The Collaborative Role of Social Workers and Counselors in Managing Challenges of the Marginalized Group

This study aimed to classify and analyze the challenges faced by marginalized groups and examine the collaborative role of social workers and counselors in addressing these difficulties. These challenges were analyzed based on their severity levels and further classified according to psychological, social, and economic dimensions. A descriptive correlational research design was used in this study. Key challenges related to senior citizens aged 70+ years and persons with disabilities (PWDs) were identified from Nampicuan, Nueva Ecija. Further, the KABISIG Collaborative Framework was developed to integrate selected intervention strategies as included in the professional practice guidelines. The framework includes coordinated assessment procedures, joint intervention planning, integrated support services, and collaborative case management. The results indicated that there were 1,458 total responses across all challenge indicators classified into three main dimensions. It is also found that social work and counseling interventions could be integrated in collaborative practice using different approaches besides being very rich sources of developing professional competency for both practitioners and marginalized populations. Therefore, it is recommended that collaborative or integrative practice should be encouraged for social workers and counselors considering that the professions are highly complementary and supplementary to each other.

Collaborative Framework, Social Work, Counseling, Marginalized Groups, Senior Citizens

1. Abanilla-Del, P. K. A., & Mundo, M. K. (2019). Valuing community participation in tourism development approach. Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 11, 145-162 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Adema, W., Clarke, C., & Thévenon, O. (2020). Family policies and family outcomes in oecd countries., 193-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2_9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. American Counseling Association. (2022). What is counseling? https://www.counseling.org/about-us/about-aca/what-is-counseling [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. American Counseling Association. (2024). Working with marginalized communities. https://www.counseling.org/resources/topics/special-considerations/marginalized-communities [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. American Psychological Association. (2022). Understanding psychotherapy and how it works. https://www.apa.org/topics/psychotherapy/understanding [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Baloran, E. T., Maratas, L. R., & Moises, C. L. (2022). Community-based needs assessment of older persons in rural areas: A basis for program planning. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 30, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv302022.013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Baloran, E. T., Maratas, L. R., & Moises, C. L. (2022). Community-based needs assessment of older persons in rural areas: A basis for program planning. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 30, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv302022.013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Barnett, K., Mercer, S. W., Norbury, M., Watt, G., Wyke, S., & Guthrie, B. (2012). Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 380(9836), 37-43. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Bautista, R. M., & Reyes, J. A. (2020). Collaborative approaches to elder care: Integrated social work and counseling services in Pangasinan. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 78-92. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), 843-857 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203330005/general-system-theory-ludwig-von-bertalanffy [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Bhattacherjee, A. (2021). Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices (5th ed.). University of South Florida. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Bhattacherjee, A. (2021). Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices (5th ed.). University of South Florida. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Boone, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2022). Analyzing Likert data. Journal of Extension, 50(2), 1-5. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2012april/tt2.php [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Bracken-Roche, D., Bell, E., & Racine, E. (2021). The vulnerability of psychiatric research participants: Why this research ethics concept needs to be revisited. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(6), 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743721989796 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674224575 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Carey, G., & Crammond, B. (2015). Systems change for the social determinants of health. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 662 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Case Management Society of America. (2022). What is a case manager? https://cmsa.org/who-we-are/what-is-a-case-manager/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Chappell, N. L., & Zimmer, Z. (1999). Receptivity to new technology among older adults. Disability and Rehabilitation, 21(5-6), 222-230 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Chen, L., & Wilcox, R. (2023). Interdisciplinary collaboration in community support services: A multi-provincial analysis of service integration models. Journal of Community Practice, 31(2), 178-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2023.2168975 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Cohen, S., & Mays, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. Council on Social Work Education. (2022). Educational policy and accreditation standards. https://www.cswe.org/accreditation/standards/2022-epas/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Courtin, E., & Knapp, M. (2017). Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: A scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(3), 799-812.\ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Cubillos, A. F., & Arriagada, P. (2023). Policy responses to address inequalities affecting older persons and persons with disabilities: An analysis of inclusive social protection systems. International Social Security Review, 76(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12308 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Cubillos, A. F., & Arriagada, P. (2023). Policy responses to address inequalities affecting older persons and persons with disabilities: An analysis of inclusive social protection systems. International Social Security Review, 76(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12308 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010). Understanding differences in health behaviors by education. Journal of Health Economics, 29(1), 1-28. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Dannefer, D. (2003). Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: Cross-fertilizing age and social science theory. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(6), S327-S337. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Danylchuk, N., Cook, L., Shane-Carson, K., Cacioppo, C., Hardy, M., Nusbaum, R., … & Malinowski, J. (2021). Telehealth for genetic counseling: a systematic evidence review. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 30(5), 1361-1378. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1481 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. De Guzman, M. R., Villanueva, A. C., & Cruz, P. L. (2022). Interprofessional collaboration in serving marginalized populations: A multi-region study in Luzon, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 66(1), 114-135. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Dianovi, A., Siregar, D., Mawaddah, I., & Suryaningsih, S. (2022). Guidance and counselling in education. World Psychology, 1(2), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.55849/wp.v1i2.95 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Diversity for Social Impact. (2023, July 13). Marginalization: Causes, consequences, and solutions for marginalized communities and people [2025 DEI resources]. https://diversity.social/marginalization-marginalized-groups-people/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Diversity for Social Impact. (2025, January 24). Marginalized communities: Addressing inequality and fostering inclusion for all [2025 DEI resources]. https://diversity.social/marginalized-communities/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Doan, N., Patte, K., Ferro, M., & Leatherdale, S. (2020). Reluctancy towards help-seeking for mental health concerns at secondary school among students in the compass study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197128 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Domingo, F. T., & Santos, L. M. (2021). Coordinated support services for persons with disabilities in Nueva Ecija: Models and outcomes. Journal of Social Development in the Philippines, 12(3), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.37546/JSDP.v12i3.86 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Donovan, K., Deshields, T., Corbett, C., & Riba, M. (2019). Update on the implementation of nccn guidelines for distress management by nccn member institutions. Journal of the National Inclusive Cancer Network, 17(10), 1251-1256. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.7358 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Duraku, Z. (2023). Mental health, study skills, social support, and barriers to seeking psychological help among university students: a call for mental health support in higher education. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1220614 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Durbin, A., Jung, J. K. H., Chung, H., Lin, E., Guttmann, A., & Kurdyak, P. (2022). Examining the quality of care for individuals with dual mental health and developmental disabilities diagnoses: A population-based longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 231. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03858-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Durbin, A., Jung, J. K. H., Chung, H., Lin, E., Guttmann, A., & Kurdyak, P. (2022). Examining the quality of care for individuals with dual mental health and developmental disabilities diagnoses: A population-based longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 231. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03858-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 3-19). Springer. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Escobar-Viera, C., Melcher, E., Miller, R., Whitfield, D., López, D., Gordon, J., … & Pagoto, S. (2021). A systematic review of the engagement with social media–delivered interventions for improving health outcomes among sexual and gender minorities. Internet Interventions, 25, 100428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100428 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Fahyuni, E., Taurusta, C., & Hariastuti, R. (2023). Digital counselling for indonesian millennials: unlocking learning potential., 213-221. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-052-7_24 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Ferraro, K. F., & Shippee, T. P. (2009). Aging and cumulative inequality: How does inequality get under the skin? The Gerontologist, 49(3), 333-343. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009). Depression in older adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 363-389 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Freedman, V. A., & Spillman, B. C. (2014). Disability and care needs among older Americans. The Milbank Quarterly, 92(3), 509-541 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Frontiers. (2023). Serving vulnerable and marginalized populations in social and educational contexts. https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/23423/serving-vulnerable-and-marginalized-populations-in-social-and-educational-contexts [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Frontiers. (2023, October 27). Editorial: Serving vulnerable and marginalized populations in social and educational contexts. Frontiers in Psychology. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1310260/full [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Gading, I., Rismawan, K., & Sudarsana, G. (2019). The effectiveness of behavioral counseling with self-management technique in improving endurance personality.. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-11-2018.2282243 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Georgiades, K., Duncan, L., Wang, L., Comeau, J., & Boyle, M. (2019). Six-month prevalence of mental disorders and service contacts among children and youth in ontario: evidence from the 2014 ontario child health study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(4), 246-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719830024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Gianfredi, V., Mena, P., Zummo, L., & Santangelo, O. E. (2021). Multidisciplinary approach and collaboration between different healthcare professionals as a keyword in the care process and health management of the elderly. Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 69(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.36150/2499-6564-426 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Gianfredi, V., Mena, P., Zummo, L., & Santangelo, O. E. (2021). Multidisciplinary approach and collaboration between different healthcare professionals as a keyword in the care process and health management of the elderly. Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 69(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.36150/2499-6564-426 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Goldbach, J., Rhoades, H., Mamey, M., Senese, J., Karys, P., & Marsiglia, F. (2021). Reducing behavioral health symptoms by addressing minority stressors in lgbtq adolescents: a randomized controlled trial of proud & empowered. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12357-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Gordon, B. G. (2020). Vulnerability in research: Basic ethical concepts and general approach to review. The Ochsner Journal, 20(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.19.0079 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. The Milbank Quarterly, 82(4), 581-629 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Greenland, S., Senn, S. J., Rothman, K. J., Carlin, J. B., Poole, C., Goodman, S. N., & Altman, D. G. (2023). Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: A guide to misinterpretations. European Journal of Epidemiology, 38(3), 229-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., & Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013). Improving patient care: The implementation of change in health care. John Wiley & Sons [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Gutiérrez, L. M., Parsons, R. J., & Cox, E. O. (1998). Empowerment in social work practice: A sourcebook. Brooks/Cole.https://www.cengage.com/c/title/9780534527136/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Henning-Smith, C., Moscovice, I., & Kozhimannil, K. (2019). Differences in social isolation and its relationship to health by rurality. The Journal of Rural Health, 35(4), 540-549 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Henning-Smith, C., Pruitt, S., Pewitt, M., & Blewett, L. A. (2018). Rural-urban differences in hospital characteristics, patient outcomes, and causes of readmissions. Insights from Minnesota. Medical Care Research and Review, 75(6), 705-723. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley. https://www.worldcat.org/title/7307477 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Ibrahim, N., & Abas, N. M. (2023). Psychological well-being and social support among older adults receiving home care services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Population Ageing, 16(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-022-09356-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Iezzoni, L. I., Killeen, M. B., & O'Day, B. L. (2006). Rural residents with disabilities confront substantial barriers to obtaining primary care. Health Services Research, 41(4p1), 1258-1275. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. International City/County Management Association. (2024). Engaging marginalized communities: Challenges and best practices. https://icma.org/articles/pm-magazine/engaging-marginalized-communities-challenges-and-best-practices [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. International Federation of Social Workers. (2023). Global definition of social work. https://www.ifsw.org/what-is-social-work/global-definition-of-social-work/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Interprofessional Education Collaborative. (2021). Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice. https://www.ipecollaborative.org/ipec-core-competencies [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Jones, C., Zadeh, S., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2022). Solo fathers and mothers: an exploration of well-being, social support and social approval. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159236 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Jones, C., Zadeh, S., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2022). Solo fathers and mothers: Joseph, S., Karalam, S., & Mathew, J. (2024). Social work intervention research in child sponsorship programs: enhancing psychological well-being of marginalized adolescents. Sage Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241305311 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Kadam, R. A. (2022). Informed consent process: A step further towards making it meaningful. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 13(2), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_25_21 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Kang, J., & Weatherly, C. (2025). Climate justice and carbon emission inequality: Social work's dilemma in marginalized communities. Ethics and Social Welfare, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2025.2469736 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Kantamneni, N. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized populations in the United States: A research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103439 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Kaplan, D. B., Silverstone, B., Zlotnik, J. L., Keating, N., & Takamura, J. (2021). Essential features of interprofessional education and practice in services for older adults: A scoping review. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 35(5), 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1823953 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Kennedy, R. B., Ramsay, S., & Taylor, M. (2022). Social support interventions for older adults: A systematic review. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 65(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2021.1965689 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Lake, M., Majic, S., & Maxwell, R. (2019). Research on vulnerable and marginalized populations. American Political Science Association Organized Section for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research, Qualitative Transparency Deliberations, Working Group Final Reports, Report IV.3. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3333511 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Lau, L. and Rodgers, G. (2021). Cultural competence in refugee service settings: a scoping review. Health Equity, 5(1), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0094 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Lee, J. A. B. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice: Building the beloved community (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-empowerment-approach-to-social-work-practice/9780231115476 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Levasseur, M., Généreux, M., Bruneau, J. F., Vanasse, A., Chabot, É., Beaulac, C., & Bédard, M. M. (2015). Importance of proximity to resources, social support, transportation and neighborhood security for mobility and social participation in older adults. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 503. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80-94. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Liu, J., Inoue, Y., & Arai, A. (2020). An ecological perspective of aging: A systemattic review of aging research and interventions based on the ecological model. Geriatrics, 5(4), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040095 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Looman, W. S., Antolick, M., Cady, R. G., Lunos, S. A., Garwick, A. E., & Finkelstein, S. M. (2021). Effects of a telehealth care coordination intervention on perceptions of health care by caregivers of children with medical complexity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 35(3), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.07.008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Looman, W. S., Antolick, M., Cady, R. G., Lunos, S. A., Garwick, A. E., & Finkelstein, S. M. (2021). Effects of a telehealth care coordination intervention on perceptions of health care by caregivers of children with medical complexity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 35(3), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.07.008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Luchenski, S., Maguire, N., Aldridge, R. W., Hayward, A., Story, A., Perri, P., Withers, J., Clint, S., Fitzpatrick, S., & Hewett, N. (2019). What works in inclusion health: Overview of effective interventions for marginalised and excluded populations. The Lancet, 391(10117), 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31959-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2007). Baby boomer retirement security: The roles of planning, financial literacy, and housing wealth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(1), 205-224. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Maarefvand, M., Ghiabi, M., & Nourshargh, F. (2021). Social work post-disaster response in iran: a case study of the 2019 mass flooding in poldokhtar, lorestan. International Social Work, 66(2), 547-567. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728211018742 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Makaroun, L. K., Bachrach, R. L., Rosland, A. M., & Gure, T. R. (2020). Association of health risk factors with symptoms in older, middle-aged, and young veterans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(8), 1680-1687. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Marmot, M., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A., & Taylor, S. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. The Lancet, 372(9650), 1661-1669. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. McCalman, J., Fagan, R., McDonald, T., Jose, S., Neal, P., Blignault, I., … & Cadet‐James, Y. (2022). The availability, appropriateness, and integration of services to promote indigenous australian youth wellbeing and mental health: indigenous youth and service provider perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010375 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. McDermott, E., Eastham, R., Hughes, E., Pattinson, E., Johnson, K., Davis, S., … & Jenzen, O. (2021). Explaining effective mental health support for lgbtq+ youth: a meta-narrative review. SSM - Mental Health, 1, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. Medical News Today. (2022, April 20). Mental healthcare for marginalized groups: Barriers to access. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-mental-healthcare-is-less-accessible-to-marginalized-communities [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. Meza, R. D., Triplett, N. S., Woodard, G. S., Martin, P., Khairuzzaman, A. N., Jamora, G., & Cook, C. R. (2022). The relationship between reflective supervision, consultant effectiveness, and consultation model adherence within a school mental health consultation program. School Mental Health, 14(1), 206-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09461-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. Minkler, M., Vasquez, V. B., Chang, C., Miller, J., Rubin, V., & Blackwell, A. G. (2008). Promoting healthy public policy through community-based participatory research: Ten case studies. PolicyLink. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

96. Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University, 17(3), 58-82. https://doi.org/10.26458/1746 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

97. Molnar, A., Greer, S. L., & King, E. J. (2021). Interprofessional education and practice guide: Designing interprofessional education for collaborative care with vulnerable populations. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 35(5), 758-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1840403 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

98. Monteiro, T. and Nalini, R. (2021). Mental health at the intersections of marginalization: a conceptual model to explore the mental health concerns of women sanitation workers in india. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 15(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12223 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

99. Morrow, K., & Thompson, J. (2022). Integrated support for adults with disabilities in rural Australia: Outcomes of collaborative service models. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 30(4), 512-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12856 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

100. Ms, H., Tesfaye, W., Sewlal, B., Mehta, B., K, S., Kairaitis, L., … & Castelino, R. (2021). Psychosocial factors affecting end-stage kidney disease patients and the impact of social worker.. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-330231/v1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

101. Mustapha, W. N. W., & Abdelrahim, M. S. (2022). Enhancement of mental healthcare service: Integration of counselling and social work services. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 11(1), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v11-i1/12211 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

102. National Association of Social Workers. (2020). Social workers must help dismantle systems of oppression and fight racism within social work profession. https://www.socialworkers.org/News/News-Releases/ID/2219/Social-Workers-Must-Help-Dismantle-Systems-of-Oppression-and-Fight-Racism-Within-Social-Work-Profession [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

103. National Association of Social Workers. (2022). Practice. https://www.socialworkers.org/Practice [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

104. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects. (2022). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

105. Nijhawan, L. P., Janodia, M. D., Muddukrishna, B. S., Bhat, K. M., Bairy, K. L., Udupa, N., & Musmade, P. B. (2021). Informed consent: Issues and challenges. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 12(2), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.181894 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

106. Obiero, J., Assey, A., & Kimamo, C. (2020). An investigation into the study habits of distance learners: implications for personal guidance and counselling at university of nairobi, kenya. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.25081/imrj.2020.v10.6540 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

107. Oliver, M., & Barnes, C. (2012). The new politics of disablement. Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

108. Ozawa, M. N., & Lee, Y. (2011). Generational inequity in social spending: The United States in comparative perspective. International Social Work, 54(4), 539-554 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

109. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

110. Payne, M. (2021). Modern social work theory (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/modern-social-work-theory-9780198788737 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

111. Peek, M., Gottlieb, L., Doubeni, C., Viswanathan, M., Cartier, Y., Aceves, B., … & Cené, C. (2023). Advancing health equity through social care interventions. Health Services Research, 58(S3), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.14244 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

112. Peñalba, M., Sánchez, R., & Gutiérrez, C. (2021). Collaborative intervention for mobility-limited elderly in rural Spain: A mixed-methods evaluation of social worker and counselor integration. European Journal of Social Work, 24(5), 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2021.1896297 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

113. Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31-56. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

114. Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187-224 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

115. Qureshi, I., Bhatt, B., & Shaikh, S. (2025). Empowering marginalized communities: A framework for social inclusion. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387300522_Empowering_Marginalized_Communities_A_Framework_for_Social_Inclusion [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

116. Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar-McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2015). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Practical applications in counseling. American Counseling Association. https://www.counseling.org/publications/counseling-today-magazine/article-archive/article/legacy/multicultural-and-social-justice-counseling-competencies-practical-applications-in-counseling [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

117. Redden, J., Dencik, L., & Warne, H. (2020). Datafied child welfare services: unpacking politics, economics and power. Policy Studies, 41(5), 507-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2020.1724928 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

118. Redden, J., Dencik, L., & Warne, H. (2020). Datafied child welfare services: unpacking politics, economics and power. Policy Studies, 41(5), 507-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2020.1724928 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

119. Reddy, L., Alperin, A., & Glover, T. (2020). A critical review of the professional development literature for paraprofessionals supporting students with externalizing behavior disorders. Psychology in the Schools, 58(4), 742-763. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22381 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

120. Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2013). Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(4), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12022 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

121. Ross, C. E., & Wu, C. L. (1995). The links between education and health. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 719-745 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

122. Ruch, D., Heck, K., Sheftall, A., Fontanella, C., Stevens, J., Zhu, M., … & Bridge, J. (2021). Characteristics and precipitating circumstances of suicide among children aged 5 to 11 years in the united states, 2013-2017. Jama Network Open, 4(7), e2115683. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15683 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

123. Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2022). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

124. Schure, M. B., Conte, K. P., & Goins, R. T. (2013). Unmet assistance need among older American Indians: The Native Elder Care Study. The Gerontologist, 55(6), 920-928 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

125. Semchuk, J., McCullough, S., Lever, N., Gotham, H., Gonzalez, J., & Hoover, S. (2022). Educator-informed development of a mental health literacy course for school staff: classroom well-being information and strategies for educators (classroom wise). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010035 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

126. Sevelius, J. M., Gutierrez-Mock, L., & Zamudio-Haas, S. (2020). Research with marginalized communities: Challenges to continuity during the COVID-19 pandemic. AIDS and Behavior, 24, 2009–2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02920-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

127. Shakespeare, T. (2013). Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

128. She, P., & Livermore, G. A. (2007). Material hardship, poverty, and disability among working‐age adults. Social Science Quarterly, 88(4), 970-989 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

129. Singh, R., & Sangeet, M. (2022). Educational attainment and access to social services among marginalized populations: A comparative analysis. Journal of Social Service Research, 48(4), 532-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2021.1976387 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

130. Social Work License Map. (2023, January 25). Collaboration in social work: Serve clients through teamwork. https://socialworklicensemap.com/social-work-careers/collaborations/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

131. Solomon, B. B. (1976). Black empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. Columbia University Press. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/black-empowerment/9780231083492 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

132. Spoorenberg, S. L., Uittenbroek, R. J., Middel, B., Kremer, B. P., Reijneveld, S. A., & Wynia, K. (2017). Embrace, a model for integrated elderly care: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness regarding patient outcomes, service use, costs, and quality of care. BMC Geriatrics, 17(1), 1-12 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

133. Stein, J., Vidal Bustamante, C. M., & Racine, N. (2020). 'An invisible human rights crisis': The marginalization of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic – An advocacy review. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113369 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

134. Stempel, H., Cox-Martin, M., O’Leary, S., Stein, R., & Allison, M. (2019). Students seeking mental health services at school‐based health centers: characteristics and utilization patterns. Journal of School Health, 89(10), 839-846. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12823 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

135. Šućur-Janjetović, V., Rakanović-Radonjić, A., & Gajić, D. (2023). Are the human rights providing empowerment possibilities for social work with vulnerable groups in republic of srpska?. Srpska Politička Misao, 82(4), 183-201. https://doi.org/10.5937/spm82-46842 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

136. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

137. Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach's alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

138. Taherdoost, H. (2016). Validity and reliability of the research instrument; how to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(3), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205040 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

139. Teachers College, Columbia University. (2023, January 31). Working with vulnerable and marginalized population: Diversity of vulnerability. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/institutional-review-board/irb-blog/2023/working-with-vulnerable-and-marginalized-population-diversity-of-vulnerability/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

140. Teater, B. (2021). An introduction to applying social work theories and methods (4th ed.). Open University Press. https://www.mheducation.co.uk/an-introduction-to-applying-social-work-theories-and-methods-9780335245635-emea [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

141. Thielke, S., Harniss, M., Thompson, H., Patel, S., Demiris, G., & Johnson, K. (2012). Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and the adoption of health-related technologies for older adults. Ageing International, 37(4), 470-488. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

142. Thompson, B. (2021). Understanding reliability and coefficient alpha, really. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues (pp. 3-21). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985789.n1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

143. Thompson, B. (2021). Understanding reliability and coefficient alpha, really. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues (pp. 3-21). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985789.n1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

144. Torres, S., Balcázar, H., Rosenthal, L. E., Labonté, R., Fox, D., & Chiu, Y. (2017). Community health workers in Canada and the US: Working from the margins to address health equity. Critical Public Health, 27(5), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2016.1275523 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

145. U.S. Census Bureau. (2025, January). National poverty in America awareness month: January 2025. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

146. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2025). Poverty guidelines. https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/poverty-economic-mobility/poverty-guidelines [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

147. Ufere, N., Hinson, J., Finnigan, S., Powell, E., Donlan, J., Martin, C., … & Valery, P. (2022). The impact of social workers in cirrhosis care: a systematic review. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology, 20(2), 160-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-022-00381-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

148. UNICEF. (2020). Global estimates of child poverty. https://www.unicef.org/social-policy/child-poverty [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

149. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2023). Leaving no one behind: The imperative of inclusive development. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/2023/02/leaving-no-one-behind/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

150. United Nations. (2018, May 17). Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

151. United Nations. (2022). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210019415 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

152. University of Kansas. (2025, April 8). Role of social workers in addressing marginalized communities bearing brunt of climate disasters. ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/04/250408121433.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

153. Valenzuela, J. M., Santos, A. C., & De Guzman, A. B. (2023). Rural aging and access to social services: A situation analysis of older Filipino adults in resource-limited settings. Ageing International, 48(2), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-022-09493-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

154. Vargas-Machuca, R., Castro-Fernández, E., Astocóndor-Altamirano, J., Arroyo-Hernández, H., & Mendoza-Ticona, A. (2023). Geographical access to comprehensive care services for people with disabilities in rural Peru. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09120-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

155. Vargas-Machuca, R., Castro-Fernández, E., Astocóndor-Altamirano, J., Arroyo-Hernández, H., & Mendoza-Ticona, A. (2023). Geographical access to comprehensive care services for people with disabilities in rural Peru. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09120-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

156. Velazco, D., Barreiro, L., Chica, T., Medranda, E., & Chávez, S. (2024). Resilience in vulnerable university groups: an analysis of social work intervention strategies from the perspective of social inclusion. The Education and Science Journal, 26(1), 82-102. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2024-1-82-102 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

157. Velazco, D., Barreiro, L., Chica, T., Medranda, E., & Chávez, S. (2024). Resilience in vulnerable university groups: an analysis of social work intervention strategies from the perspective of social inclusion. The Education and Science Journal, 26(1), 82-102. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2024-1-82-102 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

158. Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller. https://www.worldcat.org/title/35520 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

159. Wilson, C. and Cariola, L. (2019). Lgbtqi+ youth and mental health: a systematic review of qualitative research. Adolescent Research Review, 5(2), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-019-00118-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

160. Wingenbach, G., Koswatta, T., Engels, J., Freeny, J., & Freeny, J. (2023). Outcomes of professional development activities for selected texas school personnel helping students cope with behavioral and mental health issues. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37298-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

161. Winters, S., Magalhaes, L., Kinsella, E. A., & Kothari, A. (2016). Cross-sector service provision in health and social care: An umbrella review. International Journal of Integrated Care, 16(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.2460 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

162. World Bank. (2023). Poverty and shared prosperity 2023: Inclusive growth in an era of crisis. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

163. World Bank. (2024). Poverty, prosperity, and planet report 2024: Pathways out of the polycrisis. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-prosperity-and-planet [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

164. World Health Organization. (2017). World health statistics 2017: Monitoring health for the SDGs. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565486 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

165. World Health Organization. (2022). Ageing and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

166. World Health Organization. (2022). Disability. https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

167. World Health Organization. (2023). Mental health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

168. World Health Organization. (2023, October 20). Mental health of older adults. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

169. World Medical Association. (2022). WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(23), 3043-3045. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

170. Xiang, X., Zuverink, A., Rosenberg, W., & Mahmoudi, E. (2019). Interprofessional collaboration between social workers and community health workers to address health and mental health in the United States: A systematised review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 31(4), e128–e143. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.14063 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

171. Yamaguchi, S., Foo, J., Nishida, A., Ogawa, S., Togo, F., & Sasaki, T. (2019). Mental health literacy programs for school teachers: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 14(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12793 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

172. Zastrow, C., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L. (2022). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://www.cengage.com/c/empowerment-series-understanding-human-behavior-and-the-social-environment-11e-zastrow/9780357630792/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

173. Zhu, J., Hu, L., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Shangcheng, Z., & Chen, L. (2020). The effect of mental health on multiple chronic diseases among Chinese elderly—based on China health and retirement longitudinal study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 87, 104002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study