Availability and Utilization of Security Facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria.

Availability and Utilization of Security Facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria.

OGUNNOWO, Fatai Abiodun¹, Prof. F. A. OKWO², JULIUS, Deborah Nwanne³

¹Department of Educational Foundations, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

²Department of Art Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

³Department of Educational Administration and Planning, Abia State University, Nigeria

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.70573

Received: 30 April 2023; Accepted: 12 May 2023; Published: 10 June 2023

ABSTRACT

The study assesses the availability and utilization of security facilities in federal tertiary institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. 180 Security Officers of the Federal Government Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State constitute the population of the study. 40 male security operatives and 20 female security operatives were selected using a proportionate stratified sampling technique and stratified along the security operatives of the four federal tertiary institutions in Enugu State. Two research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. Research question one was answered using the frequency count and percentages while research two was answered using mean and standard deviation. The null hypothesis was tested using t-test analysis at a 0.05 significance level. The data were collected using the “Availability of Security Facilities Checklist (ASFC)” and “Utilization of Security Facilities Questionnaire (USFQ)”. The instruments were validated by three experts. Cronbach Alpha reliability test gave 0.85 and 0.87 respectively with an overall reliability coefficient of 0.86. The study showed that security facilities are not adequately available while the few available facilities are moderately utilized. The study established no significant difference in the mean responses of male security operatives and female security operatives on the extent security facilities are utilized. The study concluded that the availability and utilization of security facilities are inadequate to tackle the menacing challenges of security. The study recommended that continuous assessment of security facilities is essential to eliminating security challenges in tertiary institutions.

Keywords: Availability, Security, Security Challenges; Security facilities, and Utilization.

INTRODUCTION

A secured school ecosystem facilitates optimal goal attainments in any tertiary institution. Fundamentally, tertiary institutions in Nigeria constitute the academic community of conventional and specialized institutions, primarily established, organized, and managed to pursue interdependent mandates for national development, the accomplishment of which directly hinge on the quality of instructional and non-instructional facilities. Specifically cogent among the non-instructional facilities installations and infrastructures in any tertiary institution is the provision, availability, and effective utilization of the security facilities with the strict consideration of security staff professionalism for optimal service delivery. The provisions of security facilities precede and determine the extent of availability, and it is as important as the effective utilization to insulate factors inhibiting peace and stability in the school system. Essentially, sustainable availability and utilization management of security facilities produces invaluable support for the internal administrative governance, efficiency, and effectiveness of tertiary institutions in a bid to achieve threats and a tension-free academic community.

And vitally, the Federal Government of Nigeria has charged each tertiary institution with the responsibility of her internal organization and administration, of which security facilities provisions, professional training of security operatives, and effective utilization of modern security facilities are largely integral (Federal Government of Nigeria [FGN], 2014). The availability and utilization of security facilities are quite essential facilitators of the school‘s environmental conduciveness for the attainment of the stated aims and objectives. And in all respect, the management of each tertiary institution is required to ensure the internal security of their institutions against threats, tension, and distractions while ensuring a stable and peaceful school system. In a collaborative assertion, Ogunnowo, Okonji, Nduka, Ocheleka, and Ezinwa (2022) opined that the continuous evaluation of security facilities and allied infrastructures in school settings have huge impact factors on the internal administrative efficiency and effectiveness with multiplier effects on sustaining the threat-free academic environment. In this regard, the tertiary institutional goals accomplishment can be made essentially possible under a safe and secure academic atmosphere (National Policy on Safety, Security and Violence-Free Schools, 2021; Ugwu, Ngwu, Odionye & Ibenegbu, 2021; Zareem, 2020; Aminu,2019). However, the present state of security in Nigeria has been so deplorable with the associated cases of mayhem, vandalism, and destruction of lives and properties. Hence, the challenges associated with insecurity are menacingly rife and viral to the pulling down of the developmental fabrics of the nation.

As a result, the state of insecurity can be attributed to severally socio-economic and political problems, and these sequentially constitute a heavy clog in the developmental wheel of the nation with no exception of tertiary institutions. According to Ejukonemu and Imam (2021), the prospects of sustainable security, peace, and stability in Nigeria have been altered by hardship and economic depression caused by serial oppressions, intimidations, tension, banditry, bombing, kidnapping, protracted industrial actions, incessant secessionist agitations, violent protest, political upheavals, crises, religious conflicts, and poverty. In no small way, tertiary institutions partake in the effects of the ugly security phenomenon. In consonance, Nwakpa (2015) stated that insecurity frustrates both instructional and non-instructional processes on campus and crossly limits national development as no nation transcends its intellectual banks, which are represented by the existing tertiary institutions. Asiyai and Oghuvbu (2020) submitted with an emphatic qualification that the security challenges breed unethical dispositions, abusive use of drugs, rape tendencies, suicidal cases, and violent behaviors in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions.

The security challenges in Nigeria have been so devastating, chronic, debilitating, and intrinsically repelling salvaging measures dues to their complex socio-economic and political motivations behind the scene. No wonder Audu, Lukman, and Nyah (2014) lamented that insecurity is compacted with serial non-negligible attacks and terror, of which the intervention steps to insulate a specific threat resuscitate another with greater effects. Emphatically, the tertiary education system in Nigeria is among the enlisted major victims of the state of insecurity in the nation. In regards to this, Dimka (2017) submitted that insecurity generates terror, intimidation, and fear which occasion the protracted closure of Nigerian campuses. Expressing the same vein as it affects the Nigerian Tertiary Education Architecture, Adams (2022) asserted that insecurity leaves scorching indelible marks on the affected school settings as it claims many lives of staff and students, and truncates instructional and non-instructional delivery processes, thus making the actualization of the set-goals very difficult task.

Insecurity stifles the developmental strides of Nigeria as the global peace rating further accentuated its seriousness. Accordingly, among 163 countries in the Global Peace Index, Institute for Economics and Peace (2021) ranked Nigeria in the 146th position. This index statistically placed the country in the league of least peaceful countries such as Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and Iraq. And in Africa, by the same index, Nigeria came 8th among the least peaceful countries. Global Fund for Peace (2021) ranked Nigeria as the 12th security-threatened nation in the world with an index of 8.80 against an overall index of 10.0 attributed to Afghanistan. This same index continentally placed Nigeria as the 7th security-threatened nation of Africa with Libya ranked highest. Intrinsically, insecurity threatens smooth internal and international business transactions, technological transfer, and academic exchange programs of invaluable prospects to the development of Nigeria with no exception of the higher education system.

Considering the exigencies of this volatile era in Nigeria, sustainable security provisions rank peak on any priority index of educational institution management. And really without gainsaying, conducive educational institutions and sustainable security facilities management related to a large extent (Aminu,2019). Therefore, continuous security facilities assessment centrally constitutes one of the vital cores of non-instructional facilities provisions in tertiary institutions. Beyond the school system, the concept of security is very significant to human existence, and organizational and communal life dates back to primitive societies. Security, as a topical global phenomenon, attracts diversities of conceptual descriptions based on a relative understanding of what constitutes threats, their intensities, environmental peculiarities, causes and effects, and the possible means for prevention or removal (Ejukonemu & Imam, 2021). Wolfers (1962) viewed security in objective and subjective ways. In regards to objective conceptualization, security is considered as the absence of threats that facilitate peaceful means of value acquisitions, while subjectively, regarded security as the absence of fear that such values will be attacked. United Nations Development Programme ([UNDP],1994) described security from the perspective of safety against major human threats such as starvation, health abnormalities, and forcible subjugations; and in terms of the perspective of protection against interruption of the continuity of normal human existence in all walk of life. In another conceptualization, the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1995) views security as a nation’s protective ability for the sustenance of its cherished internal values from all external threats.

Safety and protection terminologies inherently conceptualize security. Security is the measure of protections put in place to check and eliminate danger, threat, terror, damage, instability, risk of loss, and all forms of social vices (Oni,2016; Oladipo, Awoyinfa & Adefarakan, 2018; Shobowale, 2019). In essence, Mkpa (2020) opined that the need for security is all-encompassing as it broadly and intrinsically factors in safety, protection, stability, certainty, support and empowerment, and structural balances in society. To express this, security is considered a dynamic condition that majorly reserves the civic role of protection of life and properties to the government in a bid for continual prevention of threats to the cherished values and supreme interests of the society. United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS, 2016) shared the understanding that security entails the protection of the dignity of man and unrestricted access to human rights, equality of opportunity, freedom from want, poverty, despair, deprivation, and fear, and development of inherent potentials devoid of limitations. A similar view as expressed by Babatunde and Olotu (2020) considered security as a composite concept with emphasis on the protections against harm to human society, physical, economic, psychological, and otherwise. Human security advocates people-need satisfaction, all-inclusiveness, situation-specific intervention strategies, and proactive-oriented facilities provisions and responses that consolidate capacities for the protection and empowerment of all people in all communities (UNTFHS, 2016).  Operationally, security is the safety and protection of the staff members, students, and all other facilities against all manner of threats, danger, and damage in the Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State.

Security, as an intangible school environmental resource, constitutes a cherished value for the existential and functional continuity of any school system (Mkpa, 2020). The achievements of the cherished valuables in tertiary institutions are incumbent on the provisions of strategic, operational, and tactical security equipment, gadgets, and technologies otherwise known as security facilities. The security facilities take the form of technological gadgets, trained manpower, and protective arms and ammunitions required for smart surveillance services, intensive guards, and active detections. Security Guard (2018) listed such security facilities as whistles, walkies-talkies, raincoats, flashlights, robes, cell phones, hand-cuffs, batons, boots, security belts, digital cameras, tear gas, and knives among other basic security facilities. In addition, Yakubu, Mohd, and Abdulkadir (2018) noted that modern security facilities are largely technological-based protective amenities set aside for seamless and smarter security services delivery. Some of these include Internet Services, Surveillance Cameras, geographically Position Enabled Devices, Close Circuited Television (CCTV), Detecting Devices, Social Networking Systems, Mobile Phones, Satellite Imagery, Automated Personal Data Banks and Tracking Systems, and airspace gadgets for long-distance precisions and detection. The bias of this study directly refers to security facilities as the installed technologies for the detection, safety, protection, and prevention against threats, danger, and damage in the Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State. The study operationally restricts the security facilities to CCTV Surveillance Cameras, Patrol Vehicles, Detecting Devices, Mobile Phones, Defensive Gadgets, Satellite Imagery, Social Networking Tools, Emergency Alert Systems, Internet Services, and GPS-enabled Devices

Reduction in crime rate in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions is achievable provided security facilities are available, expertly utilized, and controlled by competent security operatives with a timely evaluation of their conditions for continuous improvement and effective operations (Bassey, 2014; Oladipo, Awoyinfa & Adefarakan, 2018). In tandem, Auyo, Idris, Mato, and Ibrahim (2020) opined that the availability and utilization of security facilities require training of security operatives on the use of ICT surveillance gadgets in Tertiary Institutions. Specifically, Joseph and Philias (2011) conceptualized availability as an essential resource of wider utility that is capable of being committed, operational, and engaged when required to perform its assigned functions. Alternatively, the concept of availability suggests the state or condition of obtainability and accessibility (Ibrahim, 2007). The availability of security facilities in any tertiary institution is principally the function of many factors. Some of these factors include the ownership structure of the institution, the scale of institutional priority, security policy and implementation, environmental assessment, security history, and situation report, security staff strength and manpower training, financial resources and appropriations, corporate support and collaborations, community participation, and relationship management. This study defines the availability of security facilities as the state of accessibility of the installed technologies for the detection, safety, protection, and prevention against threats, danger, and damage in the Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State.

Security facilities in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria ought to be available as they play major roles in operational efficiency and effectiveness (Ememe, Onwuchekwa & Onuigbo, 2012, Uzoechina, 2016, Wordu & Nleremchi, 2018). However, the availability of security facilities does not guarantee their effective utilization (Uzoechina,2016, Ezeigweneme & Egolum, 2020). Adegboyeje (1999) defined utilization as the degree or extent to which facilities are engaged for needs satisfaction. This definition conceptualizes utilization as the operations of facilities for the satisfaction of needs concerning the performance index of non-utilization, underutilization, optimal utilization, and overutilization. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based security facilities require relevant training, technical competence, and smarter utilization of the security facilities by the operatives to ensure and sustain quality security services delivery in tertiary institutions (Shobowale,2018).

Among other critical factors, the availability of security facilities constitutes a serious determinant of the effective operationalization and engagement of the security facilities otherwise termed utilization. In an attempt to optimally sustain this, Ogunnowo et.al. (2022) opined that continuous security assessment management in tertiary institutions calls for a meaningful social contract, critical intellectual investments, institutional consensus and appropriateness, technological regeneration, integrated capacities, action-policy implementation, continuous improvement, and effective internal control measures against threats and threat tendencies to life and properties on campus. Regarding empirical studies, Etor et. al. (2020) confirmed a wider gap in statutory provisions of security facilities between the Federal Universities and State Universities as estimated with the use of mean score and standard deviation. Ekpoh et. al. (2020) reported that modern security facilities are not available; surveillance vehicles are not sufficient; university environments are poorly electrified at night; security departments are under-staffed; security operations are poorly funded; and the use of antiquated electronic gadgets among others was responsible for ineffective security checks and balances in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. In addition, Shobowale (2019) revealed inadequate ICT availability to enhance security in South-Southern Nigerian Campuses. Nwobodo and Udebunu (2017) showed that emergency response plans and security facilities are not adequately available in Enugu State public secondary schools.

Concerning the trending realities of the state of insecurity in Nigeria, coupled with the pool of empirical shreds of evidence most Nigerian higher institutions of learning are bedeviled with menacing security challenges associated with the geometric crime rate and criminal occurrences. This simply necessitates the need for the prioritization of security utilities along with the incorporation of a comprehensive assessment of the facilities in a bid to progressively salvage the situation. Therefore, regarding the scorching effects of insecurity on the Nigerian Tertiary Education system, one is poised to inquire about the availability and utilization of security facilities in tertiary institutions. Drawn from this, many of the empirical works on security issues in tertiary institutions focus more on the assessment of adequacy and maintenance of security facilities in the Northern universities while very little emphasis has been laid on the availability and utilization of security facilities in other higher educational institutions like Federal Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State. This strongly constitutes a research problem that creates a non-negligible research vacuum, and consequently, a knowledge gap that this study seeks to fill empirically.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The specific objectives are to:

1. determine the available security facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria.
2. determine the extent to which security facilities are utilized in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria.

Research Questions

Two research questions guided this study. They include:

1. What are the available security facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria?
2. To what extent are security facilities utilized in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria?

Hypotheses

The level of statistical significance, tested at 0.05, the research hypotheses as follows:

1. The mean responses of male security operatives and female security operatives on the utilization of Security Facilities in Enugu State Federal Tertiary Institutions have no significant difference.

 METHODOLOGY

The study focused on the assessment of the availability and utilization of security facilities in federal tertiary institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design with the population of 180 security officers of the four operational federal government-owned tertiary institutions in Enugu State namely, University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, Trans-Ekulu, Enugu; Federal College of Education, Eha Amufu, Enugu; and Federal Cooperative College, Orji River. Sixty (60) security operatives were sampled, consisting of 40 male security operatives and 20 female security operatives using a proportionate stratified sampling technique. The study was guided using two research questions, and frequency count and percentages were used to answer research question one while research question two was answered using mean and standard deviation. The research adopted a null hypothesis and was tested using T-test statistics at a 0.05 level of significance. The instruments for data collection were “Availability of Security Facilities Checklist (ASFC)” and a five-point rating scale instrument titled “Utilization of Security Facilities Questionnaire (USFQ)”. The checklist itemized ten security facilities. The questionnaire constituted sections A and B. The ownership of respondents’ institution was captured in section A while section B constituted 10 security facilities structured along a 5-point scale of rating of Very Lowly Utilized (1), Lowly Utilized (2), Moderately Utilized (3), Highly Utilized (4) and Very Highly Utilized (5). The instruments were validated by three experts. Cronbach Alpha reliability test scores of the instruments gave 0.85 and 0.87 respectively with an overall reliability coefficient of 0.86. For research question one, the acceptable index for the decision to consider any item available ranges from 50% and above while any item below 50% is considered not available. Clustered mean relative to the real limits of numbers as shown in the schedule below determined the decision on research question two.

Table 1  Clustered Mean Relative to the Real Limits of Numbers 

A null hypothesis is not rejected where the alpha value of 0.05 is less than or equates p-value, showing no significant difference.

RESULTS

Research Question one

What are the Security Facilities Available in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria?

Table 2:  Percentage Scores on Availability of Security Facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria (N= 60).

Table 2 reveals a percentage analysis of the availability of security facilities as only three security facilities are statistically confirmed available in the Federal Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State with the corresponding percentages of 71.67,72.78 and 71.67 respectively above 50% in items No 3, 4, and 7. The rest of the security items above are not available as respective percentages fall below 50%. The cluster percentage score of 50.61 against 49.38 indicates that security facilities are not available in the Federal Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State.

Research Question Two

To what extent are Security Facilities utilized in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria?

Table 3 Respondents’ Mean Rating on the extent Security Facilities are utilized in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State (N=60).

The cluster percentage score of 3.03 in Table 2 above reveals that the available security facilities are moderately utilized in the Federal Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State.

Hypothesis One

The mean responses of male security operatives and female security operatives on the utilization of Security Facilities in Enugu State Federal Tertiary Institutions have no significant difference.

Table 4: T-test analysis of the mean responses of male security operatives and female security operatives on the utilization of Security Facilities in Enugu State Federal Tertiary Institutions(N=60)

Data in Table 4 indicates mean scores of 0.76 and 0.72 with the corresponding standard deviation of 0.12 and 0.16 respectively. From the table, a p-value of 0.62 is higher than the alpha value of 0.05 at a degree of freedom of 58. Testing at an alpha level of 0.05 and a t-value of 0.58, the p-value is not significant since the p-value is higher than the alpha value (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis was not rejected showing that there is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female security operatives on the utilization of security facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

            The study indicated that there is no significant difference in the mean responses of male security operatives and female security operatives in the utilization of security facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State. This also indicated that security facilities are not adequately available while the available ones were statistically proven to be moderately utilized for security operations in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State. Moderate utilization of the security facilities, as the finding of the study, indicated, positively correlates with Alimba (2018) who attributed the prevalent security menace in Nigerian Universities to the low utilization of ICT-driven tools by the institution’s security operatives. These security facilities of consideration in the study include CCTV Surveillance Cameras, Patrol Vehicles, Detecting Devices, Mobile Phones, Defensive Gadgets, Satellite Imagery, Social Networking Tools, Emergency Alert Systems, Internet Services, and GPS-enabled Devices.

Direction observations during a visit to the institutions studied revealed very limited use of smarter ICT-based security facilities as the teaming population of the engaged security operatives are of older generations whose knowledge of ICT is insignificant. It was equally ascertained that the few conducted training and workshops for the security operatives for operational improvement in the respective institutions were not ICT-Oriented. In agreement with the study on the utilization of security facilities, Shobowale (2019) noted that the availability and utilization rate of ICT-based security facilities in South-Southern Nigeria campuses are not adequate to combat the scourge of security challenges in the university system. Similarly, in tandem with the study, Nwobodo and Udebunu (2017) reported that the security devices in Enugu State Schools are not generally available. The author further noted that the emergency response plans for managing safety threats in Enugu State public secondary schools are not adequately available. The result of this study, in proactive effect, requires the government and other stalk holders in Tertiary Education Management to ensure adequate provisions and utilization of ICT facilities with the absolute mandates to avert the sequence and series of criminal activities and the associated tendencies that constitute retardation to progress and development of Nigeria with no exception of tertiary education.

            The study statistically confirmed that there is no significant difference in the mean responses of male security operatives and female security operatives on the utilization of security facilities in Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State. An alternative expression of the finding indicates that the security operatives, irrespective of gender, share common views on the level of security facilities utilization. Meanwhile, the clustered mean analysis of research question two, with the approximate aggregative score of 3.03, implies moderate utilization of security facilities in the Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State, Nigeria. However, with direct specificity, the security facilities such as satellite imagery, internet services, and GPS-enabled devices attract low utilization due to factors that may be largely attributed to the poor state of technological development, orientation, and consequent lack of competence for their operational utilization.  

CONCLUSION

As tertiary institutions in this current era are rapidly bedeviled with serial security abnormalities, the frantic calls to salvage the ugly situation have now become topmost on the institutional scale of priority to pave ways and ensure sustainable instructional and non-instructional activities on Nigerian campuses. And as a matter of necessity to this effect, continuous assessment of security facilities concerning relevant provisions, availability, and utilization is fundamental to the achievement of the aims and objectives of the tertiary institutions. This further requires training of security operatives on the utilization of various modern facilities considered suitable to track down insecurity tendencies on campuses with improved funding to ensure and sustain a threat-free academic environment.

However, this study produces pieces of evidence that security facilities are not adequately available, and the few ones available are moderately utilized in Federal Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. This simply implies that the non-utilization margin of the few available security facilities and those captured as not being available may constitute a deficit security operational gap and possible imminent threats to lives and properties in the Federal Tertiary Institutions of Enugu State if adequate interventions are not put in place.

RECOMMENDATION

The elimination of threats is fundamental to achieving meaningful instructional and non-instructional activities, and attainment of missions and vision of the Federal Tertiary Institution in Enugu State, Nigeria through the continuous improvement in such areas as adequate availability of facilities, training, and retraining of security operatives for smooth utilization of the facilities, sustainable financing of security operations, periodic holistic facilities assessment for control purposes among other interventions in a bid to ensure the sustained functionality of the security facilities for proactive and smarter elimination of threats in the tertiary institutions.

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