The Learning Experiences of Indigenous Peoples’ (IP) Children in Glan

Authors

Shanon Rose S. Lumayas

Holy Trinity College, General Santos City (Philippines)

Melodena C. Brazil

Holy Trinity College, General Santos City (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.10200071

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 10/2 | Page No: 982-993

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-02-11

Accepted: 2026-02-16

Published: 2026-02-24

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the learning experiences of Indigenous Peoples (IP) children in the subject Filipino and how these experiences influenced their academic motivation at Leonard Young Sr. National High School in Glan, Sarangani Province. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, the study explored the lived experiences of ten Grade 7 students with low academic performance in Filipino. Through in-depth interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, three major themes emerged: emotional and cultural experiences, self-development and self-valuation, and learning challenges. The findings revealed that IP students experienced enjoyment and increased motivation in learning Filipino when teachers incorporated culturally relevant stories and interactive activities that strengthened participation and self-confidence. However, they continued to face challenges such as difficulty understanding figurative language, limited access to technology, and classroom distractions. The study recommends the adoption of Culturally Sustaining and Responsive Pedagogy (CSRP) to promote inclusive, meaningful, and culturally responsive Filipino instruction for Indigenous Peoples learners.

Keywords

Indigenous Peoples' children, influence, learning experiences, academic motivation

Downloads

References

1. Abad, D. J. V. (2020). Designing a Contextualized and Culture-Based Reading Material for Indigenous Learners. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 17(1), 153-163. Retrieved from https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/1024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Abillao, J. D., Alang, J. S., Alindan, H. G., & Eguia, M. L. G. (2024). Concept Map: Estratehiya sa Pagpapalawak ng Talasalitaan ng mga Mag-aaral sa Wikang Filipino. Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(12), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i12.028 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Almasa, K. K. B. (2024). Akademikong Motibasyon sa Pagpili ng BSEd Filipino: A Mixed Method. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 11(1), 338–353. https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/14813/download [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Almonte, R. R., & Andal, E. Z., EdD. (2023). Integrating Indigenous Game-Based Activity in Promoting Interactive Learning Development among Grade 10 Students. International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research, 2(06). https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2023.v2i6n09 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Amparo, J. B. (2020). Pagsasapanganib ng Wika at Rebaytalisasyon ng Wika sa Polisiyang Pangwika na Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) sa Iloilo Pagtingin sa Maykro lebel na Pangangasiwang Pangwika. Lagda: Journal Ng U.P. Departamento Ng Filipino at Panitikan Ng Pilipinas, 11(1), 58–74. https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/IPP-00000610371/Cite [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Arevalo, M. E. (2022). Preferensyang Wika sa Pagtuturo at Pagkatuto ng Mother-Tongue sa Distrito ng San Miguel: Batayan sa Pagbuo ng Kagamitang Panturo. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20. https://doi.org/10.57200/apjsbs.v20i0.326 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Babiera, R. E., & Quirap, E. A. (2024). Learners’ grit, Self-Regulation, and classroom engagement. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 07(04). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i04-45 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Balaba, R. M. (2023). Social impact of multicultural education on Indigenous secondary learners of Caraga Region. AIDE Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 5, 42–72. https://doi.org/10.56648/aide-irj.v5i1.87 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bastida, E. J., Saysi, J., & Batuctoc, L. V. (2023). Pedagogical Struggles and Gaps in Language Literacy Enhancement: The Case of Indigenous Peoples’ Education Teachers In The Philippines. https://ijci.net/index.php/IJCI/article/view/1166 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2023). Thematic analysis. In American Psychological Association eBooks (pp. 65–81). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000319-004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Buenaflor, N. B. R., Adiaton, J. G., Ancheta, G. J. C., Balading, J., Bravo, A. K. B., & Tus, J. (2023). The lived experiences and challenges faced by Indigenous high school students amidst the new normal of education. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7652948 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Burns, E. C., Martin, A. J., Collie, R. J., & Mainhard, T. (2021). Perceived classroom disruption undermines the positive educational effects of perceived need-supportive teaching in science. Learning and Instruction, 75, 101498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101498 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Bustillo, E., & Aguilos, M. (2022). The challenges of modular learning in the wake of COVID-19: a digital divide in the Philippine countryside revealed. Education Sciences, 12(7), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12070449 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Cahapay, M. B. (2020). Philippine Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan: Creating Space for Indigenous Peoples toward Inclusive post-COVID-19 Education. International Journal of Pedagogical Development and Lifelong Learning, 2(1), ep2102. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/9294 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Cambay, D. J. D., & Paglinawan, J. L. (2024). Classroom management Strategies and school Environment on student engagement. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 8(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8120001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Caparoso, J. L., & Paglinawan, J. L. (2025). Voices from the Margins: Exploring Teachers’ Technology Integration in Indigenous School Contexts. International Journal of Scientific and Management Research, 8(10), 110–121. https://ijsmr.in/vol-8-issue-10/voices-from-the-margins-exploring-teachers-technology-integration-in-indigenous-school-contexts/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Caspe, L. J. (2024). Antas ng Kasanayan ng mga Mag-aaral sa Pagbasa at ang Kanilang Akademikong Pagganap. The American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 7(2), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.56805/ajhssr [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Cats-Baril, A. (2021). Kasangkapan sa Pagtatasa sa Karapatan ng mga Katutubo sa Konstitusyon. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.69 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Daza, J. (2021). Kaantasan ng Pagkatuto ng mga Mag-aaral sa Asignaturang Filipino Tugon sa Makabagong Estratehiya sa Pagtuturo ng Wika at Panitikan sa Panahon ng Pandemya. ResearchGate. https://tinyurl.com/bded5mku [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Daza, R., Esma, I. F., Ingel, R. M., Suan, M. A., & Bosque, A. (2023). Ang Sitwasyon ng Pagtuturo-Pagkatuto ng Etnoastronomiya sa Batayang Edukasyong Pansekondarya ng Agham. The Normal Lights, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v16i1.1708 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. DeCarlo, M., Cummings, C., & Agnelli, K. (2020, August 15). 12 Survey Design. Graduate Research Methods in Social Work. https://viva.pressbooks.pub/mswresearch/chapter/12-survey-design [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. De Leon, J. I. B. (2021). Pamigaganaca cang Br. Andrew B. Gonzalez: Mga Ideya ng isang Pantas-wika at Kaniyang Kontemporanyong Katuturan/Remembering Br. Andrew Gonzalez: Ideas of a Language Scholar and His Contemporary Significance. In MALAY (Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 32–46). https://tinyurl.com/4ccmk5yx [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. De Ocampo, L. L. L., Tosino, W. F., & Martir, E. M. (2024). Teachers’ reading Comprehension Strategies, Approaches and challenges. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS), 154–210. https://doi.org/10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v7i3p107 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. DICT empowers C. Luzon IP communities via digital technology. (n.d.). Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1197880 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Dipolog, S., & Limpot, M. (2022). Motibasyong pangwika ng mga mag-aaral: Isang istruktural na panatayang dulog. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2022.113 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Eduardo, J. P., & Gabriel, A. G. (2021). Indigenous peoples and the right to education: The Dumagat experience in the provinces of Nueva Ecija and Aurora, in the Philippines. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211009491 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Fabro, B. D., Garcia, M. F. M. A., & Amtalao, J. A. (2024). Integrasyon ng Kulturang Bago sa Pagtuturo ng/sa Filipino. Malay Journal Malay Journal, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.59588/2243-7851.1005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Falcasantos, A. J. B., Buduan, A. J. P., Mendoza, R. L., Sabanal, J. T., & Ferbes, G. A. (2024). Mga Salik na Nakaaapekto sa Pagkatuto ng Mag-aaral sa Asignaturang Filipino. American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(3), 109–120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379809566_Mga_Salik_na_Nakaaapekto_sa_Pagkatuto_ng_Mag-aaral_sa_Asignaturang_Filipino [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Fang, Y. X., Gill, S. S., Kunasekaran, P., Rosnon, M. R., Talib, A. T., & Aziz, A. A. (2022). Digital Divide: An inquiry on the native communities of Sabah. Societies, 12(6), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12060148 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Gabio, J. A., & Cajandig, A. J. S. (2025). College of Teacher Education Students’ Mastery of Statistical Concepts: Basis for Proposed Enhancement Program. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, IX(III), 2269–2284. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.90300179 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Gannaban-Hicana, M. F. (2020). Mga Teorya sa Gramatika at Wika, Salalayan sa Pagtuturo ng Filipino. Dalumat E-Journal, 6(2), 24–31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349044802_Mga_Teorya_sa_Gramatika_at_Wika_Salalayan_sa_Pagtuturo_ng_Filipino_DALUMAT_E-JOURNAL [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Garcia, J. V., & Bual, J. M. (2022). Awareness and Practice of Public School Core Values among Junior High School Students. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2022/v31i430753 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Gaudicos, A. G. P., Kilag, O. K. T., Dayola, Y. M., Wagas, H. B., Uy, F. T., & Cerna, Y. M. T. D. (2024). MATATAG Curriculum: Bridging Global Competencies and Filipino Values in Philippine Education. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13756948 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Kimuzuka, M., & Reyes, H. (2025). Integration of technology in the teaching and learning process of schools for the indigenous people in Capas, Tarlac. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2025.25835 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Lunda, A., Frommherz, A., Bolton, W. G., Cook, C., Dude, B., Leask, N., Littlefield, R., McCarty, J., Puustinen, S., & Vaska, N. (2024). Supporting the Cultural Identity Development of Indigenous Youth: Findings from an Indigenous Educators’ Community-Of-Practice. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121272 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Macapugay, K., & Nakamura, B. (2024). The Student Empowerment through Narrative, Storytelling, Engagement, and Identity Framework for Student and Community Empowerment: A Culturally Affirming Pedagogy. Genealogy, 8(3), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030094 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Magno, N. J. M., Indal, N. R. S., Chavez, N. J. V., Garil, N. B. A., & Reyes, N. R. B. D. (2024). Alternative Teaching Strategies in Learning Filipino Language among Dominant English Speakers. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 6(4), 404–419. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v6i4.6742 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Miole, G. L. (2024). Cultural Interface in Action: A case study of Philippine Indigenous educational policy. IAFOR Journal of Education, 12(3), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.12.3.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Napil, M., & San, A. (2020). Beliefs and strategies in Filipino language learning and academic performance of indigenous students. International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.15739/ijeprr.20.017 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples. (2022, September 12). Pangangailangan sa edukasyon ng mga katutubo, tinalakay ng NCIP. Philippine Information Agency. https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/news/2022/09/12/pangangailan-sa-edukasyon-ng-mga-katutubo-tinalakay-ng-ncip [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Pabayos, P. C. G., Tinga, C. J., & Borres, T. H. (2024). Translanguaging and Indigenous Filipino students’ social identity in English writing classrooms. IJNRD.org. https://ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJNRD2412173 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Pacol, J. (2023). E-BAKADA: Interaktibong Kagamitan sa Pagtuturo ng Filipino bilang Ikalawang Wika ng mga Banyagang Estudyante. The Normal Lights, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v17i2.2164 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Panicker, P. (2020). Critical pedagogy in the implementation of educational technologies. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.00245 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Pedroso, J. E. P., Tumabotabo, A. M., Alvarez, G. J., China, M. M. D., & Futotana, K. (2023). Contextualized Strategies of Elementary School Teachers in Teaching IP (Indigenous People) Learners. EIKI Journal of Effective Teaching Methods, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.59652/jetm.v1i3.35 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Requillo, S. (2024). Estilo ng Pagkatuto at Antas ng Motibasyon ng mga Mag-aaral na Magtatapos ng Senior High School Sa Distrito ng Sagbayan, Bohol. UB Advancing Filipino Research Journal, 2(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.15631/ubafrj.v2i1.208 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Rodriguez-Tatel, M. J. B. (2019). Pag-iimahen sa Batang “Katutubo” sa Ilang Pil ing Kuwentong Pambata: Sipat at Siyasat sa Kolonyal na Diskurso ng “Tribu” (Imaging the “Ind igenous” Child in Selected Stories for Children: Revisiting and Revisioning “Tribe” as a Colonial Discourse. Up-diliman. https://tinyurl.com/3tz8yrbh [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Roluna, R. (2024). Motivation of Indigenous students in learning Filipino: an investigation. https://www.ejournals.ph/article.php?id=27691 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Romero, M. J., Romero, N., Ramos, V. B., & Gabriel, A. G. (2024). Indigenous Peoples and the COVID-19 pandemic: learning, preparedness, challenges and the way forward. Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 15(2), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.18733/cpi29733 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Ronquillo-Elvina, F., & Quirap, E. A. (2024). Motivational Factors and Academic Performance among Learners in Tagoloan District, Misamis Oriental. European Modern Studies Journal, 8(1), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.59573/emsj.8(1).2024.16 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Rosales, M. A., & Cruz, J. (2023, January 31). Decolonizing Curriculum: A Study of Indigenous Pedagogy in Mindanao, Philippines. https://journal.grasglobal.org/index.php/gdhp/article/view/3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Salvacion, J. D., & Napil, M. C. (2025). Intercultural Competence, language Anxiety, and Filipino Language learning Motivation of Indigenous Students: a Mixed-methods study. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 19(6), 528–544. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2025/v19i61076 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Serafica, J., Muria, N., DelosAngeles, R., Jaravata, V. J., & Silva, V. J. (2024). Self-Determination and Academic Persistence among Alternative Learning System Students: Implications for Program Enrichment. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=27908 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Sug-Ang, L. S., & Namocot, S. L. C. (2025). Academic Motivation and Resilience as Predictors of Learners’ Academic Competence: Basis for a Proposed A.S.P.I.R.E Model. European Journal of Education Studies, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i8.6158 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Sugue, A. M., Jr, Panaguiton, B. M. B., & Bernal, A. I. S. (2024). Willingness of Indigenous students in communication using Filipino language. International Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Education, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.58806/ijirme.2024.v3i2n06 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Universitas. (2023, December 5). Ang Mga Katutubong Wika: Tungo sa Pagbuo ng Isang Matatag at Maunlad na Bansang Filipino - Universitas. https://universitas.uap.asia/articles/ang-mga-katutubong-wika-tungo-sa-pagbuo-ng-isang-matatag-at-maunlad-na-bansang-filipino/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Wager, A. C., Ansloos, J. P., & Thorburn, R. (2022). Addressing structural violence and systemic inequities in education: A qualitative study on Indigenous youth schooling experiences in Canada. Power and Education, 14(3), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/17577438221108258 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. World Bank Group. (2024). Indigenous Peoples’ Resilience Framework: Executive Summary. In World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/indigenouspeoples/publication/indigenous-peoples-resilience-framework-executive-summary [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. World Bank Group. (2024, June 3). Access to education, health services, economic opportunities key to improving welfare of Indigenous peoples in the Philippines. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2024/05/27/access-to-education-health-services-economic-opportunities-key-to-improving-welfare-of-indigenous-peoples-in-ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Zafra, G. (2016). Ang Pagtuturo ng Wika at Kulturang Filipino sa Disiplinang Filipino (Konteksto ng K-12). Katipunan Journal Ng Mga Ng Mga Pag-aaral Sa Wika Panitikan Sining at Kulturang Filipino, 1, 4–28. https://doi.org/10.13185/kat2016.00102 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles