenya’, The Standard, 7 years ago, viewed 25 October 2022, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000159298/the-highs-and-lows-of-police- recruitment-in-kenya. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Kostman, S S 2004, ‘An examination of the ‘job suitability snapshot’ on the Personality Assessment Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Public Safety Selection Report, and its usefulness in predicting ‘fitness for duty’, PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Mirage News, 2020, ‘NT Police recruitment roadshow in Southern region’, Mirage News, October 16, viewed 2 November 2022, https://www.miragenews.com/nt-police-recruitment- roadshow-in-southern-region/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Mukami, M 2015, ‘Kenya recruits 10,000 policemen to fight Shabaab’, Anadolu Agency, April 20, viewed 30 October 2022, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenya-recruits-10-000- policemen-to-fight-shabaab/55518. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Mukinda, F 2017, ‘National Police Service to Start Recruitment’, Daily Nation, May 10, viewed 10 November 2022, https://allafrica.com/stories/201705110308.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Mutahi, N, Micheni, M & Lake, M 2021, ‘The godfather provides: Enduring corruption and organizational hierarchy in the Kenyan police service’, Governance Wiley, Oxford, viewed 2 November 2022, DOI: 10.1111/gove.12672. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Mwangi, M 2003, ‘Police Move to Recruit More Women’, Daily Nation, 25 April, viewed 1 November 2022, https://allafrica.com/stories/200304250442.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Nation, 2005, ‘Police in new bribery scandal over recruits’ Nation, 16 December, Viewed 30 March 2022, https://nation.africa/kenya/news/police-in-new-bribery-scandal-over-recruits-509820. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. National Police Service Commission Act 2011 (Kenya). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Ng'ang'a, N & Ombati, C 2005, ‘Ringera Wants Police Recruitment Cancelled’, The Standard, viewed 30 February 2022, <https://allafrica.com/stories/200512150720.html >. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Northern Territory Police, Fire, & Emergency Services 2020, Ten-year strategy, Northern Territory Police Fire & Emergency Services, Darwin, viewed 10 November 2022, https://pfes.nt.gov.au/sites/default/files/uploads/files/2020/NTPFES_TEN_YEAR_STRATEGY_ 2020.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Northern Territory Police Force 2019, Recruit constable information booklet, Northern Territory Police Force, Darwin, viewed 25 October 2022, Constable Information Booklet 2020 V3.pdf (nt.gov.au). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Northern Territory Police Force 2020, Recruit constable information booklet, Northern Territory Police Force, Darwin, viewed 25 October 2022, Constable Information Booklet 2020 V3.pdf (nt.gov.au). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Nyamu, G M 2019, ‘Implications of regional politics on youth employment in the police service: a case of Laikipia county, Kenya’, Master’s thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Omeje, K & Githigaro, J 2012, ‘The challenges of state Policing in Kenya’, Peace & Conflict Review Vol. 7,Issue 1,pp. 1-32, viewed 2October2022, <http://www.review.upeace.org/index.cfm?ejemplar=24&entrada=129>. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Omollo, R 2022, ‘Police commission sensitises youths ahead of recruitment’ The Star, March 15, viewed 26 October 2022, Police commission sensitises youths ahead of recruitment (the- star.co.ke). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Oliver, P 2014, Recruitment, selection, and retention of law enforcement officers, Looseleaf Law Publications Inc, Flushing, NY, New York, https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1163&context=faculty_boo ks. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Oliveros, V & Schuster, C 2018, Merit, tenure, and bureaucratic behaviour: evidence from a conjoint experiment in the Dominican Republic, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 759–79. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Orrick, D 2008, ‘Selecting a Recruiter’, Law and order, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 89-90. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Orrick, D 2008, ‘Best practices guide for Recruitment, retention, and turnover of law enforcement’, smaller police departments technical assistance program, international association of chiefs of police. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Orrick, W D 2008, Recruitment, retention, and turnover of police personnel: Reliable, practical, and Effective Solutions, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Orrick, D 2009, Hiring for a Good Fit, Law & Order, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 22-24. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Parham, J 2018, Inside Wyatt Cenac's Bold HBO Experiment on Policing in America: The comedian's new show takes a serious look at the problems plaguing law enforcement, Wired, April 13, viewed 22 November 2022 https://www.wired.com/story/problem-areas-wyatt- cenac-hbo/. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Parkin, A 2022, Video presentation for module 6, lecture recording, GOVT 9006 + GOVT 9007, Flinders University, Adelaide, delivered 5 January 2022, https://flo.flinders.edu.au/mod/page/view.php?id=4117368. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Podger, A & Chan, H 2015, ‘The Concept of “Merit” in Australia, Chinaand Taiwan’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 257– 69, viewed 22 November 2022, https://doi-org.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/10.1111/1467-8500.12148. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Phelan, J E & Rudman, L A 2011, ‘System Justification Beliefs, Affirmative Action, and Resistance to Equal Opportunity Organizations’, Social Cognition, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 376– 90. Police Administration Act 1978 (Northern Territory). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Ransley, P, Gastrow, P, Ondeyo, S, Rotich, A, Saleh, M A, Njeru M, Mbobu, K & Harries, M 2009, ‘Report of the National Task Force on Police Reforms’, Ransley Task Force, Kenyan Government, accessed 18 October 2022. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Riley, M 2019, 4 key advantages of behavioral interviews, OPS Staffing, United States, viewed 14 November 2022, https://www.opsstaffing.net/2019/03/4-Key-Advantages-of-Behavioral- Interviews.html. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Sager, F & Rosser, C 2009, ‘Weber, Wilson, and Hegel: Theories of Modern Bureaucracy’, Public Administration Review vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1– 12, viewed 24 November 2022, https://doi-org.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02071.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Sarma, A M 2009, Personnel and Human Resource Management, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/lib/flinders/reader.action?docID=3011129#. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Sims, R R 2002, Organizational Success Through Effective Human Resources Management, Ringgold Inc, Portland, US. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Weber, M 1978, Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology, University of California Press, Berkeley. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Wilson J, Dalton E, Scheer C, Grammich, C A (2010), Police recruitment and retention for the new millennium: the state of knowledge, RAND corporation, CA, https://ebookcentral- proquest-com.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/lib/flinders/detail.action?docID=669775. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Zaka, R & Abdullahi, H 2022, ‘NPSC holds pre-recruitment and career guidance forum in kwale’, Kenya News Agency, March 17, viewed 26 October 2022, NPSC holds pre- recruitment and career guidance forum in Kwale – Kenya News AgencyAP [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles