Colonial Influence on the Industrial Development in Tanzania: A Case Study of Tanga Town, 1930s-1960

Colonial Influence on the Industrial Development in Tanzania: A Case Study of Tanga Town, 1930s-1960

RIZIKI BAKARI

St. Augustine University of Tanzania, P. O. Box 307

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7895

Received: 17 July 2023; Revised: 14 August 2023; Accepted: 19 August 2023; Published: 17 September 2023

ABSTRACT

This paper intended to discuss the Colonial influence on the industrial development in Tanga town from 1930s to 1960. The objective of this paper was to examine the contributions of British colonialists on the development of industries in Tanga town. The paper was guided by the World System Theory which was developed by Immanuel Wallerstain in 1974. The theory maintains global integrations through economic and social conditions in the periphery and core countries. In terms of methodology, the paper employed qualitative approach which helped the author to attain the intended information about industrial development in Tanga town. The method used for data collection in this paper was documentary review. Data were collected from Tanzania National Archive (TNA), Tanzania National Library, University of Dar es Salaam Library (East Africana Collection) and within Tanga Township Council. In data analysis plan, the study involved Thematic Analysis (TA) as a way that produces the answers to research questions that sound from the specific objectives. From the collected data, a researcher sorted out what was important for attaining the intended research objectives and left behind unnecessary information collected from the field of the study. Thereafter, a collective task of joining, grouping, arranging, explaining and interpreting data in order to produce a proper narrative work and meaningful flow of ideas was done.

Keywords: Tanga town, Industrial development, British rule, Bondei, Digo

BACKGROUND

The history and fortunes of Tanga town is inextricably bound with two main colonial powers that ruled Tanganyika; the Germans from 1891 to 1916 and the British from 1918 to 1961.Yet, the efforts made by Arabs and the original inhabitants of Tanga to develop the town through economic organizations and social-political organization cannot be undermined. During 15^th century, the Portuguese arrived in Tanga and thus controlled the town up to 17^th century after they were driven back by the Arabs from Oman. Throughout this period up to 19^thcentury, the Arabs made inroads to penetrate into the interior from the coastline for trading activities that is well known as long distance trade[1]. By this time, Tanga and other coastal towns of Tanzania such as Kilwa, Lamu and Pangani functioned mainly as commercial centres between African communities and Overseas World under the influence of Sultan of Zanzibar.[2] These of course were the preludes of colonization in Tanga.

In 1885, Carl Peter, the German Explorer and Trader obtained the charter of the German East African Company which in 1888 took over the administration of the country leasing the ten-mile strip from Ruvuma to the umber river over which the sultan of Zanzibar had exercised control.[3]This marked the beginning of German occupation in Tanga. In 1889, Tanga was established as a military station under the supervision of Wissmann who was a German Imperial administrator. Progressively to 1891, the Germans constructed administrative office (Boma) and thusin the same year amalgamated Tanga from being a military station into Tanga district.[4] The office for administration therefore enabled the establishment of German rule in Tanga.  This Boma or German administrative office in Tanga town currently serves as Tanga Museum.

During German rule an endeavour was made to organize the society of Tanga into large unit but similar to the previous system. This means that, the Akida system that brought by Arabs in the coastal areas was retained during German rule. The Akidas by then were the agents appointed by the Government. They carried out the orders of the German administrative officers. However, in order to fulfil their economic needs, German rule developed Tanga and other towns such as Mogadishu and Mombasa as important seaports to facilitate export of raw materials from the colonies to metropolitan and import of manufactured goods from Europe.[5]One of the important projects of German period in Tanga was the construction of railway line. In 1893, Tanga railway line was constructed towards northwest. This line was used mainly to bring produce to the town for export via Tanga Port. It was also intended to explore the agricultural potential of Usambara such as coffee initiated under Karl Peter’s control. In other words, the town had a developed agricultural sector in its hinterland that formed a good basis for processing and manufacturing industries.[6]The German also constructed the office for administration and other infrastructure means. All these changes tied and opened Tanga and the economy of Tanzania with the World through unbalanced trade, a phenomenon which was enhanced during British period where by colonial functions were further intensified.

The First World War, 1914-1918 brought replacement of administration in Tanga from German to British rule. The War began with what was known as ‘The Battle of Tanga’ which was fought between 3^rd and 5^th November 1914 in which the British troops defeated the German troops After the War, Tanganyika became a Mandate territory of the British under the League of Nations. Until September 1926 Tanga town (District) was divided for administrative purposes into11 Akidas supervised by African salaried officials styled Akidas under who were Jumbes, numbering 123.[7] On the other hand, according to the Proclamation No.1 of 1926 dated 1^st day March, 1926 (Vol.III of the laws pp.77, 79), Tanga district contained within the following boundaries: North: The Kenya colony boundary, East: The Coast of the Indian Ocean, South:- The Pangani district boundary and West starts from a point of Kenya border North of the confluence of the Bombo and Umber rivers to the junction with the Daluni river then East to Kimanono hill.[8]

On October 1^st1926 Native administrations was introduced by David Cameroon (British Governor) and entailed new divisional boundaries based as far as possible on a tribal basis. The district was then divided into eight divisions each under a chief who was elected by the people.[9] There were inland divisions and Coastal divisions. The inland divisions consisting mainly of Bondei East, Bondei West, Digo South, Digo Central and Digo North.  The three Coastal divisions were Moa, Tanga and Tangata. The Bondei East found in Muheza, the Bondei West in Mnyusi, Digo South in Pongwe, Digo Central in Gombero and Digo North in Mkinga and the three found in the coastal areas. Thus, by 1926, Native Authorities were selected and indirect rule was established.

By 1934, Tanga town had a coverage area of 1,457 Square Miles.[10] Currently the town covers 600squarekilometres of land and oceanic area. Its climate is tropical heat tempered by cool sea breezes which is typically as that of East African coast.[11]  It has an average temperature of 24 to 33 degrees Celsius. Tanga receives three rain seasons as follows: Long rains that begin in the middle of March to May in the amount of 1,000 millimetres to 1,400mm, Light rain that falls from July until August in 100mm, also short rains, which fall between October and December between 500mm and 800mm.[12]

Map 1:  The areas of Tanga Town in 1930

Source: TNA, Tanga District Book

By 1930s, the British had developed the town into racial lines or to what Baker termed as Three Zones. Zone I, which was a residential area contained European residential quarters, hospitals and recreational sites like RasKazone. Zone II, was the business quarter that contained a number of European and Asiatic residential quarters in addition to the Government offices and the premises of business firms. There were also less than two hundred native village-owned houses in this zone, situated mainly in Chumbageni which was a native village before the European occupation. Zone III, was an area which contained a number of buildings owned by non-natives who were for the most part petty traders. This area was known as Ngamiani.[13]On the similar vein, the town was divided into eight tribal areas: Moa, Tanga, Tanga’ata, Digo North (Mkinga), Digo Central (Gombero), Digo South (Pongwe), Bondei East (Muheza), Bondei West ( Mnyusi).[14]

On the other hand, the town has its peculiar history in terms of industrial development. Industrial development in this context was meant to convey the idea of manufacturing industries which involved production of goods for sale and for use.  Through archaeological evidence, human kind has adopted industrial technology by manufacturing artefacts from materials such as stones, metal and ceramics from 5000-4000BC. This means that, industrial development existed among the societies since pre-colonial period. According to Rweyemamu, the technology of manufacturing goods has existed in Tanzania and in Tanga particularly from pre-colonial period to post-colonial period.  Most societies engaged themselves into cottage industries such as weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, iron working and woodworking.  This technology enabled the societies to sustain their life. However, from 18th century, Industrial development has been determined as socio-economic process that involves rapid transformation in the significance of manufacturing activity in relation to all other forms of production and work undertaken within national or local economies.  During this era of industrial revolution, modern manufacturing industries came into being which based on factory system and division of labour. Thus, in defining the term industry or manufacturing, both traditional and modern technology has to be considered.

In particular, the available documents and literatures shown that, industrial development in Tanga town experienced progressive change from 1930s.The changes were associated with the Great Economic Depression of 1929 to 1930s.   This was a worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions and macroeconomics policy; it was originated in the United States and it quickly became a Global Crisis.  Its effects were felt in Europe, Africa, Asia, South and North America. One of the major effects of Great Economic Depression in Europe was the failure of industrial works to operate.  Thus, the European nations who depended much on export production were discouraged by the experience of Depression and limited the exportation of commodities to Africa and other parts of the world.

In relation to Tanga town, the imports of manufactured goods from Metropolitan countries during the era of Great Economic Depression have exhibited a steady decline.  This happened because during the Depression, the industrial sector in Britain experienced hardship due to shortage of capital to operate manufacturing industries and thus affecting the rate of production and limited importation within the colonies. For instance, manufacturing of consumer goods, iron and steel became very limited.  In return, the private enterprises established manufacturing industries in Tanga town so as to produce foodstuffs and other consumer goods for the White settlers, Arabs and for the African labourers within the town and those in its hinterland.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Tanzania like other parts of Africa had before and by 19th century developed a variety of industries which predominantly in a form of handcrafts ranging from the art of iron working, weaving, carpentry, bark-cloth making and pottery. In other words, it was during this time of pre-colonial whereby, various communities were producing surpluses of given commodities such as iron tools which could be exchanged with other commodities from other communities.[15]

According to A. Nsekela, in the initial stage of colonial administration, the European superior technology was used to warp indigenous economies and technologies, thereby altering the whole pattern of social development.[16] The technologies of pre-colonial societies were forcibly to give way to those of the colonialists. Since then, the economies of what we now call ‘Third World’ countries including Tanzania became mere appendages of the industrialized economies. This happened because, the direction of the economic structure, social and institutional systems had to be done under the willing of metropolitan authorities or in other words, the economic, political and social power was to be determined and vested under colonial state.[17] It was during this period where many of the pre-colonial industries did not endure the competition of imports-exports system initiated by capitalist powers. As a result, Tanzania became exporters of primary products and importers of manufactured goods. In fact, colonial economy in Tanzania was much based on agriculture and primary processing industries. Most of industries established were based on processing agricultural materials and to a little extent non-agricultural manufacturing industry were also established. For example, sisal decortications factories were initiated, tea was processed and cotton was ginned and exported to the metropolitan countries.[18]

In Tanga town particularly, the work of Raymond P.Ghai with the title “The Impact of Sisal Industry on the Growth of Tanga Town” has revealed that some industries were established during German and British administration which were intended to supply the basic items to the non-African settlers such as Whites, Asian and Indians as well as for processing agricultural raw materials.[19]However, this work was much focused on the impact of Sisal industry to the growth of Tanga town ignoring other manufacturing industries in the town. However, it has been one among the point of reference on tackling the study about industrial development in Tanga town. It should be understood that, Sisal production is part and parcel of industrialization in Tanga town because among the oldest manufacturing and processing industries to be established in Tanga town during 1930s was those intended to produce products from sisal including twines.[20]

Moreover, Ali Mafuruki in his literature titled Tanzania’s Industrialization Journey (2017) established the relationship between government intervention and Industrial Policy to the development of industries. The author argues that the government intervention on the markets for industrial products will bring about transformation to the industrial sector. Precisely, the author continues arguing that societies did not automatically move from farming to small crafts then to major industries just because millions of small merchants were making decisions for themselves but because of the plan, a push, and an exercise of central power.[21] This means that, for industrial development to take place and be useful to the societies and the nation at large, there must be intervention between industrial investors and the state. Without government intervention, the industries would be operated in a way that could cause harm to the society’s life for example in the case of environment pollution. However, this study insisted on government intervention without addressing the roles to which the government of Tanzania have played in the development of industries and thus provides a gap for research.

Research Gap

From the reviewed literatures,  many scholars such as Justinian Rweyemamu, Samwel Wangwe, Rune Skerstein, Dias Clarence, Emmanuel Mwang’onda, Omar Kaya[22], Raymond Ghai[23]and John Mandia[24]have discussed industrial development in Tanzania and particularly in Tanga town basing mainly on the post-colonial period and neglecting the influence of colonialists to the development of industries.  This article therefore, paid particular attention to examine the influence of Colonialists to the industrial development in Tanga town from 1930s to 1960

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

In examining the development of industries in Tanga during colonial period, one should bear in mind the development of productive forces and relations of production in Tanzania as they were affected by the rise of capitalism in Europe and consequently by colonial exploitation. Thus, the direction of Tanzania and particular Tanga’s economy during colonial era, was abided to these colonial or capitalist thoughts.  On the eve of colonial rule, Tanzania’s economy was decided on the form of colonial production depending on the needs of the metropolitan state. As a result, the ownership and control of the major means of production and the consequent unequal distribution of surplus was not a natural condition which sprang up from the indigenous society rather sprang from external capitalist systems which typically forms societal integration into economic, political, social and technological spheres.

In other words, the colonial government had operated against the interests of the indigenous economy reducing it to an export-import economy. The local indigenous economy was not allowed to mature to meet the demands of the people. In fact, people were trapped into the international capitalist system which encouraged development of metropolitan states rather than the periphery countries.[25] The indigenous economy was integrated into metropolitan economy through introduction of cash crop plantation, processing and manufacturing industries (factorization), import-export trading system, cultural integration and construction of infrastructure facilities. Thus, the economic system was affiliated to the World System Theory.

What Prompted Industrial Development in Tanga Town during Colonial Period?

One among the factors that contributed to the development of industries in Tanga town during colonial period was the establishment of cash crop plantations in its hinterland. In fact, it was clear documented that, colonial economy in Tanganyika was much dependent on agriculture especially cash crop production such as sisal in Muheza, and Korogwe, coffee and tea in Usambaa land[26] Through agriculture, other economic activities including transportation, manufacturing and processing came ahead. Most importantly, agriculture provided industrial raw materials that were either processed and manufactured within the colony or exported to the metropolitan countries. As far as Tanga town is concerned, the establishment of sisal plantations during the 1890s and 1900s resulted into the existence of sisal decorticated factories and sisal based manufacturing industries such as Cordage factory in the 1930s.[27]These industries were much dependent on sisal fibre to manufacture several products such as ropes.

Another factor that necessitated the development manufacturing industries in Tanga town was the modernization of port facilities and construction of railway line during colonization. In 1891 the German Chancellor, Von Caprivi signed an agreement with the German East Africa Company to construct and operate ports and railways in the German East Africa.[28] The first port to be constructed in East Africa was the Tanga port. But it should be noted that, from the First Millennium A.D to the later nineteenth century, port activities were operating in Tanga and in other East African coasts particularly Mombasa, Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam. In the years preceding colonization, Tanga port used technology of dhow traffic.  There were two dhow traffic ports stood a short distance in the south of Tanga.[29] What was done in this period of colonial domination was to modernize ports and construct railways. Selection of Tanga port to be the first port in East Africa was because the colonialists selected Tanga as a seaward terminus of the proposed Usambara railway line heading northwest towards Kilimanjaro for the aim of agricultural expansion. In 1892, the small jetty was built to receive imported railway materials and thus Tanga was became a seaport centre.[30]

In railway construction, it was agreed that three lines should be built: First was from Tanga town to north-west side towards Kilimanjaro; second line was planned to connect Dar es Salaam with Kigoma; and third which was never built was from Southwestwards towards Lake Nyasa.[31] The first railway line of Tanga extended and reached Mombo in 1905.[32] Railways enabled transportation of raw materials from the plantations to the town for processing, manufacturing or exportation through Tanga port. Apart from railways, roads were also built in order to facilitate economic functions and colonial administration. By 1920s, 24 miles of tarmac road from Tanga to Muheza was completed which enabled transportation process.[33]Therefore, port modernization, railway line construction, roads and other facilities during German colonization in Tanga town created a base line to the later industrial development in British colonization and even after Tanganyika independence through importing and exporting industrial raw materials and transportation of industrial raw materials from the source to the industrial areas within Tanga.

Progressively, from 1930s, within the British sovereignty in Tanga town industrial development took another new form.[34] An increase of manufacturing industries especially small size factories was externally oriented.[35]The major factor or event associated with this development was Great Economic Depression of 1929 to 1930s. The colonial annual report of Tanga District for the year 1931 emphasized that the depression had stopped all developments in the district; the natives who had been thrown out of work had either been returned to their homes or to the central line.[36] Out of affecting economic activities within the town, it globally affected Britain economic sector which caused limitation of importation of manufactured goods. Thus, the colonial state thought to allow private businessmen and private enterprises   to develop manufacturing industries within the colony (Tanga) in order to sustain the needs of the Whites settlers, Asians or Arabs population and African labours.[37] (See table 2).

Table 2: The value of principal imports for the years 1929 and 1930

Source: Tanganyika Territory: District Officer’s Report, Tanga District 1930-1932, p. 17

This table indicates that the imports of manufactured goods from Metropolitan countries during the era of Great Economic Depression exhibited a steady decline. The main reason suggested for this circumstance was that, during the crisis the industrial sector in Europe particularly Britain was threatened and thus affecting the rate of manufacturing activities.[38]

It has been obviously revealed from the experience of world system integration that when there is economic crisis in the metro pole or in the colonialist countries, the alternative to recover the effects of the crisis is turned to the peripheries or colonies.[39] In this case, the ideology of British government during the period after depression was to support private enterprises by ensuring protection of businessmen in the colonies. To support this argument, Tanganyika Cordage Company of Tanga which manufactured binder twine for export was established around 1930s.[40]This was among the important manufacturing industries which were maintained during this period, after depression and even after Second World War. It was owned by British Rope, Twine and Net Makers Federation. Its capacity of production was not more than 10,000 tons per month. The principle raw materials were Sisal and in case of labourers, African natives were involved and were low paid. In 1934, 500 tons of twine was exported to Britain. This exportation in one way or another competed with manufacturing of twine in Britain and thus, the colonial government negotiated with the Federation that it could only export its products to Britain after consulting between two parts.[41]This justifies that, although private enterprises were allowed to establish industries in Tanga town but in the same line the British government was attentive in protecting their internal industrial producers.[42]

In the similar vein, in order to obtain consumer goods within the town, due to limitation of import goods, manufacturing industries for producing consumer goods were encouraged. Thus, following the Depression, five soda water manufacturing industries were established during the course of the year. One among them was Anjari Soda Factory in Mwanzange (Gofu) industrial area producing Anjari Soda and Syrup or pure drinking water. It was a family owned industry founded by Mulla Akberali Anjari. Its raw materials were obtained from Tanga and sometimes were imported.[43]Maize mills, bakeries and rice mills were also established to supply flour and rice to the community around. Almost all mills were equipped with only one grinder driven by a small diesel-engine. The mills were grinding small amounts of maize and rice to cover their short-term demand for flour.[44] These industries served the urban dwellers as well as those in rural areas especially thoseand mostly the labourers who were working in the sisal and coffee plantations in thehinterland of Tanga town within a radius of sometimes up to 50km.[45]

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Second World was also among the factors contributed to the development of industries in Tanga town. During the Second World War (WWII) industries in Tanga did not flourish well. The war affected the development of Industries in the town because the government’s economy was affected by the war. To support this argument, Mwl. Nyerere in 1963 said;

Ustawi wa Viwanda hapa nchini uliumizwa sana wakati wa vita kuuz au limwengu, wakati mipango ya maendeleo ilipolazimika kuacha. Jambo la pili kama nchi ya udhamini, Uingereza ikawa ndiyo wadhamini, Uingereza haikustawisha viwanda Tanganyika kama ilivyofanya kwa makoloni yake mengine kama Kenya.^[46]

‘Industrial Sustainability in the country was disturbed during the World Wars when development plans stopped. Secondly, as a trusteeship territory, Britain did not develop industries in Tanganyika territory as she did in other of her colonies like Kenya.

From 1945-1960, after the Second World War, the pattern of industrial development in Tanga town can be examined basing on two factors.  The first factor is the effect of the War on the economy of Britain. Though Britain was victorious in both World Wars, her economic position was in an appalling state. Britain produced the goods to fight the war from the borrowed money from the United States of America. By 1945 she had come out of the war as the World’s major debtor nation. Her role declined with the effects of the war and her place in the industrial community lost its status quo.[47]

The second factor is the lessons Britain learnt during the war in an economy depending solely on agricultural products. This made Britain think of a broader basis for the economy of Tanzania.

This trend of economic events during the decade before the war had shown that a country which bases its economic structure mainly on the production of agricultural commodities for world markets incurs thereby serious risks; and these risks have been made more evident by the experience of the war. To secure a more diversified economic life must become almost inevitably a prime object of policy in all agricultural exporting countries.[48]

With due regard, it became necessary to set up demand based industries and supply-based industries within the colony to meet the needs of the internal as well as those of the mother country. On viewing, how they were to carry out their operations, the colonial government saw that to replace importation of goods with the locally manufactured goods, the scale and the rate of development of manufacturing industries was to be controlled by complex factors of which the purchasing power of the internal market became the most important thing. However, in order to increase national income and to save Britain’s economy, Britain felt that Tanzania was to export to the Britain raw materials such as sisal, coffee, pyrethrum, skins and tobacco[49] To support these thoughts, the colonial report of 1946 summarized the state of manufacturing industry in Tanzania in these words,

Sisal is decorticated, cotton is ginned, rice flour, maize flour, sugar and timber are milled, oil of groundnut, coconut and sesame is expressed, tea is processed, coffee is hulled but exported in the bean, tobacco is cured but exported in the leaf, papai is extracted from pawpaw and ghee and clarified butter is separated from milk. Soap made from local coconut oil and imported caustic soda has the largest market. There is also a brewery, furniture establishments as well as leather goods, shoes andboots establishments.[50]

In relation to Tanga town, after the war, there was increase of manufacturing industries as well as processing of different variety. Among them were soap factories such as Kiran Industries Limited located in Maendeleo Street, Fruit juice industry continued with notably the Anjari Factory, Furniture industries including the Burhan Saw Mills and Sandal Wood Industries Limited and Maize mills such as T.E. Sachak Industries located in Taifa Road that produced maize flour. Other manufacturing industries that planned to be established were cement and blanket factories in Tanga town that developed soon after Tanganyika independence.[51]

In 1952-1957, sisal based industries were highly encouraged in Tanga. This was a boom period of sisal products where by its prices doubled in the world market. Processing and manufacturing of sisal products within and outside the town emphasized. More importantly, Ropes or twines were manufactured from sisal fibre and exported to the world market via Tanga port.

The contributions of British rule on the Development of Industries in Tanga town

Firstly, the British government provided fund for improving the town infrastructure which in turn facilitated the industrial activities.  The funds were allocated to roads construction, health services and water supply.[52] In 1932, Tanga town was assumed to have 20 miles of roads of which £150 was spent on roads construction. For example, grinding and sanding the surface of Raskazone road as well as making the street lights were done through government fund.[53] In addition, The Executive Officer of Tanga Township Authority in the same year said, “Actually as Tanga is the most important Town in my District, I am sometimes tempted to spend more up in its street, than the funds granted for this purpose”.[54] This means the town prioritized for development than elsewhere.[55] They also maintained the German railway line that facilitated transportation of industrial raw materials and manufactured industrial goods from town to the agricultural estates and other places out of Tanga town such as Korogwe, Mombo, Moshi and Arusha. Hence, the British Government has to some extent contributed towards the development of industries in Tanga town.

Secondly, the government created industrial personnel through offering industrial courses in the schools. In 1930 to 1932 the government offered industrial training to 78 people. At the end of the year 1932, eleven people passed the exams and were issued with their school certificates. There were 7 carpenters, 1 tailor, 1 toolmaker and 1 Mason.[56] On the other hand, out of government schools, there were also Indian Schools and African Assisted Schools where by pupils normally received industrial courses within their four years of schooling. These people later taught other fellows who came to engage in manufacturing of furniture, clothes and shoes within Tanga town as a result development of industries were done easily.

Thirdly, the government provided better environment for industrial establishment. During 1951, the colonial town planers created a committee special for arranging township boundaries. The boundaries of the township were extended and separated accordingly. For instance, Mwanzange and some part of Raskazone were established as industrial areas while Martin’s Shamba, Kisosora, Nguvumali, Mabawa and Chumbageni were considered to be resident areas.[57]In the same year, the government through Tanga municipal secretary advertised ten plots as a new offensive factory zone and prohibited the establishment of any kind of industry near peoples’ settlement and the areas near the market.[58]Thus, creating better industrial areas facilitated expansion of industries and attracted the future industrial development within Tanga town. Moreover, improvements such as tarmac roads, pavements and drainage systems were made which enabled easily transportation of industrial raw materials, production and supply of industrial commodities.[59]

Fourthly, provision of licenses to the industrial manufacturers and suppliers[60], this was done in order to issue security of industrial owners and suppliers of industrial products. [61] For example, in 1951, Liquor Licensing Board issued the following groups with licenses to manufacture and supply liquor (Pombe) within the town and to its hinterlands including the highlands of Tanga; (See table 3).

 Table 3: List of groups of industrialists issued with industrial licenses during British rule in 1950s

Source: TNA, Minutes of the meeting held in the Township Authority Committee Room on Wednesday 12^th September, 1951 at 4.10 pm

Fifthly, the government promoted the establishment of industries in the town. From 1930s, local manufacturing industries were developed in Tanga town by the private enterprises and family organizations under the government oversee. For instance, there were grinding mills, bakeries, breweries which manufactured Europeans liquor, and local beer (Tembo). Referring to the minutes of the meeting held on Friday 9^th February 1951, small industries such as Portable Grinding Mills in Akida Street were encouraged. The industries established in the areas that would not cause noise to the people under the rules laid by Town Medical officer of Health.[62]In fact, establishment and promotion of industries in Tanga town were done through Export-import oriented and Import-substitution strategy respectively.

Lastly, the government played the role of supplying water to the industrial and residential areas. Water was for long, the main factor constraining the development of the town. However, the British government made the great efforts to carter for the needs of water for industrial uses and for peoples’ needs. The British government provided funds which were used to supply water around the town which in one way or another contributed to the development of Tanga industries.  For example, in 1932, new pumps which could enable easily water supply to the industrial and residential areas were brought from England. [63]

CONCLUSION

Industrial development in Tanzania and in Tanga town particularly during colonial rule was characterized by few and privately owned manufacturing industries. The industries were established for the aim of producing goods for the colonial settlers, Arabs and few native African workers. Long-term projects of the colonialists in Tanga were mainly in expanding cash crops and developing secondary industries. Overall, a significant number of manufacturing industries in Tanga town were established and developed after Tanganyika independence. Therefore, British attitudes to the development of Tanzania in general was limited, as a trusteeship territory it was not allowed to use her natural resources and skills of her people to set up the kind of industries she desired. The industries which sprung up in the colonies were those which could not upset the economic balance of the metropolitan. The colony (Tanganyika) was seen as a market not as a sphere of direct investment and accumulation.[64]

RECOMMENDATIONS

The author recommends other researchers and writers to work on the relationship between the current industrial situation in Tanga town and the situation during British domination in Tanzania (Tanga) so as to see if there is an effort to be done in this particular sector.

In addition, the participation of Tanga town societies on the industrial development during British domination is another gap to be field by other researchers.

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