Lived Experiences and Mathematical Patterns of Quid Chewers in Lanao del Sur: A Qualitative Study

Authors

Norhan M. Abdulcarim

Mindanao State University – Binidayan Community High School, Lanao del Sur (Philippines)

Sa-Adon M. Baro

Mindanao State University – Integrated Laboratory School, Lanao del Sur (Philippines)

Dr. Shaha D. Mustapha

Mindanao State University – Institute of Science Education, Lanao del Sur (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100400370

Subject Category: Mathematics

Volume/Issue: 10/4 | Page No: 5067-5087

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-04-10

Accepted: 2026-04-16

Published: 2026-05-11

Abstract

This study investigated the socio-demographic profiles, lived experiences, and implicit mathematical concepts of quid chewers in four municipalities of Lanao del Sur, Philippines: Binidayan, Bayang, Tubaran, and Lumbatan. Using a qualitative descriptive design, data were collected from 20 purposively selected participants through semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that quid chewers represented diverse socio-demographic backgrounds in terms of sex, marital status, educational attainment, and occupation. Lived experiences highlighted initiation practices, habitual chewing patterns, physical and sensory effects, psychological impacts, and reflections on social and cultural contexts. Participants reported both immediate physiological responses and long-term dependence, while social interactions and cultural traditions shaped their motivations and persistence. Analysis of daily practices demonstrated that chewers employed implicit mathematical concepts, including estimation of consumption, rationing of quid portions, and timing of chewing episodes to regulate intake.

Keywords

quid chewing, areca nut, socio-demographic profiles

Downloads

References

1. Abdurajak, B., Halili, S., & Al-Zamzam, A. (2019). Buccal cell micronuclei among betel quid chewers and non-betel quid chewers from selected barangays in Zamboanga City. Philippine Journal of Pathology. https://philippinejournalofpathology.org/index.php/PJP/article/view/120 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Allen, A. P., & Smith, A. P. (2015). Chewing gum: Cognitive performance, mood, well being, and associated physiology. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article 654806. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449949/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Anand, R., Lamba, A., & Reddy, V. (2014). Effects of betel nut and betel quid chewing on oral health: A review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(12), ZE01–ZE04. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25313728/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Aweau, K., Erari, S., Im, S., Murphy, K., Pokhrel, P., & Herzog, T. (2024). What motivates betel quid chewers to quit? Health risk perception and cessation intentions. BMC Public Health, 24, 112. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38403997/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Berniyanti, T., Budiman, S., & Setiawan, B. (2024). Betel quid chewing and its association with periodontal health and oral health-related quality of life. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 84(2), 145–153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37722082/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Boucher, B., & Mannan, N. (2002). Chewing areca nut and health in South Asia. Addiction Biology, 7(1), 115–125. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Chang, C. H., Ko, H. C., Wu, J. Y. W., & Cheng, C. P. (2007). Social cognitive determinants of betel quid chewing among college students in southern Taiwan: A revised Attitudes–Social Influence–Efficacy Model. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2345–2350. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17383827/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Chiu, S.-E., Hsu, M.-H., Kang, C.-J., & Chen, S.-C. (2023). Betel quid dependence and oral health-related quality of life: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 23, 200. https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-02800-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Chiu, S. E., Hsu, M. H., Kang, C. J., & Chen, S. C. (2024). Perceived stress and betel quid dependence associated with reasons for betel quid chewing among male chewers: A mixed methods study. BMC Oral Health, 24(1), 1327. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99487395/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Daucourt, M., et al. (2021). Math learning in informal environments. Elementary School Journal. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3102/00346543231156182 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Ghani, W. M. A., Razak, I. A., & Yang, Y. H. (2011). Factors affecting commencement and cessation of betel quid chewing in Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 11, 82. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-82 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Guha, N., Warnakulasuriya, S., Vlaanderen, J., & Straif, K. (2014). Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A meta-analysis. Oral Oncology, 50(5), 349–356. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24302487/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Gupta, P. C., & Warnakulasuriya, S. (2002). Global epidemiology of areca nut usage. Addiction Biology, 7(1), 77–83. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Gupta, P. C., Ray, C. S., & Sinha, D. N. (2018). Areca nut chewing in India. The Lancet Global Health, 6(10), e1053–e1054. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Hussain, A., Zaheer, S., & Shafique, K. (2018). Reasons for betel quid chewing amongst dependent and non-dependent betel quid chewing adolescents: A school-based cross-sectional survey. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 13(1), 16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944156/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Jamil, M. A., Md Sabri, B. A., & Mohd Yani, A. A. (2025). Orang Asli chewers’ awareness and motivations regarding betel quid use: A qualitative study. BMC Oral Health, 25, 87. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39419886/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Ladera, R. D. R. (2016). The practices of betel quid chewing and oral health status among selected sitio residents of Eastern Samar [Unpublished manuscript]. University of the Philippines Open University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Lartey, S. (2024). Exploring the importance of mathematics in everyday life activities. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383848911_Exploring_the_Importance_of_Mathematics_in_Everyday_Life_Activities_with_Science_Methodology [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. LeFevre, J. A., et al. (2009). Home numeracy practices and children’s mathematics skills. PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8452026/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Lin, C.-C., Tami-Maury, I., Ma, W.-F., Lam, C., Tsai, M.-H., Lu, I.-Y., & Gritz, E. R. (2017). Social and cultural context of betel quid consumption in Taiwan and implications for prevention and cessation interventions. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(5), 646–655. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28139147/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Lin, C.-C., Tami-Maury, I., Ma, W.-F., Lam, C., Tsai, M.-H., Lu, I.-Y., & Gritz, E. R. (2022). Betel quid chewing and oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Diseases, 28(8), 2310–2324. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35647119/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Little, M. A., Pentz, M. A., Murphy, K. L., Kawamoto, C. T., & Suguitan, G. S. (2014). The reasons for betel-quid chewing scale: Assessment of factor structure, reliability, and validity. BMC Oral Health, 14, 62. https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-14-62 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Mangali, H. B. (2023). Betel nut consumption: Exploring perceptions of young farmers in Natubleng, Buguias, Benguet, Philippines. Mountain Journal of Science and Interdisciplinary Research. https://doi.org/10.70884/mjsir.v83i2.383 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Muthukrishnan, A., Nagi, R., & Patil, S. (2022). Psychosocial and behavioral factors influencing betel quid initiation and maintenance: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 16, 100443. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37125526/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Nunes, T., Schliemann, A., & Carraher, D. (1988). Mathematical concepts in everyday life. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 41, 71–87. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227802708_Mathematical_concepts_in_everyday_life [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Romero, V. A., Romero, E. T., Cabuhat, K. S., et al. (2026). Rethinking betel nut ‘nga-nga’ chewing practices in the Philippines: Cultural tradition or overlooked public health risk? Journal of Public Health Policy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41845008/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Smith, A. P. (2010). Effects of chewing gum on cognitive function, mood and physiology in stressed volunteers. Appetite, 55(2), 202–206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20132649/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Smith, A. P., Chaplin, K., & Wadsworth, E. (2012). Chewing gum, occupational stress, work performance and well being: An intervention study. Appetite, 58(3), 1083–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.052 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Tsai, M. H., Chang, C. H., & Lee, C. H. (2009). Oral sensory effects of habitual betel quid chewing. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 38(7), 601–606. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Warnakulasuriya, S., & Chen, T. H. (2022). Areca nut and oral cancer: Evidence from studies conducted in humans. Journal of Dental Research, 101(10), 1139–1146. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35459408/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles