Improving Supply Chain Management: A Comparative Study on Internet of Things Adoption in SMEs of Philippines and Asian Countries

Improving Supply Chain Management: A Comparative Study on Internet of Things Adoption in SMEs of Philippines and Asian Countries

David Ryan Elajas, Hanz Lester J. Julian, Rechelle A. Miranda, Aira Mae A. Ramos

Bachelor of Science in Office Administration, Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Parañaque City Campus

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.808084

Received: 22 July 2024; Accepted: 26 July 2024; Published: 31 August 2024

ABSTRACT

The study examines how adoption of IoT in SMEs in the Philippines and other Asian countries can significantly improve SCM. The study’s objective is to understand present state of IoT adoption in Philippines, its benefits and challenges, and how it can impact SCM. This paper’s key findings include IoT’s significant impact on SMEs, specifically in the SCM sector. This paper also highlights the challenges SMEs face such as resistance to change and limited resources. Considering these challenges, this study recommends policies to address these and at the same time enhance the successful adoption of IoT in the Philippines. The study used comparative analysis and thematic analysis to evaluate the gathered data finding valuable insights such as the importance of policies and strategies to successful adoption of IoT.

Keywords: Key Features of IoT in SCM, Benefits & Challenges of IoT Adoption, Utilization of IoT in SCM, Maintaining Green Image through IoT, Policy Recommendation for IoT

INTRODUCTION

Imagine living in a place where your coffee maker would communicate with your car and your clothes, exchanging data by themselves to give you a superb user experience. This is what Internet of Things (IoT) is about – connecting different technologies possessing ability to interact with one another using sensors and software as well as require an internet connection. According to Pal and Yasar (2023), IoT is a system of different technologies that are inserted with sensors wherein they can send and receive data to other technologies and internet. Examples of these are smartphone, appliance, thermostat, lighting system, irrigation system, security camera, and vehicle (Greengard, 2024).

According to Congressional Policy and Budget Research Department, SMEs in Philippines contribute to economic growth and job creation greatly, accounting for 99% of business establishments and 65% of employment in 2022 wherein they generate 40% of the country’s GDP, making them the “backbone of the Philippine economy.” The emergence of IoT brings both benefits and challenges to businesses, individuals, society, and for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) which pertain to businesses that have low investment and turnover. In Malaysian manufacturing, challenges are being faced in IoT adoption because of a lack of education and training. However, on the other hand, those Malaysian SMEs that adopt IoT have seen positive impacts such as improved communication, reduced errors, and enhanced product quality (Abdulaziz et al., 2023).

In connection with this, improving the traffic and relieving congestion through IoT significantly impacted mobility and transportation. For instance, Singapore embraced IoT-enabled EV charging infrastructure to encourage environmentally friendly mobility, showing how IoT integration may transform mobility and transportation, improving the effectiveness of urban transportation, and opening the door to a more sustainable future (Khan, 2023). Consequently, it also positively impacted the general advancement of supply chain management (SCM). In a study in Karachi, Pakistan, it was found that IoT adoption affects SCM positively (Zafar, 2024). One industry that IoT has greatly impacted is logistics, way back 2019, it had a 34 billion dollars global IoT logistics market size and is expected to achieve a value of 63.7 billion dollars by 2026, with approximately 12.4% as its Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) (Forbes, 2023).

As IoT significantly impacts industries such as Logistics, having our government have initiatives to further improve various sectors and its entrepreneurs, with the help of digital in general, is a big step towards a more connected and improved nation. Department of Trade and Industry of Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoA) in partnership to Amazon Web Services in February 2023 that aims on providing Filipino entrepreneurs with competitive edge when it comes to digital services and solutions, and at the same time offer training for up-skilling and re-skilling the Filipino workforce. In addition to this, there is also a bill called Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), aiming to create a contemporary, comprehensive, greater, and mutually advantageous economic alliance that will promote regional trade and investment growth and development as well as worldwide economic growth and development (Senate of the Philippines, 2022).

Transforming the Philippine landscape in the emerging trend of IoT in SCM, enhances productivity and competitiveness on a global scale, specifically in the logistics industry. According to Maheshwari (2024), the logistics industry in the Philippines is advancing to digital transformation, with the emergence of technologies wherein the IoT is revolutionizing the tracking of assets and management of fleets. Integrating IoT sensors in containers, transportation, and cargo enables logistics providers to have real-time data, route optimization, improve asset utilization, and develop strategies such as preventive maintenance. Therefore, creating a connected logistics network across archipelagic countries.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Key features of IoT on Supply Chain Management

There are various essential features that IoT can offer to SCM, some of these are connectivity, AI tracking inventory, and improved inventory management. These key features help for real-time tracking and monitoring, helping to enhance SCM. Firstly, the connectivity enables IoT devices to link with other devices. Hence, strong connectivity is essential for IoT applications to work well, including wearable fitness trackers that monitor activity levels, wireless IoT sensors that transfer data, and IoT alarm systems that offer long-term security (Alsen, 2017). Furthermore, as key features introduce how important IoT on SME’s are, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will enter as a medium for tracking as AI can predict equipment failures and plan maintenance plans, reducing the possibility of costly downtime (Kothari, 2023). Relatively, real time data processing and analysis is possible with AI algorithms, businesses can benefit from a better understanding of their data. It contributes to the improvement of decision-making process which helps in minimizing the time of processes, and increases the efficiency rate (Poljanec, 2024). Moreover, inventory management plays a crucial part when it comes to keeping the records accurate (Zimon et al., 2021). Utilization of IoT technologies has ushered control of the inventory and real-time visibility. It also allows management of inventory system leverages sensor, RFID tag, and other interconnected technology for continuous monitoring of location, good and product’s movement, and status throughout the process of supply chain (Sallam et al., 2020).

IoT adoption’s possible benefits and challenges in Philippines’ SMEs

When it comes to IoT technology implementation, Philippine SMEs can possibly face both obstacles and opportunities. In a study conducted in Mapua University, it was found that the benefits that Philippines manufacturing SMEs can gain from IoT adoption are profitability or return on investment (ROI), easy management, and visibility in supply chain wherein these factors significantly influenced the willingness in adopting IoT. On the other hand, the challenges that negatively influenced the willingness in IoT adoption include resistance for change, dislike for technology, and complicated management style (Norona et al., 2021). It was no doubt that some SMEs in the Philippines face significant barriers to effective IoT implementation, including a limited source of money, technical skills, and poor ICT infrastructure. In the presence of these challenges, fortunately the Philippine government put effort in assisting businesses. For instance, the Senate of the Philippines decided to support businesses during the pandemic by approving Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Bill for tax relief measure for business organizations hence leading to reduced burden of paying taxes on revenue made by such firms. It aimed at lowering corporate profit taxes and making economic stimulus regimes better than before (Senate of the Philippines, 2020).

IoT’s Utilization in SCM

Implementing IoT in SCM significantly improved responsiveness, efficiency, and transparency by enabling real-time tracking and data collection on inventory, shipping, and manufacturing processes (Taj et al., 2023). An Industry 4.0-specific IoT framework from Malaysia successfully addressed challenges, maximized resources, and expedited procedures, which are crucial for maintaining competitiveness for their SMEs (Abdulaziz et al., 2023). Manufacturing SMEs in the Philippines are ready to implement IoT to reduce costs and enhance efficiencies, increasing competitiveness (Norona et al., 2021). In research, IoT adoption enhances supply chain performance, notably in demand forecasting, logistics, and inventory management, by minimizing errors and delays (Zafar, 2024). In addition, integrating IoT into SCM develops an automated, intelligent, and adaptive ecosystem, improving operational efficiency and supporting innovation in the digital era (Korte et al., 2021; Greengard, 2024).

Government initiatives for future improvement of SMEs in the Philippines

The Philippine government has taken positive steps to strengthen the growth and sustainability of SMEs in the country. Through a range of programs, including the Agreement on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), wherein it aims to expands and deepens the economic ties between the countries in the ASEAN to foster equitable economic development, boost economic growth, and create transparent, mutually beneficial regulations that facilitate trade and investment, including involvement in regional and international supply chains (DTI Philippines, 2020). It was stated by DTI Secretary, Alfredo Pascual, that RCEP have a significant contribution in Philippines when it comes to broadening our trade or transactions with the country’s partners for RCEP. Speaking of IoT, it is important that we improve cybersecurity to have a safe adoption of IoT and this can be achieved by developing a national IoT strategy that embedded with best practices and protocols (Norona et al., 2021). Fortunately, in the Philippines, President Marcos signed the Internet Transactions Act in 2023, wherein this aims to promote a safe implementation of IoT by improving the e-commerce and providing a regulatory framework to establish a clear environment for IoT adoption and secure SMEs to fully utilize benefits of IoT and maintain their competitiveness. This initiative of government will promote positive impact on SMEs as he also states that his office would be active in promoting to Philippine-based enterprises, particularly the SME (The LawPhil Project, 2023).

Future implementation of Internet of Things in the Philippines

The IoT is being increasingly applied not only in the services of the shops but also in warehouses and factories. It is being applied in inventory management where labelling of component parts for faster identification and confirmation of their installment in the automobile assembly line industry. As of 2018, the market capacity is yet to be fully utilized. As per Department of Trade and Industry Philippines (2019), the world’s apparel industry utilizes around 8 billion tags which is only 10% of the market capacity. Relatively, RFID labels are being widely implemented in the logistics industry to ensure real-time monitoring, traceability of the production inventory, and the improvement of logistical efficiency through the reduction of manual paperwork. In the Philippines, some project concept has already incorporated the IoT, including New Manila Bay, which has the goal of transforming the city and improving its economy. Furthermore, Packetworx in partnership with ThingsPH, a Division of Packetworx Technologies Incorporation, with the support and participation of ADNU MAGIS TBI, Technology Business Incubators, in funding the concept creation of assistance request applications and disaster preparedness solutions from various colleges within the university has taken a great stride in the advancement of Naga City by elevating it to a Fully Fledged Smart City in disaster management solutions (Naga City Government, 2024).

Through extensive research for different studies, the researchers were able to understand what IoT is and how it can be used to improve the Philippine SMEs, specifically in the SCM sector. During research for related literature, the researchers found gap that must be fill in such as limited comparison on IoT adoption between Philippines and its Asian countries to better look at how IoT is adopted in other Asian countries and how we can use this information to apply IoT in our country. In addition to this, the study will fill the gap of limited comprehensive analysis on the driving and restraining force of implementing IoT in SCM to help the country in maximizing the benefits of IoT and addressing its challenges. Lastly, they will also fill the gap in limited policy adoption regarding IoT implementation in SMEs of Philippines to leverage IoT for economic and social benefits.

In line with the research gap, the paper intends to examine current state of adopting IoT in Philippines in comparison to adjacent Asian countries to evaluate the factors IoT influencing the SCM. Therefore, this will reveal the Philippines’ current position in the regional IoT landscape, helping to discover best practices and areas where the Philippines may boost its IoT goals. Upon filling the gap in limited comparative analysis, this will help researchers to analyze the driving and restraining forces of IoT SCM to discover the factors that facilitate or hinders IoT integration in supply chains. Understanding these constraints is crucial for enterprises and authorities looking to optimize the benefits of IoT while limiting possible hazards. Hence, this study also provides suggestions for the IoT application in the Philippines to design policy options which will be useful in ensuring that the nation leverages IoT for socio-economic benefits. It is important that such policies are from comprehensive perspective in terms of guiding principled economy.

Problem Statement

This paper aims to address the need to compare IoT adoption between Philippines and other Asian countries, comprehensive analysis of driving and restraining force of IoT, and suggestions of policy to better improved the IoT adaptation in the Philippine SMEs, specifically in SCM sector. Hence, the following study objectives are goal to be achieved:

1. What are insights of IoT adoption in SMEs between the Philippines and Asian countries into improving supply chain management?
2. What are the motivations in utilizing IoT in supply chains specifically in product quality, reliability, maintaining a green image, meeting economic factors, and survival needs?
3. What challenges in implementing IoT in supply chain management involve issues in terms of data security, privacy concerns, technological challenges, and trust issues?
4. What are the policy recommendations that can enhance the implementation of IoT in the Philippines?

METHODS

To provide an appropriate and relevant answer to the statement problem, the researchers collected raw data from sources such as scholarly articles, news articles, industry reports, and government documents. Keywords such as “IoT”, “SCM”, “Asian Countries”, and “Philippines” were used to extract the appropriate sources of information easily. Content analysis is a way to study different forms of communication, like text, images, or audio, by looking for patterns, themes, and important features. This helps researchers conclude based on what they find (Hassan, 2024). In this research, to understand the meaning of language or text based on the relationships between words or phrases from various sources, the researchers will use Comparative Analysis and Thematic Analysis because these methods suit the paper.

A comparative analysis is a two-side comparison to find out how they are similar and different. It can look at ideas or theories, or it can compare real data sets (Dovetail, 2023). Aside from Comparative Analysis, the researchers will also utilize Thematic Analysis. According to Flick (2022), a Thematic Analysis includes principles which are data coding, creating themes, double-checking the themes, and stating findings. Conversely, it’s a method of analyzing qualitative data that involves identify and extract patterns to a set of data for interpretation of their definition (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Using this analysis, the researchers will extract raw data from each source wherein they will be based if they meet certain criteria which are: sources must be within 2012-2024, content must be about Asian Countries, including information about IoT, SCM, or both, and if the date were indicated, it will be still acceptable if it met the criteria 2 & 3. Then, researchers will generate a code in each raw data to narrow down the context. Lastly, they generate themes on which all the codes will be categorized.

Through this, researchers will be able to gain insights into IoT adaptation between the Philippines and Asian Countries to determine what challenges and motivations SCM experience in IoT adoption, providing them with valuable information that will be the basis for policy recommendations for enhancing IoT adoption in the Philippines. The researchers intended to use this design for this study to formulate an interpretation of data, then answer the statement problem, and lead to a conclusion.

Fig. 1. Data Collection and Preparation

Source: (Delmo et al., 2023)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After gathering the necessary data, researchers created the tables below, visualizing how these extracted codes from sources are generated and categorized through themes, and how data relate with each other. Hence, enabling the researchers to appropriately interpret each table, satisfying the needs of researchers to achieve their objectives.

Table I. Adoption of IoT in SMEs of SCM

Source: Processed by Authors

This table reveals that based on a comparison of how small businesses in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia are adopting IoT technology for managing their supply chains, clear differences emerge. Malaysia focuses on government plans like the National IoT Strategic Roadmap to help small businesses get ready for using these technologies through partnerships and policy (Zaidi, 2017). In contrast, the Philippines uses IoT in specific areas such as healthcare, logistics, and farming to make the operations smoother and even allow devices to communicate with people (Garde, 2022). Conversely, Indonesia is integrating IoT into popular online platforms such as Shopee and Tokopedia, using government apps like E-SME to help small businesses sell more using smartphones (Fridayani & Atmojo, 2021). Meanwhile, in the Philippines, companies like FWD Philippines are showing how IoT can cut costs and make things more efficient, especially in sectors like insurance (Newsbytes PH, 2017). Both regions face challenges like managing these technologies and the costs involved, and they are cautious about using advanced IoT tools like sensors and cloud systems (BPO Philippines, 2024; Ian, 2022). Despite these challenges, the possible benefits of IoT such as better efficiency, quality control, and cost savings, are evident for small businesses in both Malaysia and the Philippines (Tarmizi et al., 2019; Norona et al., 2021). This comparison shows how different countries in Asia are using and benefiting from IoT in their supply chain management.

Table II. Motivation in Utilizing IoT

Source: Processed by Authors

The table emphasizes how technological advancements, collaborative innovation, and sustainable development play a vital role in motivating IoT adoption of the supply chain management. Innovations in IoT such as sensors and RFID tags have proved important in improving product quality by monitoring the supply chain processes in real time and at the same time analyzing the data collected. Furthermore, the technologies presented in IoT, like RFID and sensors, help in securing data capture, process of data, and data transmission which provides transparency and information integrity in logistics management (Taj et al., 2023). The table also reveals that IoT contributes to the enhancement of environmentally friendly processes by promoting green logistics. Furthermore, IoT enables cost reduction without loss in environmental sustainability through technological advancements like electric cars (Bhardwaj, 2023). The environmental efficiency of Supply Chain (SC) grows with aid from IoT, such an extent that it brings higher GDP and investments into this technology (Dahlqvist et al., 2019). On the other hand, international collaborations also show the development and formation of IoT like how Japan collaborated with Germany and the US to boost innovation and enforce global lead in competitiveness for IoT technologies (Glade, 2017).  To summarize, the said motivations significantly influence the IoT adaptation on Asian countries’ supply chain management playing a vital role in improving their product quality, reliability, maintaining a green image, meeting economic factors, and survival needs.

Table III. Challenges in Utilizing IoT

Source: Processed by Authors

The data in the table reveals that wealthy and middle-class Asian countries faces similar difficulties in developing IoT technology, wherein wealthier countries like Singapore and Japan are leading in cybersecurity and rules for protecting data, such as Singapore’s Cyber Security Agency and strict Cybersecurity Act, which aim to keep data safe and build public trust (Caburn Telecom, n.d.; METI, 2024). In contrast, middle-class countries like Vietnam and Malaysia are dealing with challenges in adopting and securing IoT technologies due to varying standards and concerns about privacy (Osborne Clark, 2019; Abdulaziz et al., 2023). Both groups emphasize the importance of secure IoT products and systems, following privacy laws like GDPR and PDPA, and addressing trust issues related to uncertainties in cloud computing operations and risks to data security (Staalduinen & Joshi, 2019; Cueto et al., 2022). This highlights a shared focus on improving data security and managing complex technology issues, while also showing differences in regulatory maturity and readiness across different economic levels in Asia.

Table IV. Government Initiatives and Policies

Source: Processed by Authors

Asian countries, especially Philippines, have their governments focus on digital transformation and cybersecurity. They’re enhancing privacy by improving how they protect personal data (GovTech Singapore, 2019; National Privacy Commission, 2012) and boosting security through plans to defend against online threats (IMDA, 2023; Presidential Communications Office, 2024). They’re making it easier for businesses to adopt technology with programs like Malaysia’s National 4IR Policy and the Philippines’ support for small businesses (MIDA, 2021; Philippine News Agency, 2021). They’re also helping people learn digital skills through initiatives like Malaysia’s MyDIGITAL and the Philippines’ SETUP program (My Digital, 2023; Jur PH, 2015). They are working together to make innovation for technologies (METI, 2019; DTI Philippines, 2023), and they are creating rules to ensure that new technologies such as IoT, are secure and effective (Japan Gov, 2020; METI, 2021; Department of Information and Communications Technology). Lastly, they are collaborating with global partners to tackle cybersecurity issues in IoT (MIAC, 2023). These efforts are shaping how technology develops and how safe it is for everyone to use across Asia, enhancing the successful implementation of IoT.

DISCUSSION

Adoption of IoT by SMEs from Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia shows different ways to improve supply chain management. It reveals that to have a successful IoT adoption in SMEs of SCM, there should be clear and strong government initiatives or policies that strengthen and make it accessible for SMEs to adopt IoT. It also indicates that integrating IoT with online store applications such as Shopee can boost digital interaction which can help these SMEs to broaden their market. Despite various challenges such as high costs and complex management, these countries show that formulating IoT strategies can significantly enhance efficiency, quality control, and cost savings in supply chain management.

In connection with this, technological advancements, collaborative innovation, and sustainable development play a vital role in motivating IoT adoption of the supply chain management, and at the same time address these challenges to have a safe and successful adoption of IoT. Findings reveal that innovation in IoT such as sensors and RFID improves product quality by monitoring supply chain processes. Conversely, technological advancement and sustainable development help cost reduction without loss in environmental sustainability. In addition, collaborative innovation such as international internships greatly boost the successful IoT adoption in supply chain management making SMEs globally competitive which can help them meet the demands in a digitally connected world.

However, implementing IoT in supply chain management faces challenges such as data threats, hackers, technology barriers, and trust issues. This paper’s findings reveal that IoT adoption is also vulnerable when it comes to cyber threats as IoT is not just connected with other devices, but to the whole internet or cloud system making it prey for hackers. Hence, the trust issues of users for technology are heightened by knowing how these technologies can be a threat to their data. Therefore, highlighting a shared focus on improving data security and managing complex technology issues is essential to control these challenges.

To address these challenges, this paper recommends several policies that can also enhance IoT implementation in the Philippines. These policy recommendations are drawn from existing successful government initiatives and policies across Asia. First, the Philippines should broaden the spectrum of its cybersecurity framework knowing that there are now various types of technologies, establishing measures and guidelines to protect users from online threats, ensuring data integrity and privacy.

This paper also suggests our government to introduce a comprehensive program that will support small and medium enterprises (SMEs), providing them with financial incentives, technical assistance, and accessible processes for adopting IoT technologies, thereby facilitating digital transformation in businesses. To maximize and utilize the full potential of IoT. This paper also suggests a policy where every business owner, and even employees, have basic knowledge when it comes to IoT, requiring them to attend programs that will give them certification when it comes to digital literacy, giving them the eligibility for the safe and honest use of IoT, equipped to handle advances IoT systems. Furthermore, since the Philippines is not fully familiar with the IoT, as specific, knowing we have limited policies when it comes to IoT, it is a smart move that we collaborate with countries that are quite advanced when it comes to IoT, giving our country the access to cutting-edge technologies and best practices, enhancing its IoT capabilities.

Lastly, in consideration of these suggested policies, the findings also suggest that the Philippines should develop a clear and comprehensive regulatory framework for IoT technologies wherein this framework will ensure the security, effectiveness, and ethical use of IoT, providing guidelines for deployment and maintenance that align with international standards. By adopting these policy recommendations, the country can enhance its IoT implementation, driving digital transformation and economic growth.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this paper provides significant information on IoT adoption in SMEs, especially in the SCM industry. This paper compares the Philippines with other Asian countries, highlighting the similarities and differences in implementing IoT to manage their supply chains. Based on the findings, this paper found that while the Philippines has made some advancements in IoT implementation, there is still room for improvement. Hence, this paper finds motivations that help in the successful implementation of IoT such as technological advancement, collaborative innovation, and sustainable development. However, in contrast to these motivator factors, there are also various challenges that IoT adoption inevitably faces such as data threats, hackers, technology barriers, and trust issues. Therefore, this paper also suggests policy recommendations to address these challenges and at the same time enhance the successful adaptation of IoT in the Philippines. These policy recommendations focus on helping to improve the literacy of Filipinos when it comes to IoT, assisting SMEs in SCM, and strengthening their cybersecurity framework to create a safe environment for adoption of IoT in Philippines.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In line with conclusion and findings, this study recommends policies for the Philippine government to boost its IoT use in SMEs of the SCM industry to help maintain a green image, leading to sustainable development. First and foremost, since we are discussing technologies, the government should improve its cybersecurity laws and data protection to build public trust in IoT. Then, implement various programs that offer incentives, technical assistance, and subsidies to aid SMEs in digital transformation, providing financial and technical support for SMEs in the Philippines since the country is not yet familiar and equipped when it comes to IoT as a general, improving business owners and IoT user’s digital skills and literacy through training programs and partnerships with academic institutions to prepare for IoT adoption. To make these effective, the Philippine government should also consider collaborating internationally by creating global alliances with other Asian countries and take note of their successful IoT strategies to encourage innovation and widen implementation, especially in the topics of making IoT green friendly. With all these suggestions in consideration, the government should create clear regulations that will ensure IoT technologies are used safely, effectively, and ethically making it a safe space for SME owners in SCM to adopt and of course, for the environment. Therefore, the Philippine government can significantly improve the IoT implementation in the country which will lead to its digital transformation and economic growth.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to our Research Adviser, Sheryl R. Morales, Campus Director of Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Parañaque City Campus, for keeping up with our encouragement and worthy pieces of advice and motivation throughout the research progress. Her knowledge and input, as well as commitment, were necessary in shaping this research study.

We are also grateful to the following researchers who have shared their time and effort, and expertise in putting up this research professionally:

• David Ryan Elajas
• Hanz Lester J. Julian
• Rechelle A. Miranda
• Aira Mae A. Ramos

This study has been completed because of their dedication, creativeness, and readiness to collaborate. We are also deeply indebted to the institutional support and facilities of the university accorded to us, which provided the necessary environment for executing this research project to its successful completion. We would also like to acknowledge the help extended by everyone who has supported this research either directly or indirectly.

REFERENCES

1. ABB and China Telecom Unveil Joint Digitalization and Industrial IoT Lab (2023). ABB News. https://new.abb.com/news/detail/104247/abb-and-china-telecom-unveil-joint-digitalization-and-industrial-iot-lab
2. Abdulaziz, Q. A., Kaidi, H. M., Masrom, M., Hamzah, H. S., Sarip, S., Dziyauddin, R. A., & Muhammad‐Sukki, F. (2023). Developing an IoT Framework for Industry 4.0 in Malaysian SMEs: An analysis of Current Status, Practices, and Challenges. Applied Sciences, 13(6), 3658. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063658
3. Asian Manufacturing and Logistics Sectors Power Ahead with IoT Adoption Despite Some Concerns Over Cybersecurity and Data Protection (2019). Osborne Clarke. https://www.osborneclarke.com/news/asian-manufacturing-logistics-sectors-power-ahead-iot-adoption-despite-concerns-cybersecurity-data-protection
4. Bhardwaj, N. (2023). Revolutionizing Logistics in India: Top Trends Driving Business Operations in 2023. India Briefing. https://www.india-briefing.com/news/revolutionizing-logistics-in-india-top-trends-driving-business-operations-in-2023-28178.html/
5. BPO Philippines. (2024). The Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on Service Delivery in Philippine BPOs. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/impact-internet-things-iot-service-delivery-philippine-qfjkc
6. China will be the guest country at the IOT Solutions World Congress 2024 (2024). IoT Solutions World Congress. https://www.iotsworldcongress.com/press_release/institucional-es/china-will-be-the-guest-country-at-the-iot-solutions-world-congress-2024/
7. Crismundo, K. (2023). RCEP enters into force in PH. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1202684?fbclid
8. Cueto, L. J., Frisnedi, A. F. D., Collera, R. B., Batac, K. I. T., & Agaton, C. B. (2022). Digital Innovations in MSMEs during Economic Disruptions: Experiences and Challenges of Young Entrepreneurs. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12010008
9. Cyber Security Risks to Artificial Intelligence (2024). GOV.UK.  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/research-on-the-cyber-security-of-ai/cyber-security-risks-to-artificial-intelligence
10. Dahlqvist, F., Patel, M., Rajko, A., & Shulman, J. (2019). Growing Opportunities in the Internet of Things. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/private-capital/our-insights/growing-opportunities-in-the-internet-of-things
11. Dehnashi, A. (2023). Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) Model to Detect Bit-and-Piece DDOS Attacks against low powered (6LowPAN) Wirelessly Connected Devices on the Internet of Things (IoT) Network Systems. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/docview/3051278841
12. Delmo, E. S., Ulep, R. F. A., Urrutia, J. D., Morales, S. R., Gepila, E. S., Sagun, R. D., Mingo, F. L. T., Fernandez, A. A., Costales, J. A., Mas, M. B., & Morada, J. C. (2023). Smoking Playing as a Risk Factor to other Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. PNR Journal. https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/8295/11175?fbclid=
13. De Vera, I. (2023). An ICT Adoption Model for SMEs in the Philippines: Insights from the Hospitality Sector. Central Queensland University. https://doi.org/10.25946/21902268.v2
14. Discussing IoT Adoption, Benefits, and Distribution (n.d.). IEEE.  https://innovationatwork.ieee.org/discussing-iot-adoption-benefits-and-distribution/
15. DOST Administrative Order No. 002, s. 2015 (2015). Jur PH. https://jur.ph/law/summary/small-enterprise-technology-upgrading-program-setup-guidelines
16. DTI Collaborates with Amazon Web Services to Boost the Digital Capacities of Philippine Industries (2023). Department of Trade and Industry Philippines. https://www.dti.gov.ph/archives/dti-collaborates-with-amazon-web-services-to-boost-the-digital-capacities-of-philippine-industries/
17. FEATURE: Innovation and Dedication for a Healthier World Cutting-edge Operating Theater Connected by IoT (2020). Japan Gov. https://www.japan.go.jp/tomodachi/2020/earlysummer2020/smart_treatment_room.html
18. FF2020-19: MSMES IN THE PHILIPPINES (2018). Congressional Policy and Budget Research Department. https://cpbrd.congress.gov.ph/
19. Fridayani, H. D., & Atmojo, M. E. (2021). Internet of Things for Smart City. A case study: SMES Project in Sleman Regency. IOP Science, 717(1), 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/717/1/012014
20. Internet of Things in the Philippines: Everything you need to know (2022). IOT Philippines Inc. https://www.iotphils.com/internet-of-things-in-the-philippines-everything-you-need-to-know/#Internet_of_Things_IoT_the_Philippines
21. Glickman, C. (2023). Green IoT: The shift to practical sustainability. ETCIO. https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet-of-things/green-iot-the-shift-to-practical-sustainability/
22. Glade, B. (2017). IoT Adoption in Asia-Pacific: One Size Does Not Fit All. Bank Info Security. https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/blogs/iot-adoption-in-asia-pacific-one-size-does-fit-all-p-2517
23. GovTech Innovation Skilling Pilot Program (2023). MyDIGITAL. https://www.mydigital.gov.my/govtech-innovation-skilling-pilot-program/
24. Gov’t upgrades support to MSMEs via SETUP (2021). Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1160402
25. Greengard, S. (2024). Internet of Things. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Internet-of-Things
26. Ho, N. (2024). What Is IoT Connectivity: A Comparison Guide. Emnify. https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-connectivity?fbclid
27. How the Government Chief Information Security Officer Keeps Cyberspace Secure (2019). GOVTECH Singapore. https://www.tech.gov.sg/media/technews/how-the-government-chief-information-security-officer-keeps-cyberspace-secure/
28. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic act No. 10173, Also known as the “Data Privacy Act of 2012” (2012). National Privacy Commission. https://privacy.gov.ph/implementing-rules-regulations-data-privacy-act-2012/
29. Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Internet Transactions Act of 2023 (2023). Department of Trade and Industry. https://www.dti.gov.ph/sdm_downloads/implementing-rules-and-regulations-of-the-internet-transactions-act-of-2023/
30. Internet Initiative Japan Signs MoU for IoT Advancement in Indonesia (2024). IoT Now News. https://www.iot-now.com/2024/02/06/142282-internet-initiative-japan-signs-mou-for-iot-advancement-in-indonesia/
31. Internet of Things (IoT) (2023). Infocomm Media Development Authority. https://www.imda.gov.sg/regulations-and-licensing-listing/ict-standards-and-quality-of-service/it-standards-and-frameworks/internet-of-things
32. IoT adoption in PH Remains in Infancy, Experts Say (2017). Newsbytes PH. https://newsbytes.ph/2017/08/13/iot-adoption-in-ph-remains-in-infancy-experts-say/
33. IoT Applications in Modern Supply Chains: Enhancing Efficiency and Product Quality (2023). IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10295273
34. IoT in Singapore: A Pioneering Smart City (n.d.). Caburn Telecom. https://caburntelecom.com/iot-in-singapore/
35. IoT Product Security Conformity Assessment Scheme Policy Draft (2024). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2024/0315_001.html
36. Kato, G. A., Yamongan, J., Manao, J. M. N., & Arcega, R. A. A. (2022). Emerging Technologies in the Philippines: Internet of Things (IoT). Research Gate. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19958-5_28
37. Keeping Track of Things with RFID (2019). Department of Trade and Industry Philippines. https://www.dti.gov.ph/archives/news-archives/keeping-track-of-things-with-rfid/
38. Khan, R. N. (2023). The Singapore Model: How IoT is Transforming Cities into Smart and Sustainable Hubs. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/singapore-model-how-iot-transforming-cities-smart-sustainable-khan
39. Korte, A., Tiberius, V., & Brem, A. (2021). Internet of Things (IoT) Technology Research in Business and Management Literature: Results from a Co-Citation Analysis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(6), 2073–2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16060116
40. Kothari, S. (2023). AI’s role in IoT: Making Everyday Objects Intelligent. Simplilearn. https://www.simplilearn.com/ai-in-iot-article?fbclid
41. Kumar, S., Tiwari, P., & Zymbler, M. L. (2019). Internet of Things is a Revolutionary Approach for Future Technology Enhancement: A Review. Journal of Big Data, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0268-2
42. Lago, C. (2018). Which Companies are Using IoT in Southeast Asia? CIO. https://www.cio.com/article/222407/which-companies-are-using-iot-in-southeast-asia.html
43. Maheshwari, A. (2024). Integrating Technology in the Philippine Freight Sector: A Path to Unified Logistics. Port Calls. https://www.portcalls.com/integrating-technology-in-the-philippine-freight-sector-a-path-to-unified-logistics
44. Miller, R. (2024). IOT in Supply chain Management: Streamlining Logistics and Distribution. CEOWORLD Magazine. https://ceoworld.biz/2024/04/01/iot-in-supply-chain-management-streamlining-logistics-and-distribution/
45. Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023b). A Step-by-Step process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
46. National 4IR Policy Set to Transform Malaysia into a High-Income, Technology-Driven Country (2021). Malaysian Investment Development Authority. https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/national-4ir-policy-set-to-transform-malaysia-into-a-high-income-technology-driven-country/
47. National ICT Ecosystem Framework (n.d.). Department of Information and Communications and Technology. https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/ncs-manuscripts-powerpoint/7.6.1%2520National%2520ICT%2520Ecosystem%2520Framework%2520.pdf
48. New International Standard for Safe Use of IoT Products and Systems Issued (2021). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2021/0621_003.html
49. IoT adoption in PH Remains in Infancy, Experts Say (2017). Newsbytes PH. https://newsbytes.ph/2017/08/13/iot-adoption-in-ph-remains-in-infancy-experts-say/
50. Norona, M. I., Ramos, P. N., & Enteria, M. L. B. (2021). Readiness Model Development in the Adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) among Philippine Manufacturing SMEs Using Force Field Analysis Approach and Structural Equation Modeling. IEOM Society. https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2021rome/693.pdf
51. Overview of Industrial Technology Policy/Innovation Policy (2019). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/economy/industrial_technology/index.html
52. Pal, K. & Yasar, A.-U.-H. (2023). Internet of Things Impact on Supply Chain Management. Procedia Computer Science, 220, 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.03.061
53. Partnerships and Collaboration Spur the Growth of the IoT Industry in Naga City (2024). City Government of Naga. https://www2.naga.gov.ph/partnerships-and-collaboration-spur-the-growth-of-the-iot-industry-in-naga-city/
54. PBBM Approves National Cybersecurity Plan to fortify PH against various threats (2024). Presidential Communications Office. https://pco.gov.ph/news_releases/pbbm-approves-national-cybersecurity-plan-to-fortify-ph-against-various-threats/
55. Republic Act No. 11967 (2023). The LawPhil Project. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2023/ra_11967_2023.html
56. Sapot, B. (2024). Internet of Things: Manufacturing Explained. Mingo Smart Factory. https://www.mingosmartfactory.com/internet-of-things-manufacturing-explained/
57. Sallam, K. M., Mohamed, A. W., & Mohamed, M. (2023). Internet of Things in Supply Chain Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Best Practices. Sustainable Machine Intelligence Journal. https://sciencesforce.com/index.php/smij/article/view/36/24?fbclid
58. Securing IoT Devices with Cyber Immunity Solutions (2023). Ministry of Information and Communications. https://mic.gov.vn/bao-mat-thiet-bi-iot-bang-giai-phap-mien-dich-khong-gian-mang-197159775.htm
59. Senate Approves Landmark CREATE Bill to Spur Biz Growth, Rationalize Tax Perks (2020). Senate of the Philippines 19th Congress. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2020/1127_prib1.asp
60. Senate Concurs in Ratification of RCEP Agreement (2022). Senate of the Philippines 19th Congress. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2023/0222_prib1.asp?fbclid
61. Staalduinen, M. V. & Joshi, Y. (2019). The Internet of Things Security Landscape. CSA Singapore. https://www.csa.gov.sg/Tips-Resource/publications/2019/IoT-Security-Landscape
62. Taj, S., Imran, A. S., Kastrati, Z., Daudpota, S. M., Memon, R. A., & Javed, A. (2023). IoT-Based Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review. Internet of Things, 24, 100982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2023.100982
63. Tarmizi, H. A., Kamarulzaman, N. H., Rahman, A. A., & Atan, R. A. (2019). Adoption of Internet of Things along Halal Food-Based SMEs Supply Chain in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/42867/1/42867.pdf
64. Tiwari, S. (2022).  A Review of IoT Application in Malaysia. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358387060_A_Review_of_IoT_Application_in_Malaysia
65. Vietnam IoT Security Market A Comprehensive Study Explores Huge Growth in Future (2024). Taiwan News. https://taiwannews.com.tw/news/5118862
66. What is Comparative Analysis? A Complete Guide (2023). Dovetail.   https://dovetail.com/research/comparative-analysis/
67. Yesodha, K. R. K., Jagadeesan, A., & Logeshwaran J. (2023). IoT Applications in Modern Supply Chains: Enhancing Efficiency and Product Quality. IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIDeA59866.2023.10295273
68. Zafar, F. (2024). Examining the Effect of Internet of Things (IoT) Adoption on Supply Chain Performance. South Asian Journal of Operations and Logistics, 3(2), 282–294. https://doi.org/10.57044/sajol.2024.3.2.2442
69. Zaidi, M. F. A. (2017). The IoT Readiness of SMEs in Malaysia: Are they Worthwhile for Investigation? ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319311693_The_IoT_Readiness_of_SMEs_in_ Malaysia_Are_they_Worthwhile_for_Investigation
70. Zimon, G., Babenko, V., Sadowska, B., Chudy-Laskowska, K., & Gosik, B. (2021). Inventory Management in SMEs Operating in Polish Group Purchasing Organizations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Risks, 9(4), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9040063
71. 2019 National Export Congress Features Digital Transformation Tools for MSME adaption (2019). DTI Philippines. https://www.dti.gov.ph/archives/news-archives/2019-national-export-congress-features-digital-transformation-tools-for-msme-adaption/