Marathon Enthusiasm in Malaysia: An Explanatory Study Using PLS-SEM Analysis

Marathon Enthusiasm in Malaysia: An Explanatory Study Using PLS-SEM Analysis

Zaidi Wasli^*, Muhammad Fauzan Abu Bakar, Mohd Razif Mohd Rathi, Clement Jimel

College of Creative Arts, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Sarawak

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8110108

Received: 31 October 2024; Accepted: 05 November 2024; Published: 07 December 2024

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the factors influencing marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia by examining the roles of lifestyle, self-esteem, confidence, discipline, and sports culture. Using an explanatory research design and a quantitative method, data were collected through a survey employing a 5-point Likert scale. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 69 marathon runners as participants. The study utilized Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis, with bootstrapping applied to assess the significance of relationships between the variables, and Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) used to identify the key drivers of marathon enthusiasm. The results revealed that lifestyle significantly impacts marathon enthusiasm, highlighting the importance of health-conscious behaviors in promoting participation. Marathon enthusiasm was found to positively influence confidence, discipline, and perceptions of longevity, underscoring the psychological benefits of endurance sports. Although self-esteem and sports culture contributed moderately to marathon participation, health issues had a negligible impact on motivation. The IPMA results further emphasized lifestyle as the most important factor, with high performance in promoting marathon participation. These findings suggest that lifestyle factors are critical in shaping marathon enthusiasm, while the psychological benefits of participation further reinforce this engagement. The study recommends targeted interventions to promote active living and enhance self-esteem and sports culture to boost participation rates in Malaysia. The insights provide valuable guidance for future efforts to foster marathon participation and overall public health.

Keywords: Marathon Enthusiasm; Lifestyle Factors; Psychological Impact; Sports Culture; PLS-SEM Analysis.

INTRODUCTION

Marathon event, a globally recognized endurance sport, symbolizes resilience, perseverance, and achievement, attracting participants from diverse backgrounds. In Malaysia, marathon participation has consistently risen, reflecting international trends driven by increasing health awareness and personal fitness goals. However, understanding the unique elements that inspire marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia is crucial for fostering broader involvement. This study investigates how lifestyle, self-esteem, confidence, discipline, and cultural identity influence Malaysians’ passion for marathons. While personal motivations play a significant role, the country’s rich cultural and social landscape also impacts participation, intertwining personal and community narratives. The complex relationship between these psychological and cultural factors must be explored to design effective strategies promoting marathon involvement and enhancing public well-being. By utilizing PLS-SEM and IPMA, this research identifies key drivers and evaluates their performance, offering strategic insights for public health initiatives and community programs. This comprehensive approach underscores the importance of understanding the multifaceted motivations behind marathon running in Malaysia, where global sports practices adapt uniquely to regional contexts. Insights gained from this study can aid in creating targeted interventions that promote active living, self-esteem, and a supportive sports culture, ultimately contributing to stronger community ties and improved individual well-being.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework on Factors towards Marathon Enthusiast in Malaysia

The Role of Lifestyle Factors in Promoting Endurance Sports Participation: Insights from Marathon Enthusiasm

Lifestyle choices are fundamental in shaping individuals’ participation in endurance sports like marathons. These factors include physical activity habits, dietary practices, sleep patterns, and overall health consciousness, which collectively enhance both physical readiness and psychological commitment to such demanding activities that individuals who prioritize health and fitness as part of their daily lives are more likely to take up marathons as a natural extension of their lifestyle [1], [2].

Critical analyse the intersection between lifestyle and the social-psychological dimensions of sports participation. Social determinants, including socioeconomic status, education, and cultural norms, significantly influence access to training facilities, nutrition, and healthcare [2], [3]. This complexity suggesting marathon participation through lifestyle improvements requires multifaceted strategies addressing broader social factors. Additionally, intrinsic motivation plays a crucial role; a lifestyle oriented towards health can enhance an individual’s drive to pursue long-term fitness goals, such as marathon running [4].

The relationship between lifestyle participation is also bi-directional, as engaging in marathons can prompt healthier lifestyle changes. The structured training needed for marathons often reinforces health-oriented habits, creating a feedback loop that sustains both participation and overall well-being [5]. For instance, individuals who integrate regular physical activity into their routines often see marathon participation as a logical progression in their fitness journey. This supports findings that lifestyle is a key driver for marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia, consistent with global trends emphasizing the value of health-focused practices [6].

However, while there is significant support for the positive relationship between a healthy lifestyle and marathon participation, gaps remain regarding how these effects vary across different populations, such as those with differing cultural backgrounds or access to resources. Future research should address these targeted interventions that promote sports participation among diverse groups. This analysis underscores the need to consider both individual and societal factors when evaluating how lifestyle impacts marathon enthusiasm and broader endurance sports participation [7].

The Psychological Impact of Marathon Participation: Self-Esteem, Confidence, and Discipline

The psychological impact of marathon participation extends beyond physical achievement, encompassing profound mental and emotional benefits. Existing literature highlights the transformative effects of engaging in endurance sports like marathons, particularly in fostering self-esteem, confidence, and discipline. Marathon training, with its rigorous demands and long-term commitment, acts as a powerful catalyst for personal growth. The process of setting, pursuing, and achieving the goal of completing a marathon provides tangible proof of one’s capabilities and resilience, significantly boosting self-esteem [8].

The relationship between marathon participation and confidence is well-documented. Overcoming the inherent challenges of marathon training—such as physical fatigue, mental barriers, and effective time management—fosters a deep sense of self-efficacy. Successfully navigating these challenges builds confidence that extends beyond sports, enhancing problem-solving skills, resilience, and the ability to persevere under pressure [9], [10]. Research found that the confidence gained through marathon running positively influences other life areas, reinforcing an individual’s belief in their capacity to tackle various obstacles.

Discipline is another critical psychological benefit derived from marathon training. The structured, consistent schedules required for preparation cultivate high levels of self-discipline. Marathon runners must adhere to training plans, manage nutrition, and ensure adequate recovery, promoting a disciplined approach to life that transcends sports. This discipline supports better time management, goal-setting abilities, and persistence in personal and professional spheres [11].

Participants often view marathons as a holistic tool for personal development due to these overlapping benefits. However, a critical analysis of the psychological impacts of marathon participation reveals potential downsides. While many individuals experience positive outcomes, the literature notes risks associated with unfulfilled goals or overwhelming training pressures. For some, the demanding nature of marathon preparation can lead to burnout, injury, or an unhealthy fixation on performance, which can diminish self-esteem and confidence instead of enhancing them. Additionally, the cultivation of discipline may come at the expense of social relationships or mental well-being if not balanced properly [12].

Research underscores the importance of acknowledging how these psychological impacts can vary based on factors like age, gender, cultural background, and prior athletic experience. These differences influence how individuals respond to marathon training and the associated psychological benefits. There is also a need for further exploration into whether these benefits are sustained long-term or diminish after achieving the initial goal of completing a marathon [13].

In conclusion, while the psychological benefits of marathon participation, including self-esteem, confidence, and discipline, are well-supported in literature, it is crucial to recognize individual differences and potential negative outcomes. Ensuring a balanced approach to training can help maximize these positive effects while mitigating risks. Future research should delve deeper into these nuances and explore long-term impacts to develop a more comprehensive understanding of marathon running’s psychological influence [14].

Cultural Influences on Marathon Participation: The Intersection of Sports Culture and Social Identity

Cultural influences and social identity play significant roles in shaping individuals’ engagement with marathon running. Marathons are more than physical challenges; they are embedded in cultural narratives that reinforce collective values, traditions, and social identities [15]. The literature on sports culture suggests that participation in endurance events like marathons is often influenced by the broader cultural context, such as the societal emphasis on physical fitness, competitive spirit, and communal achievements. In many societies, including Malaysia, marathon events symbolize resilience, perseverance, and individual accomplishment, which are highly valued and celebrated [15].

Social identity theory, which explores how individuals define themselves through group memberships, provides a framework for understanding cultural belonging’s influence on marathon participation. Individuals often align with the values and practices of their cultural group, and in societies with a robust sports culture, marathon participation becomes a way to express and reinforce social identity. For example, in cultures that prioritize community and collective endeavours, marathons are viewed as communal events that foster social cohesion and shared pride. Participation in these events can enhance an individual’s sense of belonging and strengthen their identity within the cultural group[10].

Critically analysing this topic reveals complexities in how cultural influences vary across contexts. While sports culture can promote marathon participation, it can also create barriers for those who do not align with the dominant cultural narratives surrounding the sport. For instance, in societies where marathon running is predominantly associated with a particular social class, gender, or ethnic group, individuals from different backgrounds may feel alienated or see marathons as inaccessible or irrelevant to their identity. This underscores the importance of inclusivity in sports culture, ensuring that marathon participation is viewed as attainable and meaningful for a diverse range of individuals[16].

The inclusivity of marathon culture can be a double-edged sword. While it inspires participation among those who identify with its values, it may alienate others who feel disconnected from the running community. Addressing these barriers and fostering diversity within marathon culture are essential steps for promoting inclusivity. Moreover, the intersection of sports culture and social identity can impose pressures to conform to specific ideals or behaviours. This can sometimes lead to negative outcomes such as overtraining, stress, or an overly narrow sense of self-worth based solely on athletic performance. These pressures highlight the need for a more nuanced understanding of how cultural narratives around marathons can simultaneously empower and constrain individuals, depending on how these stories are framed and communicated[17].

An additional complexity arises from the interaction between global sports culture and local traditions. As marathons become increasingly globalized, with participation from international athletes and widespread media coverage, there is a tension between maintaining local cultural significance and adapting to global sports norms. This raises questions about cultural preservation, the homogenization of sports culture, and the effect of global trends on local participation. Balancing the global and local dimensions of marathon culture is necessary for preserving unique cultural identities while embracing broader sports narratives[18], [19].

In conclusion, while cultural influences and social identity are powerful drivers of marathon participation, a critical analysis points to the need for an inclusive and culturally sensitive approach. Understanding the diverse ways in which different cultural groups engage with marathon running and addressing barriers that may prevent certain groups from participating is vital for creating a more inclusive sports culture. This analysis emphasizes considering both the unifying and divisive aspects of culture to foster a supportive environment for marathon participation that celebrates diversity and inclusivity.

RESERCH METHODOLOGY

The research adopts an explanatory research design to investigate the factors influencing marathon enthusiasm among participants in Malaysia, focusing on the interplay of lifestyle, psychological, and cultural factors. A quantitative method was employed, utilizing a structured survey to gather data from marathon runners. The survey was designed using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), to measure participants’ perceptions of variables such as lifestyle, self-esteem, confidence, discipline, and sports culture. The target population for this study was Malaysian marathon runners, and purposive sampling was used to select 69 participants who have actively engaged in marathon events. This sampling method ensures that the participants have relevant experience and insights, making them suitable respondents for the research questions.

Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate the relationships between the variables. The PLS-SEM approach was chosen due to its suitability for exploratory research and its ability to handle complex models with small sample sizes. The analysis included the bootstrapping technique to assess the significance of path coefficients, providing a robust estimation of the relationships between the constructs. Additionally, the Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) was employed to identify the most influential factors driving marathon enthusiasm and assess their performance, providing actionable insights into areas for improvement. This methodological approach allows for a comprehensive examination of the direct and indirect effects of lifestyle, psychological, and cultural factors on marathon participation in Malaysia.

FINDINGS

Reliability and Validity Test

Table I. Realibility and Validity Test Result

The reliability and validity test results for the study variables—Confidence, Discipline, Health Issues, Lifestyle, Long-Live, Marathon Enthusiast, Self-Esteem, and Sports Culture—demonstrate strong internal consistency and construct reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha values, which measure internal consistency, range from 0.729 to 0.886, indicating that all constructs exhibit acceptable to excellent reliability, with most surpassing the commonly accepted threshold of 0.7. Notably, the Marathon Enthusiast construct achieved the highest Cronbach’s alpha of 0.886, signifying a high level of internal consistency among its indicators.

Composite reliability (rho_a and rho_c) values further support the robustness of the constructs, with rho_a values ranging from 0.843 to 0.906 and rho_c values ranging from 0.838 to 0.929. These figures suggest that the constructs are reliable and that their indicators are consistent in measuring the underlying factors. Marathon Enthusiast and Confidence constructs again demonstrate strong reliability, with rho_c values of 0.929 and 0.919, respectively.

The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values, which assess the amount of variance captured by the constructs relative to the variance due to measurement error, range from 0.636 to 0.815. These values indicate good convergent validity, with all constructs surpassing the 0.5 threshold. Marathon Enthusiast (AVE = 0.815) and Confidence (AVE = 0.790) exhibit particularly strong convergent validity, reflecting that a significant proportion of the variance in these constructs is explained by the indicators used.

Overall, the results confirm that the constructs used in the study are both reliable and valid, providing a solid foundation for further analysis of the factors influencing marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia. The high levels of reliability and validity suggest that the constructs accurately capture the various dimensions of marathon involvement, contributing to the study’s credibility and the reliability of its findings.

Path coefficients result

Table 2. Path Coefficient Result

The PLS-SEM path coefficients test results provide insights into the relationships between various factors and marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia. The data reveal that Lifestyle has a significant positive impact on Marathon Enthusiast (O = 0.619, T = 2.805, p = 0.005), indicating that lifestyle choices are a strong predictor of marathon enthusiasm. Individuals whose lifestyles align with active, health-conscious behaviors are more likely to engage in marathon activities.

Similarly, the results show that Marathon Enthusiast positively influences Confidence (O = 0.566, T = 3.150, p = 0.002) and Discipline (O = 0.472, T = 2.908, p = 0.004), suggesting that those who are passionate about marathons tend to develop higher levels of confidence and discipline. This reflects the psychological and behavioral benefits associated with regular marathon participation.

The strongest relationship observed in the study is between Marathon Enthusiast and Long-Live (O = 0.747, T = 13.970, p < 0.001), indicating that marathon enthusiasts strongly believe that their involvement in the sport contributes to longevity and healthier aging. This significant path coefficient underscores the perceived health benefits of marathon running among enthusiasts.

In contrast, the impact of Health Issues on Marathon Enthusiast is negligible and statistically insignificant (O = -0.003, T = 0.016, p = 0.987), suggesting that concerns about health issues do not deter individuals from participating in marathons. Similarly, Self-Esteem (O = 0.177, T = 1.038, p = 0.299) and Sports Culture (O = 0.181, T = 1.589, p = 0.112) show positive but statistically insignificant effects on Marathon Enthusiast, indicating that while these factors may influence marathon enthusiasm to some extent, they are not strong predictors in the context of this study.

Overall, the results highlight the importance of lifestyle, confidence, and discipline in fostering marathon enthusiasm, while also affirming the perception among enthusiasts that marathon participation contributes to a longer life. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at promoting an active lifestyle could be particularly effective in increasing marathon participation in Malaysia.

Importance-performance map result

Table 2. Importance-Performance Mapping

The Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) results provide valuable insights into the relative importance and performance of various factors influencing marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia. The analysis reveals that Lifestyle stands out as the most crucial factor, with an importance score of 0.619 and a high-performance score of 79.892. This indicates that lifestyle choices not only significantly impact marathon enthusiasm but also perform well in contributing to participants’ engagement with the sport. The high-performance score suggests that lifestyle interventions could be effectively leveraged to enhance marathon participation rates.

Self-Esteem and Sports Culture also show moderate levels of importance (0.177 and 0.181, respectively) and relatively high-performance scores (79.526 and 76.634, respectively). These findings suggest that while both self-esteem and sports culture contribute positively to marathon enthusiasm, their impact is less pronounced than that of lifestyle factors. The solid performance scores indicate that these areas are functioning effectively but could potentially benefit from further enhancement to increase their importance in driving marathon participation.

On the other hand, Health Issues exhibit a negative importance score (-0.003), indicating that concerns about health issues do not play a significant role in influencing marathon enthusiasm. However, the performance score for Health Issues is relatively high at 74.753, suggesting that while health concerns are not a primary driver of marathon participation, they are being managed effectively among participants. This could imply that existing health-related interventions or perceptions are adequate, but they do not necessarily motivate individuals to become marathon enthusiasts.

In summary, the IPMA results underscore the critical role of lifestyle in fostering marathon enthusiasm, with lifestyle factors showing the highest importance and performance. Self-esteem and sports culture are also important but less influential, while health issues, though well-managed, do not significantly drive marathon participation. These insights suggest that focusing on lifestyle-related initiatives could be key to increasing marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia. The reliability and validity test results for the study variableThe research adopts an explanatory research design to investigate the factors in

DISCUSSIONS

The findings from the Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) provide an in-depth look at the factors influencing marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia. Among these, Lifestyle emerged as the most significant predictor, supported by the highest importance and performance scores. This indicates that individuals who lead active, health-conscious lives are more inclined to participate in marathons. The high-performance score linked to lifestyle suggests that current lifestyle interventions and the choices of marathon enthusiasts effectively encourage participation. This highlights the potential for lifestyle-focused strategies to boost marathon enthusiasm, implying that public health campaigns and community programs promoting active living could have substantial impacts on participation.

Self-Esteem and Sports Culture also play positive roles in fostering marathon enthusiasm, though their importance is less pronounced than that of lifestyle. The moderate importance scores indicate that while these factors do influence participation, they are not the primary drivers. However, their relatively high-performance scores show that efforts to build self-esteem and support sports culture are yielding positive results. This suggests that while these areas are functioning well, there is room for improvement. Initiatives to enhance the visibility and accessibility of sports culture, along with targeted programs to boost self-esteem, could strengthen their impact on marathon participation.

Health Issues, on the other hand, were found to have a negligible impact on enthusiasm, as evidenced by their negative importance score. This indicates that health concerns do not deter individuals significantly from participating in marathons. However, the high-performance score for health issues points to effective management of health-related concerns among marathon runners. This could be due to existing health education, preventive measures, or the intrinsic motivation of marathon participants to maintain their health. While health issues are not primary motivators for participation, continued support and resources remain crucial for sustaining this aspect’s performance.

The study’s findings affirm that lifestyle is a critical driver of marathon enthusiasm. Public health campaigns that advocate active living and community sports programs could effectively increase participation. Examples include workplace wellness initiatives that encourage employees to train together or community “fun runs” that build interest in marathon culture.

Addressing practical barriers is essential for broader participation. For instance, costs related to training gear, race fees, and nutrition can be prohibitive. Community sponsorships, subsidized training programs, and second-hand equipment drives could help mitigate these financial challenges. Time management poses another challenge, particularly for those balancing work, family, and training commitments. Flexible training schedules and virtual coaching platforms could make marathon preparation more accessible without compromising other responsibilities. Expanding infrastructure, such as public parks and running tracks, could also facilitate training and attract new participants.

While self-esteem and sports culture are influential, their impact is not as strong as lifestyle factors. Initiatives to boost self-esteem might include mentorship programs pairing experienced runners with beginners, recognition of individual achievements, and social media campaigns that celebrate diverse participant stories. These efforts can make the sport more relatable and encourage new runners. Strengthening sports culture could involve media partnerships that highlight marathon stories and integrating marathons into cultural festivals and community events. Emphasizing that marathons are inclusive, regardless of fitness level or background, could help remove barriers and foster deeper connections to the sport.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings from the Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA), several strategic recommendations can be made to enhance marathon enthusiasm in Malaysia. Lifestyle interventions, given their high importance and performance scores, should be a primary focus. Public health authorities, sports organizations, and community leaders should prioritize programs that encourage regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, and overall well-being. Community-based fitness initiatives, workplace wellness challenges, and campaigns promoting an active lifestyle can significantly boost participation.

There is also room to enhance Self-Esteem and Sports Culture. Creating inclusive and supportive environments for training can build self-esteem in both new and existing runners. Mentorship programs, recognition of personal achievements, and platforms celebrating diverse marathon stories can motivate broader participation. Strengthening Sports Culture through media visibility, social campaigns, and community events can foster a cultural connection to marathons, integrating them into local traditions and festivals to boost their significance.

Maintaining performance in Health Issues, despite their low impact as motivators, is still essential. Continued investment in health education, preventive measures, and accessible healthcare services will help prevent health concerns from becoming barriers. Marathon participation contributes to public health and community unity, reducing chronic disease risk, improving mental health, and enhancing life quality. Public health campaigns linking marathons to these benefits can drive societal engagement. Community events like charity runs promote shared experiences and collective identity, underscoring the dual benefits of health and community spirit.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the factors driving marathon enthusiasm among Malaysian participants, with a focus on lifestyle, psychological benefits, and cultural influences. The findings highlight lifestyle as the most significant predictor of marathon participation, suggesting that health-conscious behaviors, including regular physical activity and diet, are central motivators for endurance sports involvement. Moreover, the positive relationship between marathon enthusiasm and psychological outcomes such as confidence, discipline, and perceptions of longevity underscores the role of endurance sports in fostering mental well-being and personal development. While self-esteem and sports culture were shown to have moderate effects on marathon enthusiasm, health issues were found to have a negligible influence, indicating that participants are more driven by proactive lifestyle choices and psychological benefits than by concerns over specific health conditions.

Critically, the study reveals the importance of a multidimensional approach to understanding sports participation, where lifestyle intersects with both individual psychological factors and broader cultural frameworks. By employing PLS-SEM and IPMA, the research not only identifies key drivers but also evaluates their relative performance, offering practical insights for policymakers and sports promoters. Nevertheless, the purposive sampling of 69 marathon runners may limit the generalizability of the findings, indicating the need for future research with larger, more diverse samples. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on sports psychology and public health by elucidating the complex motivational landscape of marathon participants in Malaysia, emphasizing the need for strategies that cultivate supportive environments and promote active, health-oriented lifestyles.

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