English Language Exposure and Perceived Self-Efficacy as Predictors to English Grammar Proficiency of General Academic Strand Students

This study examined English language exposure and perceived self-efficacy as predictors of English grammar proficiency among General Academic Strand students of Lorenzo S. Sarmiento Sr. National High School. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered through adapted questionnaires such as the English language exposure questionnaire, perceived self-efficacy scale, and an English grammar proficiency test covering parts of speech, verb tenses and aspects, and grammar usage. The respondents’ English language exposure was analyzed in terms of home, friends, school, and media, while perceived self-efficacy was examined through mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, physiological feedback, and verbal persuasion. Statistical analyses revealed that both English language exposure and perceived self-efficacy had no significant relationship with students’ English grammar proficiency. Certain domains of exposure and self-efficacy were also found to insignificantly predict grammar proficiency. The findings suggest that English exposure and self-efficacy did not contribute to grammar proficiency, highlighting the need for supportive learning environments and building explicit instructional strategies.

General Academic Strand, English Language Exposure, Perceived Self-efficacy

1. Aballe, S. J. F., Agcal, J. M. M., & Canoy, F. T. (2024). Exploring the Correlation between English Proficiency and Reading Comprehension among Elementary Learners in the Philippines. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 50(6), 548–555. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i61431 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Alharthi, M. (2025). Gender differences in grammar performance: An analysis of EFL achievement test results from Saudi diploma students. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 13(1), 393–301. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.13n.1p.293 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Ahmad, R. S., & Meena, R. S. (2021). Assessing the level of students' exposure to English language in university environment. Review of International Geographical. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Aizawa, I., Rose, H., Thompson, G., & Curle, S. (2023). Beyond the threshold: Exploring English language proficiency, linguistic challenges, and academic language skills of Japanese students in an English medium instruction programme. Language Teaching Research, 27(4), 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231160727 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Alasal, M. S. (2025). The impact of digital media on foreign language acquisition: A comparative study. E-Learning and Digital Media. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530251324830 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Al-Senafi, B., AlDaihani, S., & Al-Nafisi, H. (2024). EFL students’ use of online platforms for language learning and communication. Journal of Education and Learning, 13(1), 120–134. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1463034.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Ajaj, I. E. (2022). Investigating the difficulties of learning English grammar and suggested methods to overcome them. Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities, 29(6), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.29.6.2022.24 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bandura, A. (2023). Interpretation of physiological states and motivation. Behavioral Science. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bautista, M. B. R. (2024). Examining the role of peer modeling in English language learning: Insights from English teachers based on Bandura's social learning theory. International Journal of Novel Research and Development, 9(12), 29-45. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2412205.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Beauchamp, M. R., Crawford, K. L., Jackson, B., & Zumbo, B. D. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions of stress and self-efficacy: A mixed-methods exploration of the impact of physiological and emotional states. Frontiers in Education, 6, 750599. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.750599 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Bhandari, P. (2021). Descriptive-correlational design in research: Measuring variable associations and making informed predictions. International Journal of Research Methods, 12(3), 157–169. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Borres, D. (2025). English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI): A Pivotal Approach to Enhance English Language Proficiency in the Philippines. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 26(1), 551–554. DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.1.1049. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Brocker, A., & Scafide, K. N. (2024). Systematic review: Self efficacy and skill performance. International Nursing Review, 71(4), 810–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12915 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Cabillon, M. C. (2023). Language Learning Strategies and Social Media Use as Determinants of English Language Skills Self-Efficacy. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 9(4), April 2023. DOI: 10.36713/EPRA12834. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Cassé, G. (2022). Empirical testing of verbal persuasion effects. Vanderbilt Young Scientist Journal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Devi, B., Lepcha, M., & Basnet, S. (2023). Application of correlational research design in nursing and medical research. Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, 65, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YRZ68 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Dos Santos, L. M. (2020). Stress, burnout, and low self-efficacy of nursing professionals: A qualitative inquiry. Healthcare, 8(4), 424. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/8/4/424 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Escandallo, J. C., & Lasanas, A. J. C. (2024). Mediating Effect of Language Exposure on the Interplay between Affective Learning Outcomes and Language Awareness among English Major Students. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=24987 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Fadillah, M. R., & Dari, R. W. (2025). The correlation between EFL undergraduate students’ self efficacy beliefs in essay writing and writing performance. J SHMIC: Journal of English for Academic, 12(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2025.vol12(2).21155 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Guo, R., Miao, H., & Li, M. (2025). The influence of research self-efficacy and learning engagement on Ed.D students’ academic achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1562354 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Kadan, Ö. F. (2023). An analysis of Turkish EFL students’ writing errors. Journal of Teacher Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(2), 598–609. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Khau, A. H., & Nguyen, T. H. (2025). Grammar Challenges in Report Writing Under Curriculum Reform: A Case Study of English Majors in a Vietnamese University. Educational Process: International Journal, 16, Article e2025251. DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.16.251. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Kim, Y., & Yim, D. (2023). The Influence of Language and Cognitive Skills on Narrative Retelling for Preschoolers with and without Specific Language Impairment. Eon’eo Cheong’gag Jang’ae Yeon’gu/Communication Sciences & Disorders, 28(4), 703–717. https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.231005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Küçükler, F. (2021). Impact of English exposure on language acquisition. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS). https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/students-english-language-exposure-in-relation-to-their-interpretative-and-application-reading-comprehension-skills/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Luckett, T., Roberts, M., Swami, V., Smith, T., Cho, J. G., Klimkeit, E., & Wheatley, J. R. (2021). The relationship between self-efficacy, functional exercise capacity and physical activity in people with COPD: A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ Open, 11(7), e044032. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32633148/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Memon, M. A., Ting, H., Cheah, J.-H., Thurasamy, R., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Sample size for survey research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 4(2), i–xx. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.4(2).01 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Momeni, M., Asadi, M., Shadin, H., Noorian, S., & Senmar, M. (2025). Self efficacy of clinical performance in nursing students and its relationship with the motivation of field choice and clinical education status. BMC Medical Education, 25, Article 767. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07372-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Morris, C. D., Patel, A., & Nguyen, H. T. (2023). The relationship between physiological self-efficacy and rehabilitation adherence post-orthopedic surgery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 104(2), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.11.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Pastolero, G., Malenegro,L. (2025). English proficiency profile of bachelor of secondary education students: Implications for curriculum. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5258836 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Patricio, L. A., Nicomedes, C. J., Mañas, J., Torre, J. D., & Cayubit, R. F. O. (2025). Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Shyness and Help-Seeking Behavior among College Students. Chronic Stress, 9, 24705470251383469. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470251383469 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Puno, J., Anit, S., Gayonan, E., & Villarosa, J. (2025). Influence of Tiktok Usage on English Language Proficiency Among Junior High School Students. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, Volume 8, ISSN: 2581-7922,. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Ramzan, M., Mushtaq, A., & Ashraf, Z. (2023). Evacuation of difficulties and challenges for academic writing in ESL learning. The University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature (JLL), 7(1), 42-49. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Rao, G., Yang, E., & Zhang, B. (2020). Overview of NLPTEA-2020 shared task for Chinese grammatical error diagnosis. In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications (pp. 25–35). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.nlptea-1.4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Reyes, M. (2024). Exposure of social media and its effect on English language proficiency: Basis for action plan. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 6(1). https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2024/1/12084.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Rifiyanti, I. (2025). English as a medium of instruction (EMI): A pivotal approach to language proficiency. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. https://journalwjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2025-1049.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Salas, M. K. T., & Legaspi, M. J. B. (2020). Language learning exposure and grammatical proficiency of intermediate pupils. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 73–74. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.208 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Smith, R., Huang, L., & Patel, N. (2022). Verbal persuasion, mastery experiences, and self-efficacy in cognitive task performance. Vanderbilt Young Scientist Journal, 15(1), 45–58. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Tan, P. (2024). Development of problem-solving strategies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 48(3), 250–265. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Wang, X., McMillen, S., & Shi, Y. (2025). The roles of L1 transfer, L2 exposure, and morphological salience in bilingual children's L2 English morphological development. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1566442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1566442 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Xu, J., & Xu, Y. (2025). The impact of self-efficacy on psychological resilience in EFL learners: a serial mediation model. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 858. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03236-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Uy, K. (2024). Grammar and vocabulary growth via online forums. CALL-EJ, 25(2), 77–95. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Yim, J. S. C. (2023). The influence of vicarious experiences on pre-service teachers’ classroom management self-efficacy. Teaching Education, 34(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2022.2046763 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Yokoyama, S. (2024). Impact of academic self efficacy on online learning outcomes: A recent literature review. EXCLI Journal, 23, 960–966. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2024 7502 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Zhang, M., & Meriales, N. R. D. (2024). The Influence of English Language Exposure on Language Attitudes and Identity among Chinese Youth. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 16(2), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.54097/e32frd22 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Zou, S., & Singh, P. K. K. (2025). Effect of self-efficacy sources and attitude on pronunciation learning strategies among EFL learners in China. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 14(3), 2461. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v14i3.32861 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Zheng, Y. (2023). How the home learning environment contributes to children’s social–emotional competence: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1065978 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Enhancing English Vocabulary Skills for Grade 9 Students ‘Using Deal or No Deal’ Game
• Enhancing Grade 8 English Engagement: Fill My Bag Strategy
• Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers’ Communication Competence: An Input to a Communication Skills Development Module
• Lower Secondary School Students' Attitude toward Reading in English
• Learner Autonomy and Attitudes toward Philippine English: Predictors of Grammar Performance among College ESL Students