Exploring the Ripple: A Case Study on the Social Consequences of the War on Drugs for Affected Families 

Exploring the Ripple: A Case Study on the Social Consequences of the War on Drugs for Affected Families 

Abellana, Kim Andre G., Balili, Charlie A., Binegay, Thezie Q., Cal, Jun Kyle M.

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, College of Criminology Misamis University

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7810

Received: 14 June 2023; Revised: 25 July 2023; Accepted: 28 July 2023; Published: 31 August 2023

ABSTRACT

The war on drugs is an effort to of the Philippine government to combat illegal drug use by greatly increasing penalties, enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders. But the impacts have led to consequences such as decreased household income, incidents of child labor, and children dropping out of school, thus demonstrating the war on drugs deteriorated the overall wellbeing of children living in poverty. This study explored the challenges encountered by the families affected in the war on drugs of the government. The study focused on a case study of the social consequences of the war on drugs for affected families. The case study research design was employed in these studies. It was participated by the chosen respondents of Barangay Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental. Interview responses were analyzed using Yin’s 5-step data analysis approach. This study generated four (4) themes: (1) Emotional Distress (2) Family, Relatives and Peer Influence (3) Frustration (4) Sustainability of Livelihood. In this study the researcher analyzed the data using Yin’s 5-step data analysis approach. The second step involves the researcher breaking down the data to reduce and eliminate recurring themes of the phenomena. As a result, most of the participants have different responses on the social consequences of the on drugs in the affected families. These challenge gives a big impact to the affected families emotionally, mentally and financially. But despite of the challenge they were encountered, the participant was able to fine alternative solution to survive in that situation. Further, the affected families in war on drugs must be given a full support by our government, especially in strengthening community-based initiatives, encourage the development of community-based initiatives that promote awareness, education, and prevention of drug abuse. Such initiatives can include support groups, counselling services, and educational campaigns targeting families and individuals at risk. And develop comprehensive support programs just liked establish specialized support programs aimed at addressing the specific needs of families affected by the war on drugs. And lastly, these programs should provide emotional, psychological, and financial support to help families cope with the challenges they face.

Keywords: illegal drug, families, emotional, psychological, and financial, war on drugs, consequences, labor, challenges encountered, government

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Family history of addiction; Abuse, neglect, or other traumatic experiences drug abuse has become an escalating problem (Koehler, 2021). The higher estimates for 2017 are the result of improved knowledge of the extent of drug use from new surveys conducted in India and Nigeria, both among the ten most populous countries in the world (Jafarzadeh et Al., 2021). The Report also estimates the number of opioid users at 53 million, up 56 per cent from previous estimates, and that opioids are responsible for two thirds of the 585,000 people who died as a result of drug use in 2017 (Polya, 2019).  Globally, 11 million people injected drugs in 2017, of whom 1.4 million live with HIV and 5.6 million with hepatitis C (Grebely 2019). The findings of this year’s World Drug Report fill in and further complicate the global picture of drug challenges, underscoring the need for broader international cooperation to advance balanced and integrated health and criminal justice responses to supply and demand in part of Asia (Knopf, 2019).

In countries of the South Asian region including Bangladesh, Butan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, the drugs commonly abused are heroin, cannabis, opium, and pharmaceutical preparations (Luhar, 2022). Abuse of alcohol and tobacco in combinations with other drugs also is seen in these countries (Reece & Hulse, 2020). Abuse of drugs not only poses a threat to the individual’s health but consequently gives rise to socioeconomic problems (Godinić & Obrenovic, 2020). Alcohol and drug abuse cause stress in a family and drain national resources (Dykes & Casker, 2021). Families suffer due to cultural and social factors of drug behavior, including their own understanding of the disease process and the addict’s behavior due to drug abuse, draining of family resources, shrinking from responsibilities, sickness and death faced as a consequence of drug abuse, extramarital relations, distortion of interpersonal family relationships, and violence (Chang, 2019). Family reaction to drug addiction includes denial, blaming, suppressed anger, depression, bargaining, preoccupation, change of personality, and co-dependency (Vasquez, 2022). Family and friends respond differently. But the Chinese they migrate this illegal drug to the Philippines (Go, 2021).

The Philippine drug war, known as the War on Drugs, is the intensified anti-drug campaign the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte who served office from June 30, 2016 to June 30, 2022 (Thompson, 2022). The campaign reduced drug proliferation in the country, but has been marred by extra-judicial killings allegedly perpetrated by the police and unknown assailants (Makhofola, 2020). The harmful consequences for children of Duterte’s anti-drug campaign go beyond the immediate violence of the raids (Tangog & Bayod, 2021). Many suffer psychological distress after witnessing the killing of a loved one (Borho et al., 2020). Some children have had to leave their homes and community, either going into hiding or relocating because they and their family members feared for their lives (Cronin-de-Chavez et. al, 2019).

Drug violence as a means of large-scale political violence is nothing new for Duterte (Holden, 2022). Large-scale extrajudicial violence as a crime solution was a marker of Duterte’s 22-year tenure as mayor of Davao City and the cornerstone of his presidential campaign “(Human Rights Watch 2018 (Broadhurst, 2019). Though the War on Drugs announced following his election is a marked difference from his prior campaign, taking such violence to a new scale (Moon & Treviño‐Rangel, 2020). Thousands of people in the Philippines have been killed since President Rodrigo Duterte launched his “war on drugs” on June 30, 2016, the day he took office (Atun et al., 2019). Among those who died have been dozens of children under age 18 who were either specifically targeted or were inadvertently shot during anti-drug raids, what authorities have called “collateral damage (Gottschalk, 2023).

The harmful consequences for children of Duterte’s anti-drug campaign go beyond the immediate violence of the raids (Tangog & Bayod, 2021). Many suffer psychological distress after witnessing the killing of a loved one (Borho et al., 2020). Some children have had to leave their homes and community, either going into hiding or relocating because they and their family members feared for their lives (Cronin-de-Chavez et al., 2019).  The loss of a parent who is the main breadwinner can plunge an already impoverished family into even more extreme poverty (Griffin, 2020). Many children are left with no choice but to work, and some end up homeless and living in the streets, further exposing themselves to danger, violence, and criminal activity (Bullock et al., 2020). Families have been wary about approaching the government for help because they consider the police and other government officials to be responsible for the loss they have suffered (Pesut et al., 2020).

Theoretical Framework

Theory of Change is essentially a comprehensive description and illustration of how and why a desired change is expected to happen in a particular context (Dhillon, & Vaca, 2018).  It is focused in particular on mapping out or “filling in” what has been described as the “missing middle” between what a program or change initiative does (its activities or interventions) and how these lead to desired goals being achieved (Markless, & Streatfield, 2017). It does this by first identifying the desired long-term goals and then works back from these to identify all the conditions (outcomes) that must be in place (and how these related to one another causally) for the goals to occur. Theory of Change provides a working model against which to test hypotheses and assumptions about what actions will best bring about the intended outcomes. A given Theory of Change also identifies measurable indicators of success as a roadmap to monitoring and evaluation (Taplin et al., 2019).

Theory of Change is both process and product, the process of working out the theory, mainly in group sessions of practitioners and stakeholders led by a capable facilitator and as the product of that process, a document of the change model showing how and why a goal will be reached (Colby, 2013). There is a good deal of discussion as to which provides more value the group process of reflecting on the work, surfacing assumptions, creating transparency and building consensus or the product, a sound and complete plan with plausible potential for producing the change desired. As a planning tool Theory of Change helps organizations ask important questions about their work. It can strengthen partnerships, support organizational development, and facilitate communication. Theory of Change originated as an evaluation tool, and as such it explains the pathways of change that lead to the long-term goal and the connections between activities, outputs and outcomes that occur at each step along the way (Taplin, et al., 2019).

Another theory is anchored on Social Control Theory developed by Walter Reckless (cited in David et al., 2018) that posited a person’s inner and outer controls both work together to negate deviant tendencies. According to Reckless 2017, a person’s behavior depends on what he or she wants most of the time. A person has to follow rules and norms which the inner and outer controls discourages him or her from untypical instances. If he or she does not comply, a punishment is further given (Burke, 2018).

Social control theory is used to help us understand and reduce levels of criminal activity. It’s based upon the idea that an individual’s basic belief system, values, morals, commitments and relationships foster a lawful environment (Costello, & Laub, 2020). Through this theory we can easily trace up and addressed issues among individual’s behavior. Individuals who have these beliefs and commitments often have a level of self-control over their actions or are in control of their lives they are accordingly prepped to stay on the right side of the law. Furthermore, social control theory examines how society influences criminal behavior. It also underscores the idea that when individuals are involved and in touch with their community, they are less likely to commit criminal acts (Rebellon, & Anskat, 2018).

This study is anchored on the resiliency theory of Garmezy in 2019. The theory argues that it is not the nature of adversity that is the most important, but how an individual deal with it. When an individual faced adversity, misfortune, or frustration, resilience helps it to bounce back. It helps an individual to survive, recover, and even thrive in the face and wake of misfortune. Psychologists and psychiatrists were the pioneers of modern resilience research (Masten et al., 2021). Researchers interested in psychological and social determinants of health took up on the idea and progressively expanded its application beyond mental health to include all aspects of health. The origins of resilience research may be traced back to a half-century ago, when psychologists investigated the outcomes of children at high risk for psychopathology (Briggs et al., 2021). A minority of these children did not acquire any psychopathological disorders and grew up with remarkably healthy patterns. In the past, psychologists concentrated on identifying risk factors and vulnerabilities in children that could lead to bad results (Marchetti et al., 2020). When resilience researchers began looking into the positive elements that related to good outcomes in at-risk children, this deficit-focused strategy in developmental research was replaced by a strength-focused one. The study of adversity and an interest in how bad life experiences affect people negatively led to the development of resilience theory (Van Breda, 2018). This is what Antonovsky (1979) refers to as a ‘pathogenic’ perspective, which he claims has dominated the social and medical sciences by focusing on the origins of illness or (in the social work context) a breakdown in social functioning or welfare. Emmy Werner, who did longitudinal research on children born into bad socioeconomic conditions in Kauai, Hawaii, spanning several decades, is a key example of a researcher whose work in resilience began with work on vulnerability (Werner & Smith, 1982). Michael Rutter explored the intergenerational transmission of poverty and disadvantage (Rutter & Madge, 1976), and Norman Garmezy, who investigated the role of a variety of genetic and environmental hazards in the development of schizophrenia (Garmezy, 1971). The resiliency theory was used in the study since it is the suitable theory that is best in determining the effects of the war on drugs to the families involved.

The theories identified in the study was used since this theory connotes the relationship in the effects of war on drugs by controlling and suppressing the number of future victims in using illegal and prohibited drugs. We used the following theories such as change theory, social control theory and resiliency theory which is one of the main focused of the study.

Conceptual Framework

This part will be further discussed after the development of themes. This part of the study presented the different concepts that were derived from the themes obtained from the responses of the participants in interview conducted. There were four (4) themes identified such as (1) Emotional Distress (2) Family, Relatives and Peer Influence (3) Frustration (4) Sustainability of Livelihood

Emotional and social distress has been pointed to as a major threat to self-regulation. Being in a negative mood increases the likelihood of self-regulation failure, such that dieters eat more, alcoholics report a greater craving for alcohol, and smokers experience a greater desire to smoke. Emotionally distressed people are generally more likely to engage in unprotected sex or problematic gambling, spend too much money, and behave aggressively (Wagner & Heatherton, 2017).

Emotional distress plays a crucial role in the transition from controlled to excessive substance use.  Persistent substance use often represents a way to cope with negative emotions and obtain rewards, as acute substance use can result in both positive arousal and alleviation. It follows that addicted persons often experience heightened negative emotional states, prompting persistent, compulsive substance use without thought of negative consequences (Li, & Sinha, 2018).

In addition to emotional and social distress, it refers to behavior that are not able to control emotions or overreaction to situations/small problems. Avoidance of once-preferred activities or withdrawn behaviors. Feelings of anger, and an increase in crying and/or whining. Difficulties with attention or concentration (Tucker, 2017). Social distress or impairment has been associated with the symptoms of depression and has previously been studied in humans using social acceptance and social rejection while Emotional distress refers to mental suffering as an emotional response to an experience that arises from the effect or memory of a particular event, occurrence, pattern of events or condition. Emotional distress can usually be discerned from its symptoms just like anxiety, depression, loss of ability to perform tasks, or physical illness (Swaim et al., 2019).

Outside of the classroom, adolescents who have friends have better family relationships and more positive attitudes toward family relationships. Friendships can also compensate for inadequate families. For example, adolescents who have low levels of family cohesion but have close and supportive friends have levels of self-worth and social competence equal to their peers who come from cohesive families (Meshram, 2016). Friends allow for high self-esteem (which includes freedom from depression) and self-worth, thereby promoting the exploration and development of personal strengths (Hartup 2017). Furthermore, adolescents who are engaged in friendships are more likely to be altruistic, display affective perspective-taking skills, maintain positive peer status (Estrada, 2020), and have continued involvement in activities such as sports or arts (Patrick et al. 2019). Finally, having close same-sex friendships in adolescence forecasts success in early romantic relationships in early adulthood (Collins et al. 2017).

Adolescents have a moderate to strong influence impact on their peers’ risk behavior (Jaccard, et al., 2017). Adolescents are susceptible to peer influence in that it has been observed that they are more likely to engage in risk taking in groups than alone. Adolescents, with their limited degree of self-reliance, which interferes with their ability to act independently of the influence of their peers, may be more easily swayed towards engaging in risky behavior (Grisso, & Schwartz, 2021). Impulse control or sensation seeking by adolescents also plays an important role in the degree to which they might engage in risk taking behavior (Steinberg, & Cauffman, 2016). According to the study Peer relations are important in all phases of development, especially along the subjects of drug addiction and separation of parents. Peer relations in depression are the road to the dependency. They can also touch on one another as good examples for imitation, for personality factors as well as behavior change (Conner, 2018).

In other words, peers are more influential in adolescence than at any other time in life. The quality of the relationship between adolescents and their peers, as well as the type of peers they associate with, play important roles in aiding or impeding their current and future functioning. There are aspects of all peer relations that are unique to the culture and environment in which they exist. The relationship parents have with their adolescents influences their children’s susceptibility to negative peer influence (Armsden, & Greenberg, 2017).

Frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment. Frustration arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual’s will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked (Sreelakshmi, & Khosh, 2021). The experience of brief and intense emotions is an integral component of our everyday conduct. Emotions influence how we make decisions and navigate our worlds, via bodily changes that prompt us to action. Frustration is a key negative emotion that roots in disappointment, and can be defined as irritable distress in response to limitation, exclusion, and failure (Jeronimus, & Laceulle, 2017). Frustration elicits negative affect to signal that interests and interactions must be adjusted, and emotional tension or “arousal” to instigate defensive or aggressive behavioral responses, such as strive to reduce or eliminate the blocking agent or circumstances (Morris, & Keltner, 2020).

Frustration evolved to deal with a particular, evolutionarily recurrent situation type, and is experienced when people encounter unresolved problems, such as contextual or psychological barriers or obstructions, which must be removed to fulfil personal goals, desires, drives, or needs. Technically, frustration is elicited when a goal-pursuit is not fulfilled at the expected time in the behavioral sequence (an unexpected non-reward). The most reliable trigger of frustration is an externally attributed omission of a rewarding event or item, and especially a perceived obstruction by an intentional antagonistic act (Jeronimus et al., 2017). The intensity of frustration is a function of the reward value of the frustrated approach goal (reward proximity and motivation), the degree of interference (partial/total), the number of interferences per unit time, and one’s self-regulation abilities (Berkowitz, 2019)

From a functional perspective, frustrated arousal should facilitate approach tendencies when the problem is deemed controllable and the goal perceived as attainable (Jeronimus et al., 2017). Conversely, when the problem is appraised as uncontrollable, frustration should facilitate avoidance (withdrawal, via fear or anxiety), or low approach when the goal is perceived as unattainable (downregulation of expected benefits via sadness). After cues trigger the frustration mode the way we see the world and feel about the world changes. The energizing effects of frustration can thus catalyze a broad range of processes, which may be positive, because when we are frustrated, we make greater efforts and strive in other directions, which resulted in the creation of the electric light bulb, internet, and Facebook, among others. All people suffer from frustration, because our needs cannot always be adequately satisfied in all situations, and frustration can help us to identify these needs. The ability to effectively deal with frustration is therefore a very important skill to develop (Jeronimus et al., 2017)

A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living (Chambers & Conway 2018). Sustainable livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from the stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base (Chambers & Conway, 2017). Sustainable livelihood is about meaningful work opportunities for all, especially young people, but also all aspects of what might be called quality of life at work, including for example work satisfaction, work/life balance and fair reward (Duffy, 2015).

The term sustainable refers to an individual’s ability to provide for themselves in a viably long manner. “Sustainability” also refers to the ability to undergo external shocks or stresses and recover from such traumas by maintaining or improving one’s livelihood. The sustainable livelihood framework provides a structure for holistic poverty alleviation. The sustainable livelihood approach focuses on finding resolutions to the problems of vulnerable communities by creating human-centered, participatory, and dynamic development opportunities (Allison, & Ellis 2021).

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

The study explored the effects of the war on drugs to the family of the involved.

1. What are the direct effect of the war on drugs on the involved family?
2. How does the involvement in the war on drugs impact the well-being of the family member?

METHODS

Research Design

The case study research design was employed in the study. A case study thoroughly assesses the analytical unit (case). Data triangulation is a crucial part of the design to provide a thorough, complete, and contextual description. The study is strengthened by information from other sources (Smith, 2018). Because it provides concrete, contextual, and in-depth information about a particular real-world topic, a case study is a useful research approach. It allowed the researcher to delve deeper into the case’s main traits, significance, and ramifications. The study adopted Yin’s (2011) method of data analysis. This study design is suitable for exploring the consequences of the war on drugs for the affected families.

Research Setting

The town of Clarin, Misamis Occidental was originally inhabited by Subanons, a tribe of peace and freedom loving natives. The settlement was discovered by the Spaniards in 1779 and was called SubaLalabago. Five Datus reigned the settlement. The last one was Datu Amay Kamangkas Luka, who fell in love with Sargento Lao, a leader of the conquestadores. Upon knowing this love affair, the Spaniards changed the name of the settlement to Barangay de Loculan.

In Calendar Year 1840, Governadorcillo Villafrancia created Barangay de Loeulan to a Pueblo with Captain Emong Subano as the first Cabeza. During the American regime in 1890, the first Presidente appointed was Barangay Captain Anacleto Viña, and then succeeded by Temoteo Torres in 1901. From 1902 to 1903, Cecillo Carreon was appointed as Presidente. When the Governador of Misamis Occidental called for an assembly, Cecillo Carreon failed to attend, thus Loculan became a barrio of Misamis now Ozamiz City. With the help of the late Senator Jose Clarin, Loculan was reverted into a municipality on February 1, 1921 by virtue of Executive Order No. 60 and named the place Clarin in his honor. The Municipality of Clarin is a 4-class municipality with 29 barangays. It has a population of 37.548 at the end of 2015 and land area of approximately 92.250 square kilometers mostly devoted to agriculture. Its service mission is fixedly set at providing basic services to its constituents, which varies every year as it endeavors to upgrade its quality to suit the needs of all sectors towards attaining a condition of full development and self-reliance of all communities within its domain As the Mayor. Honorable David M. Navarro continued his governance by implementing various programs, projects and activities for the development of the municipality.

The study was focused and conducted at Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental. Gata Diot is a barangay in the municipality of Clarin, in the province of Misamis Occidental. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 635. This represented 1.61% of the total population of Clarin. The household population of Gata Diot in the 2015 Census was 646 broken down into 139 households or an average of 4.65 members per household. According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in Gata Diot is 5 to 9, with 73 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 75 to 79, with 3 individuals. The population of Gata Diot grew from 336 in 1990 to 635 in 2020, an increase of 299 people over the course of 30 years. The latest census figures in 2020 denote a negative growth rate of 0.36%, or a decrease of 11 people, from the previous population of 646 in 2015. Gata Diot is situated at approximately 8.1872, 123.8524, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 13.5 meters or 44.3 feet above mean sea level.

Research Participants

The research participants of this study were ten (10) out of thirty-three (33) immediate family member under Barangay Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental who have been their husband, wife, or siblings are involved in illegal drugs and oplan tokhang. Purposeful sampling method was used in identifying and selecting individuals or groups of individuals that are especially knowledgeable about or experienced with a phenomenon of interest. The participants were identified based on the following criteria: (1) the participant should be a spouse or lived in partner of whose involve in particular drugs (2) parent of the person who involve in the particular drugs in case the spouse or lived partner not available. (3) Child of a person who involved in particular drug case.

Instruments

The current study used the interview is guided and created by the researchers. The interview guides were check by the adviser and thoroughly approved by the panel members before it was questioned to the participants. The researchers use an audio recording device to record the responses of the participants and use as reference that the researchers conducting interview. Furthermore, the instrument use is validated and approved also the registered psychologists since the study is also inclined and discipline.

Data Collection

Data collection is vital in every research endeavor. Before the actual data collection, the researchers started asking permission from the Dean of College of Criminology allowing the researchers to pursue the study and to conduct the interview through formal letter. Once the dean’s approval was obtained, the researcher asked permission with letter of request to the Barangay Captain of Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental to conduct interview to those identified families that were involved in war on drugs. Upon the approval from the Barangay Captain. The researchers then selected ten (10) respondents among the thirty-three (33) families who were involved in war on drugs and asking their permission to conduct interview. The researcher informed the respondents that the conversation was recorded and gave them an assurance that all their responses was kept with utmost confidentiality.

After explaining the protocol guidelines, the researcher gave the participants’ copy of the interview questions in order for them to be guided and to recall what they experience and the challenge they encountered. It was necessary to have a conducive atmosphere to interview with less noise coming from the vehicles or people. During the interview, the researcher was mindful of the gestures and the words used to prevent distraction and uncomfortable situations. The use of face-to-face interviews through semi-structured, open-ended questions to explore the views, understanding and explore respondents’ thoughts, feelings and beliefs about the topic and to delve deeply into personal and sometimes sensitive issues. The conduct of interview among the respondents was done about 10 t0 20 minutes depends on how long the respondents take time to answers. The researcher took notes at the interviews, made notes of the participant a behavior observed, and added the memos to their journal. Moreover, a voice recorder value used to ensure the details of what had transpired during the interviews. The purpose of the research was clearly explained to the respondents before getting their full consent as participants. It was further explained that this research can cause no harm in anyway and that the respondents can withdraw anytime if felt threatened. Furthermore, the researchers retrieved, analyzed, and interpreted the data gathered.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations in research is very important to be considered in any research undertakings. In this study, permission from Barangay Chairman was secured by the researcher. The research purposed was clearly explained to the Barangay chairman as well as to the respondents. Further, the researcher informed the respondents that they are safe in the conduct of the research since their personal information is kept wit utmost confidentiality considering the data privacy law of the Philippines also known as the Republic Act No.10173 known as the “Data Privacy Act of 2012’’. The interview was not conducted without the permission of the respondent. The researcher rest assure that research participant should not be subjected to any harm. Dignity of the research participant is one of the priorities. Maintaining their identity confidential.

Data Analysis

In this study, Yin’s 5-step data analysis approach was used to analyze the data and allow researchers to analyze textual data (Yin, 2011). Yin’s (2011) process consisted of five steps: (1) compiling the data; (2) disassembling the data; (3) reassembling the data; (4) interpreting the data’s meaning; and (5) concluding the data. To construct categories, the researcher first collected the data. The second step involves the researcher breaking down the data to reduce and eliminate recurring themes of the phenomena. The researcher clustered the main themes in step three after reconstructing the data. To evaluate the meaning of the data, the researcher compared patterns to interview transcripts, reflective journals, and documents in step four. In step 5, the researcher concluded or put the facts into a distinctive structural description. Based on the key themes that emerged from the various responses of the survey participants, conclusions were reached.

The interview responses were analyzed using the NVivo program to generate codes that served as a roadmap for constructing the themes. Software for qualitative and mixed-methods research is called NVivo. It was used to assess unstructured text, audio, video, and image data from various sources, including but not restricted to interviews, focus groups, surveys, social media, and journal articles.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This part presented the different themes that were derived from the different responses of the participants of the study during the conduct of the interview. The study explored the challenges and experiences of the families in regards to the social consequences of the war on drugs for affected families using the qualitative research method through Yin’s 5-step data analysis approach and participated by the (10) ten out of (33) thirty-three families related to drug issues and member of Oplan Tokhang program. Purposeful sampling method was used in identifying and selecting individuals or groups of individuals that are especially knowledgeable about or experienced with a phenomenon of interest. The participants were identified based on the following criteria: (1) the participant should be a spouse or lived in partner of whose involve in particular drugs (2) parent of the person who involve in the particular drugs in case the spouse or lived partner not available. (3) child of a person who involved in particular drug case.

Table 1. Profile of the participants

Emotional and Social Distress

Emotional and social distress has been pointed to as a major threat to self-regulation. Being in a negative mood increases the likelihood of self-regulation failure, such that dieters eat more, alcoholics report a greater craving for alcohol, and smokers experience a greater desire to smoke. Emotionally distressed people are generally more likely to engage in unprotected sex or problematic gambling, spend too much money, and behave aggressively (Wagner & Heatherton, 2017).

“As a mother, it hurts to see my son caught by the police for

 using drugs. It hurts me because I raised them properly; I

didn’t fail to teach them what is right and wrong, but in

 the end, he will be in prison.” (P1)

“Feel sad and shocked because one of our family members

 got involved in illegal drugs and caught during buy bust

operation. And the most hurt is he is the breadwinner of

 our family” (P2)

“As a wife, I cannot lose my mind to worry, especially if

there are family members who will be caught, especially my

husband. What will I do if something bad happens to him” (P3)

 “Can’t sleep thinking my son who is in prison I always think if

 his okay to the jail and I questioning myself what is hid problem

 and why he involved that kind of transaction.”(P4)

“I feel sad if I see that a member of my family is arrested,

especially my parents. As a son, it hurts to see my parents

arrested by the police because of illegal drugs. It is not

easy for me to lose my parents because they are the ones

 who raised me, guided me, and loved me” (P5)

“I feel afraid of my husband situation when I know that

he caught in buy bust operation. And it’s so hard for me

 because I’m pregnant that time and I’m always crying

every night.” (P10)

Upon gathering information, emotional and social distress caused big impact to the daily living of the respondents.  In addition to emotional and social distress, it refers to behavior that are not able to control emotions or overreaction to situations/small problems. Avoidance of once-preferred activities or withdrawn behaviors. Feelings of anger, and an increase in crying and/or whining. Difficulties with attention or concentration (Tucker, 2017). Social distress or impairment has been associated with the symptoms of depression and has previously been studied in humans using social acceptance and social rejection while Emotional distress refers to mental suffering as an emotional response to an experience that arises from the effect or memory of a particular event, occurrence, pattern of events or condition. Emotional distress can usually be discerned from its symptoms just like anxiety, depression, loss of ability to perform tasks, or physical illness (Swaim, et al., 2019).

Family Relationships and Peer Influence

According to the study peer relations are important in all phases of development, especially along the subjects of drug addiction and separation of parents. Peer relations in depression are the road to the dependency. They can also touch on one another as good examples for imitation, for personality factors as well as behavior change (Conner, 2018).

“Because their friend the member of my family is involved in

bad activities such as using illegal drugs in those whose lives

 have been ruined’’ (P1)

“The program of anti-drug campaign become good impact

 to the family because they already change of their vices’’ (P2)

“Influence in peer even is not good to the family because they

 can commit wrong doing to the family and they can give

nervous to the family’’ (P3)

“The friend of my father influences her to use the illegal drugs

 that is why they do not stop using it’’ (P5)

“Other friends give opportunity to sale illegal drugs so that they

 can support their family in poverty but it is harm.’’ (P9)

Adolescents have a moderate to strong influence impact on their peers’ risk behavior (Jaccard, et al., 2017). Adolescents are susceptible to peer influence in that it has been observed that they are more likely to engage in risk taking in groups than alone. Adolescents, with their limited degree of self-reliance, which interferes with their ability to act independently of the influence of their peers, may be more easily swayed towards engaging in risky behavior (Grisso, & Schwartz, 2021). Impulse control or sensation seeking by adolescents also plays an important role in the degree to which they might engage in risk taking behavior (Steinberg, & Cauffman, 2016)

Based on the results it proves that peer influence has big impact than relatives in the sense that peers can actively engaged in illegal jobs and influence others to do the same in order for them to fit in the group. Peers are more influential in adolescence than at any other time in life. The quality of the relationship between adolescents and their peers, as well as the type of peers they associate with, play important roles in aiding or impeding their current and future functioning. There are aspects of all peer relations that are unique to the culture and environment in which they exist. The relationship parents have with their adolescents influences their children’s susceptibility to negative peer influence (Armsden, & Greenberg, 2017).

Frustration 

According to the study frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment. Frustration arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual’s will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked (Sreelakshmi, & Khosh, 2021). The experience of brief and intense emotions is an integral component of our everyday conduct. Emotions influence how we make decisions and navigate our worlds, via bodily changes that prompt us to action. Frustration is a key negative emotion that roots in disappointment, and can be defined as irritable distress in response to limitation, exclusion, and failure (Jeronimus, & Laceulle, 2017). Frustration elicits negative affect to signal that interests and interactions must be adjusted, and emotional tension or “arousal” to instigate defensive or aggressive behavioral responses, such as strive to reduce or eliminate the blocking agent or circumstances (Morris, & Keltner, 2020).

“I didn’t fail to teach them what is right and wrong, but in

the end, he will be in prison. I didn’t notice him until the day

 someone told me that he saw him.” (P1)

“I really don’t know if my husband uses or sells drugs; I told

 him to stop his work because you can be jailed or killed for

using drugs.” (P3)

“I questioning myself what is hid problem and why he

involved that kind of transaction. I don’t know why he enter of

selling that kind of work.” (P4)

“It is not easy for me to lose my parents because they are the

ones who raised me, guided me, and loved me. Without them,

 I wouldn’t be here anymore, so it hurts me to see my parents

get caught by the police.” (P5)

“We were uncertain about how to care for his children while

he was in custody, and we had no idea what would happen to

his family’’ (P6)

Base on the information we gathered, it seems that frustration gives big impact in their life in regards to the social consequences of the war on drugs for affected families. From a functional perspective, frustrated arousal should facilitate approach tendencies when the problem is deemed controllable and the goal perceived as attainable (Jeronimus et al., 2017). Conversely, when the problem is appraised as uncontrollable, frustration should facilitate avoidance (withdrawal, via fear or anxiety), or low approach when the goal is perceived as unattainable (downregulation of expected benefits via sadness). After cues trigger the frustration mode the way we see the world and feel about the world changes. The energizing effects of frustration can thus catalyze a broad range of processes, which may be positive, because when we are frustrated, we make greater efforts and strive in other directions, which resulted in the creation of the electric light bulb, internet, and Facebook, among others. All people suffer from frustration, because our needs cannot always be adequately satisfied in all situations, and frustration can help us to identify these needs. The ability to effectively deal with frustration is therefore a very important skill to develop (Jeronimus et al., 2017)

Sustainability of Livelihood

A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living (Chambers & Conway 2018). Sustainable livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from the stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base (Chambers & Conway, 2017). Sustainable livelihood is about meaningful work opportunities for all, especially young people, but also all aspects of what might be called quality of life at work, including for example work satisfaction, work/life balance and fair reward (Duffy, 2015).

“How will I raise my four children when I am the only one working

for them? Our livelihood is selling vegetables” (P3)

“I don’t know if they are involved in transactions such as drugs

 because I study every day; maybe if they are involved, they are

also brought to the person who influenced him to use and sell

illegal drugs” (P5)

“I had no idea he was going to be a part of that deal, and we

only recently learned from our neighbor that my brother is still

involved in the drug trade.” (P6)

“I don’t know the reason because we are not yet born when that

 situation happened and we did not bother to ask about it.” (P7)

“With no one to rely on, we’re struggling to meet our needs,

especially with children who need to attend school. We have bills

to pay, including for water and electricity. Despite these challenges,

I’m doing my best to earn money and provide for our needs” (P8)

“One day, their boss called and told my son to sell the drugs they

supplied him for a profit” (P9)

“He said to me that he has a work with his friend and he came

home once a week and once he came home, he brings a lot of foods

 and other needs in our house. I don’t know that money is came from

selling drugs.” (P10)

Considering the information, we gathered from the respondents, having sustainability of livelihood is hard to obtained due to the involvement of illegal matters. The term sustainable refers to an individual’s ability to provide for themselves in a viably long manner. “Sustainability” also refers to the ability to undergo external shocks or stresses and recover from such traumas by maintaining or improving one’s livelihood. The sustainable livelihood framework provides a structure for holistic poverty alleviation action. The sustainable livelihood approach focuses on finding resolutions to the problems of vulnerable communities by creating human-centered, participatory, and dynamic development opportunities (Allison, & Ellis 2021).

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The problems faced by the families involved in war on drugs in Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental was obtained in this study. The study employed a qualitative research approach that focuses on gathering information through open-ended and conversational communication. Purposeful sampling was used in conducting interview to the respondents. The researcher collected data through interviews regarding the social consequences of the war on drugs for affected families in Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental. The researcher conducted the survey personally. Moreover, the study was conducted in Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental having (10) purposively chosen participants.

Findings

After the data gathering with the participants of the study, the study found the following findings and were grouped together through themes such as emotional and social distress, family relationship and peer influence, frustration and lastly sustainability of livelihood. Based on the findings of the researcher’s interview, these were the frequent lived experiences of the families involved in war on drugs in Gata Diot, Clarin, Misamis Occidental behind the problems or challenges they encountered.

Conclusions

As the researchers conducted the study, they’ve derived into conclusion that aspirants were aspired to in indulging into becoming an officer together with being a student was because of their family, relatives and peer influences that made them strived more and continue. the findings of this study underscore the urgent need for a comprehensive and collaborative response to the war on drugs. By adopting a multifaceted approach that combines prevention, treatment, and support services, we can strive towards a society that not only reduces drug-related harms but also provides families with the necessary tools and resources to rebuild their lives. International cooperation, evidence-based policies, and ongoing research are crucial in addressing the complex challenges associated with the war on drugs and improving the well-being of families affected by drug abuse.

Recommendations

• Strengthen community-based initiatives: Encourage the development of community-based initiatives that promote awareness, education, and prevention of drug abuse. Such initiatives can include support groups, counseling services, and educational campaigns targeting families and individuals at risk.
• Develop comprehensive support programs: Establish specialized support programs aimed at addressing the specific needs of families affected by the war on drugs. These programs should provide emotional, psychological, and financial support to help families cope with the challenges they face

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their utmost gratitude to the following persons whose support and contributed to the successful completion of this study:

Dr. Markdy Y. Orong , their research professor, for the understanding and patience; for the valuable time spent in reading the drafts, constructively critiquing and suggesting which led to the refinement of this study;

Dr. Jose F. Cuevas, their thesis adviser, for the advice and assistance in keeping progress on schedule;

Dr. Markdy Y. Orong, Prof. Edmar Daniel and Prof. Angelita B. Alvarico, the panel members, for their comments leading to the improvement of this thesis;

To Barangay Officials of Gata Diot for the warmed acceptance and allowing to conduct the study as well as for the chosen respondents for actively participating in the study;

Their family, for the untiring moral support and love, extended to the researcher to make him stronger every day, and helped him in accomplishing this paper; and

Above all, the Almighty God, for the knowledge and wisdom He has graciously showered and the determination given to the researcher, a fulfillment of his dreams.

The Researchers

DEDICATION

This research is entirely dedicated to our adored parents who has served as a source of inspiration for us; gave us courage when we were about to give up; and consistently offer moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support to our teachers, friends and classmates who shared words of wisdom and motivation to complete this study. Finally, we dedicated it to the Almighty God. Thank you for your guidance, strength, mental power, and protection and abilities, as well as for providing us with a healthy life. We provide you with all of these options.

The Researchers

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled,” Exploring the Ripple: A Case Study on the Social Consequences of the War on Drugs for Affected Families”, prepared and submitted by the researchers namely: Kim Andre G. Abellana, Charlie A. Balili, Thezie Q. Binegay, Jun Kyle M. Cal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, has been examined and is hereby recommended for Oral Examination.

JOSE F. CUEVAS JR., PhD

Adviser

Approved by the Thesis Committee on Oral Examination with grade of Passed.

MARDY Y. ORONG, DIT                                           EDMAR DANIEL, MSCrim

Member                                                                   Member

ANGELITA B. ALVARICO, MSCrim

Chairman

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

JOSE F. CUEVAS., PhD

 Dean, College of Criminology

Date: June 2023

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APPENDIX A

INTERVIEW PROTOCOL

Opening Question

Participants Profile

• Age __________
• Civil Status __________
• Work ___________

CORE QUESTIONS

• What do you feel that one of the members of your family caught because of illegal drugs?
• Did you know why he or she involved that kind of transaction?
• Who push you to inter that kind of vices?
• That war on drugs giving a good impact to your family?

CLOSING STATEMENT:

• Thank you for participating. This has been a very successful discussion.

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

• I, ___________________________, volunteer to respond in the research undertaking conducted by Charlie A. Balili, Thezie Binegay, Kim Andre Abellana, Jun Kyle Cal from Misamis University, Ozamiz City. I understand that the research is designed to gather data” Exploring the ripple: A Case Study on the Social Consequences of the War on Drugs for Affected Families”. I will be one of the respondents who shall answer this research;
• My response in this research is voluntary. I understand that I will not be paid for my participation. I may withdraw and discontinue at any time without penalty. If I decline to respond or withdraw from the study, no one will be told;
• Upon filling out the questionnaire, the name is optional, the signature will safeguard my identity and my name will not be revealed in the analysis and report.  If, however, I feel uncomfortable in any way in answering the questionnaire, I have the right to decline to answer any of the questions;
• I am given ample time to answer the questions for at least one (1) week. Participation in this survey is voluntary thus, I am free to refuse to participate, stop the survey administration and skip any item I am uncomfortable with;
• I understand that the information to be gathered will be treated with confidentiality. I will not be identified in the paper. Only the researchers their adviser will have access to the data of the research;
• I understand that this research has been reviewed and approved by the College of Criminology of Misamis University;
• I have read and understood the explanation provided to me. I have had all my questions answered to my satisfaction, and I voluntarily agree to participate in this study; and
• I have been given a copy of this consent form.

__________________________________                                                 __________________

          Respondent’s Signature                                                                                                 Date 

For further information, please contact:

Charlie A. Balili

Email: baliliicharles@gmail.com

Cellphone Number:  0951-3797-606

Title: Exploring the Ripple: A Case Study on the Social Consequences of the War on Drugs for Affected Families 

Name of the Members:

1. Charlie A. Balili
2. Thezie Q. Binegay
3. Kim Andre G. Abellana
4. Jun Kyle M. Cal

                           Name:                                            Signature:                                 Date:

Chairman: Angelita Alvarico.,MSCrim          ­­­­­­­_________________  __________________

Member: Edmar Daniel.,MSCrim                 _________________   __________________

                 Markdy Orong., DIT                     _________________   _________________

Adviser: Jose F. Cuevas Jr.,PhD                   _________________   __________________

Statement of the Problem

The study explored the effects of the war on drugs to the family of the involved.

1. What are the direct effect of the war on drugs on the involved family?
2. How does the involvement in the war on drugs impact the well-being of the family member?

Misamis University

Ozamiz City

College of Criminology

 February 20, 2023

HON. CRISANTO S. TINAPAY SR.

Purok 3, Gata Diot

Clarin

Misamis Occidental

7201

Dear Tinapay,

Greetings of Peace!

We, the Bachelor of Science in Criminology students of Misamis University, Ozamiz City are currently working on our Thesis study entitled, “Exploring the ripple: A Case Study on the Social Consequences of the War on Drugs for Affected Families” as a requirement for the course Criminological Research 1.

In this regard, we humbly request your good office to allow us to conduct face-to-face interview with the family involved using illegal drugs in your barangay. Be assured that informed consent will be secured from the participants before the actual interview and the data to be gathered will be used solely for research purposes.

Your approval to this request will contribute to the success of our educational endeavors. God bless and more power.

Respectfully yours,

CHARLIE A. BALILI

Research Leader

Noted:

MARKDY Y. ORONG, DIT

Instructor

JOSE F. CUEVAS JR., PhD

College Dean

Approved by:     

HON. CRISANTO S. TINAPAY SR.

Barangay Captain

TRANSCRIPTION

Participants 1

As a mother, it hurts to see my son caught by the police for using drugs. It hurts me because I raised them properly; I didn’t fail to teach them what is right and wrong, but in the end, he will be in prison. I don’t know if he was involved in a drug transaction because at that time he was still working in Malaysia, and I don’t know what his work was there. I only found out when he came home that he was using illegal drugs because he was always together with his former friends who also surrendered in the barangay due to the use of illegal drugs. In reality, illegal drugs will not bring any good to the family because they are taking our son far away from us because he is always hanging out with his friends instead of working; he is addicted to his friends and their vices, so drugs have no good effect on the family; they are destructive of human life.

Participant 2

Feel sad and shocked because one of our family members got involved in illegal drugs and caught during buy bust operation. And the most hurt is he is the breadwinner of our family. I have no idea why he involved that kind of transaction I thought his work is legal because he said to me that he has a work on other place and the work is construction. War on drugs become good impact to my family because my husband is already change because of that program.

Participant 3

As a wife, I cannot lose my mind to worry, especially if there are family members who will be caught, especially my husband. What will I do if something bad happens to him? How will I raise my four children when I am the only one working for them? Our livelihood is selling vegetables. I really don’t know if my husband uses or sells drugs; I didn’t notice him until the day someone told me that he saw him at the drug store. That’s when I found out that my husband was hiding something from me, so I told him to stop his work because you can be jailed or killed for using drugs. Drugs don’t really have a good effect on the family. I say this because my husband almost lost his sanity due to the use of prescription drugs. I noticed that he has no interest in eating food, and he talks to himself, always vomiting and always dumb.

Participant 4

Can’t sleep thinking my son who is in prison I always think if his okay to the jail and I questioning myself what is hid problem and why he involved that kind of transaction. I don’t know why he enter of selling that kind of work. All I know is his work is formal and not illegal. It has been having good impact because it helps my son change and motivate his life and have work already that has not been illegal

Participant 5

For me as a son, I feel sad if I see that a member of my family is arrested, especially my parents. As a son, it hurts to see my parents arrested by the police because of illegal drugs. It is not easy for me to lose my parents because they are the ones who raised me, guided me, and loved me. Without them, I wouldn’t be here anymore, so it hurts me to see my parents get caught by the police. I don’t know if they are involved in transactions such as drugs because I study every day; maybe if they are involved, they are also brought to the person who influenced him to use and sell illegal drugs. That’s when I found out that I saw my father, who surrendered in our barangay because he was using illegal drugs. Illegal drugs do not bring anything good to the family because they always argue with my parents about that matter because my mother wants my father to stop using illegal drugs in case the police catch him.

Participant 6

The fact that we were unaware of his drug use the first time around is what places him on the side of drug addiction. We were horrified to learn that he had been apprehended at the gym where we were working out because of his five children. We were astonished at the thought of how can the children go to school, eat, and do other things while under his care. We were uncertain about how to care for his children while he was in custody, and we had no idea what would happen to his family. I had no idea he was going to be a part of that deal, and we only recently learned from our neighbor that my brother is still involved in the drug trade. My dad recalls when he placed the medicine and the small bit of marijuana in the cigarette case when he received a call from his friend who is currently dining here. As he realized he was selling it, he said it was the same nourishment for him. Then he placed something in his sleep pocket. Yes, the war on drugs has a big effect on the family because that’s what can harm our family, then they just sell and no matter how many families we have, they just steal to buy drugs, then they should think better. That’s what happened to him, the drug has a big effect that I wish the drug would have been stopped so that you guys don’t have to worry about what is going to happen to my brother so that you can avoid seeing them in their situation.

Participant 7

To be honest in our family my dad is the only one involved in drugs because that is the reason why he and mom separated since we were kids and I don’t really know the reason why my dad is involved in drugs. Again, my father is the only one in our family who was involved in drugs. I don’t know the reason because we are not yet born when that situation happened and we did not bother to ask about it. However, my father is already with God. He just surrendered willingly. Now that my father is already in God’s hands, I can really say that we don’t need to think about that case anymore and our life is peaceful now

Participant 8

It seems like it took him some time to stop dealing drugs, as he was always on the lookout for them. Additionally, it’s possible that he was raided by the authorities. According to the neighbor, he was peddling drugs. After the burglary, he was searched and his pockets were examined. Subsequently, he was taken to the police station, where his picture was taken, and he was made to stand in line next to the illegal substance ‘shabu.’ We’re unsure about how to proceed this time, as it seems likely that he will be arrested. I was worried about him being in prison. With no one to rely on, we’re struggling to meet our needs, especially with children who need to attend school. We have bills to pay, including for water and electricity. Despite these challenges, I’m doing my best to earn money and provide for our needs. Yes, Drugs have a significant impact on families as they can ruin the lives of those who use them and everything around them. Some children and students use their allowance on drugs instead of basic necessities such as food. Drug use can also cause individuals to behave erratically, leaving their families confused about their sudden change in behavior.

Participant 9

I was working on my farm in bagumbang at the time, and my son and her wife were building a house on a beautiful day. One day, their boss called and told my son to sell the drugs they supplied him for a profit. But I was unaware of the occurrence since I was at my farmhouse when my neighbor called to let me know that the police had taken my son into custody. As soon as I learned what had happened, I hurried to return to Aziz and I was horrified, upset, and anxious as I made my way home. That my kid had been busted for distributing drugs. I am aware that drug trafficking is illegal, and my son would not be in jail if he had not been involved in it. However, it’s difficult to assume that someone is involved in the sale of drugs just to make money to support their family. While some may turn to drug trafficking as a means of income, it’s important to remember that it is still illegal and can have severe consequences. As a mother, I have warned my loved ones against selling drugs, but I feel helpless in this situation as I cannot control their actions.

Participant 10

I feel afraid of my husband situation when I know that he caught in buy bust operation. And it’s so hard for me because I’m pregnant that time and I’m always crying every night. He said to me that he has a work with his friend and he came home once a week and once he came home, he brings a lot of foods and other needs in our house. I don’t know that money is came from selling drugs. It has been given big trauma to me because my husband was killed during buy bust operation.

CURRICULUM VITAE

• Personal Data

Name                                   : Charlie A. Balili

Birthdate                             : January 25, 2000

Address                               : Gata Diot Clarin

Mother                                : Carmen A. Balili

Father                                  : Crispino A BAlili

Educational Attainment

Tertiary                               : Bachelor of Science in Criminology Misamis University, Ozamiz City

Secondary                           : Clarin National High School

                                             : Clarin National High School (K12)

Elementary                         : Lapasan Elementary School

Date                                    Trainings/ Seminars Attended

March 18, 2023                  Study Tips for Learning: Succeed in your College Learning Seminar

• Personal Data

Name                                   : Kim Andre G. Abellana

Birthdate                             : December 24, 1999

Address                            : Tinago Riverside

Mother                                : Analyn G. Abellana

Father                                  : Cary B. Abellana

Educational Attainment

Tertiary                               : Bachelor of Science in Criminology Misamis University, Ozamiz City

Secondary                           : Ozamiz City National High School

                                             : Misamis University, Ozamiz City (K12)

Elementary                         : Ozamiz City Central School

Date                                    Trainings/ Seminars Attended

March 18, 2023                  Study Tips for Learning: Succeed in your College Learning Seminar

• Personal Data

Name                                   : Thezie Binegay

Birthdate                             : July 26, 1999

Address                            : Kinuman Sur Ozamis City

Mother                                : Evangeline C. Quihoy

Father                                  : Tirso V. Binegay

Educational Attainment

Tertiary                             : Bachelor of Science in Criminology Misamis University, Ozamiz City

Secondary                           : Marcelino C. Regis Integrated School

                                           : Kinuman Norte, Ozamiz City (K12)

Elementary                         : Juan A. Acapulco Elementary School Kinuman Sur Ozamis City

Date                                    Trainings/ Seminars Attended

March 18, 2023                  Study Tips for Learning: Succeed in your College Learning Seminar

• Personal Data

Name                                   : Jun Kyle M. Cal

Birthdate                             : December 03, 2000

Address                            : Tubaran Tubod Lanao del Norte

Mother                                : Meriam M. Cal

Father                                  : Eustiqui B. Cal Jr

Educational Attainment

Tertiary                             : Bachelor of Science in Criminology Misamis University, Ozamiz City

Secondary                           : Mercy Junior College Tubod Lanao del Norte

Elementary                         :  Elementay Poblacion Tubod Lanao del Norte

Date                                    Trainings/ Seminars Attended

March 18, 2023                  Study Tips for Learning: Succeed in your College Learning Seminar