A Geographical Analysis of Environmental and Human Potentials and Their Impact on the Diversity of Agricultural Patterns in Al-Muthanna Governorate (2024)

The agricultural system, which one of the basic pillars affects food production for the population and fodder for animals and the main engine of industrial. The model associated with commercial farming pays attention to selected crops as per the various relevant conditions of the natural and human environment. This process helps increase the area under cultivation and the volume of production. The used study descriptive and analytical that used quantitative data to enrich scientific knowledgde and widen the horizons. The study aims to follow the development and organization of methods that help enable agricultural development. Research shows that climate factors such as temperature, evaporation and low rainfall constraint agricultural expansion. Agricultural patterns and productivity will be increasingly influenced by human factors (e.g. the choice of irrigation method, and land ownership). The climate data was of 2024 as it had the complete climate record & recent climatic record and also prevailed climatic reality. The research results proved that most of the research in brief is mainly directed towards local consumption, with a lack of diversity, for large areas of interest in agriculture within administrative units. It also showed that agriculture generally suffers from dry climatic conditions, which can lead to aridity, resulting in weak production and exploitation of agricultural crops. Geographical limitation of the study is Muthanna Governorate in southern Iraq. The governorate is situated between latitudes 31°17' and 30°12’ N and longitudes 41°13' and 37°13' E. The total area of the samawa province is 51,402 kilometers squared or about 11% of Iraq. According to Map 1, Al-Muthanna Governorate shares an international border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Agricultural patterns, Climate, Irrigation

1. Ibrahim, S., & Shalash, A. H. (2002). Soil Geography. Baghdad University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Al-Mashhadani, I. A. (2002). Principles of Agricultural Geography. Dar Al-Salam Press, Baghdad. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Al-Husseini, S. H. J. (2011). White Corn Crop Between Past and Present. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture, (3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Al-Dhalimi, H. A. H. (2013). Spatial Analysis of Field Crop Production in Al-Muthanna Governorate for the Period 2001–2011. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, College of Arts, Al-Qadisiya University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Al-Saigh, R. A. N. (2012). Climatic Characteristics and Their Relationship to Palm Diseases in Najaf Governorate. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, College of Arts, University of Kufa. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Al-Janabi, S. H., & Ghalib, S. A. (2007). Regional Geography of Iraq. Mosul Press, Mosul. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Abdul-Baqi, F. K. (2001). The Low Discharges of the Euphrates River and Their Impact on Agricultural Production in Iraq. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ibn Rushd College of Education, University of Baghdad. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. IPCC. (2024). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. FAO. (2024). The State of Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Hammadi, M. I. (2013). Irrigation and Drainage Projects on the Al-Sayl and Al-Atshan Rivers in Al-Muthanna Governorate. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. World Bank. (2024). Climate Risk Country Profile: Iraq. World Bank. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Mar, M. S., & Al-Qassab, I. H. (2003). Geography of Agriculture. Mosul University Press, Mosul. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Al-Rikabi, A. S. (2021). Climate Variation Between Barren and Vegetated Areas of Selected Regions in Al-Muthanna Governorate. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, College of Education for Human Sciences, Al-Muthanna University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Abu Ayana, F. M. (2004). Agricultural Geography. University Knowledge House, Egypt. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Muthanna Statistics Directorate. (2024). Population Statistics Department. Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Muthanna Governorate Statistics Directorate. (2024). Agricultural Statistics Records. Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Directorate of Wells in Al-Muthanna Governorate. (2024). Report of the Committee Formed to Inspect Wells. Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Al-Muthanna Governorate Irrigation Directorate, Planning Department. (2024). Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Muthanna Agriculture Directorate, Fisheries Department. (2021). Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Cloke, P., Crang, P., & Goodwin, M. (2014). Introducing Human Geographies (3rd ed.). Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. El-Baz, F. (2012). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Studies: Applications in the Middle East and North Africa. Springer. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Directorate of Agriculture Al-Muthanna. (2024). Agricultural Plan – Winter and Summer Seasons. Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Aboud, H., & Aswad, M. G. (2021). The Geographical Distribution of Palm Groves in Al-Muthanna Governorate. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Humanities, 24(2). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Directorate of Agriculture Al-Muthanna. (2024). Agricultural Plan – Winter and Summer Seasons: Planning Follow-up Division. Unpublished data. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Navigating Climate Challenges in Tourism: Sustainable Practices and Innovative Approaches
• Siberia and the Far East: Development vs. Sustainability
• From Potable Water to Drinking Water: A Conceptual Clarification Based on Individual Boreholes in African Peri-Urban Areas
• Traditional Agricultural Equipment’s and Using Techniques of the Santal Tribe in the Context of Tourism Development
• Dynamics of the Development of Natural Gravitational Processes (Landslides) In the Medium-Mountain Regions of Georgia: The Case of Imereti (2010–2022)