The Nature of Victimization among Third Gender Individuals: An Empirical Study in Tangail Municipal Area

The Nature of Victimization among Third Gender Individuals: An Empirical Study in Tangail Municipal Area

Palash Kumar sarker¹, Mahmuda Akter²   

¹B. Sc (Hons) Graduate, Department of Criminology and Police Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh.

²Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology and Police Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh.    

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8100018

Received: 20 August 2024; Accepted: 26 August 2024; Published: 27 October 2024

ABSTRACT

Understanding the nature and extent of third-gender victimization is crucial for effective addressing, influenced by various social, cultural, and political factors. This study aims to identify the victimization experienced by third genders in Tangail Municipal Area and to find out the causes, consequences, and preventive policies to overcome it. A quantitative approach was used, and data was collected through a survey questionnaire using snowball sampling. Results showed that 53% of the respondents were hijra, 14% were transgenders, and 33% were lady boys. The study found that 87.3% of respondents experienced physical assault, while 10.8% reported being raped, with 80.6% of cases perpetrated by neighbors. All respondents experienced psychological abuse, while 96.4% faced social stigmatization and 98.2% faced discrimination of violence and harassment. The consequences of victimization among third genders impact their mental and physical health, social life, and daily activities. Effective policies and intervention programs are needed to prevent the victimization of third genders.

Keywords: Third gender; Hijra; Transgender; Victimization; Stigmatization.

INTRODUCTION

Gender is a complex and diverse aspect of human existence, with traditional binary gender categories influencing cultural norms and legal systems. The concept of the “third gender” refers to individuals who identify as having a distinct gender identity, such as hijras, who are classified as “third sex,” “third gender,” or “neither men nor women” (Nanda, 2000).

Research conducted by Morgan in 2008 revealed that female-to-male transformations are a specific category of physical alterations that are also seen by the general population. The Hijra people in the Indian Subcontinent lack certain bodily structures (Morgan & Stevens, 2012). Tradition holds that hijra is male-bodied feminine-identified. They give up their male genitals for the spiritual ability to bless and curse from birth (Nanda, 2000).

In many societies, third-gender people are marginalized, discriminated, and stigmatized. Due to the complicated gender perspective, hijras have been mistreated from birth (Habib, 2012). Due to the limited economic prospects available to them, they are vulnerable and rely on “gurus” for protection. They have little opportunities for work (Rood et al., 2016). Third-gender and gender-nonconforming persons nearly always suffered harassment and abuse in the workplace. This included being obliged to engage in activities that avoided prejudice, which had a significant impact on their well-being or career paths (Köllen, 2016). Transgender people in Bangladesh face health, education, and job issues. They have limited political freedom but no decision-making power (Jebin, 2018).

The Bangladesh government has recorded 12,629 third-gender people in the national census for the first time, confirming equity across all state levels. The highest number was registered in Dhaka Division which is 4,577. The lowest third gender population is 840 in Sylhet, followed by 563 in Barishal, 2,026 in Chattogram, 1,148 in Khulna, 972 in Mymensingh, 1,574 in Rajshahi, and 929 in Rangpur (TBS, 2022).

In 2013, the Bangladeshi government officially recognized the Hijra group as a third gender, a move praised by the international community and civil society. However, due to the absence of laws recognizing third genders, they often lack access to basic civil rights, leading to a rise in begging, prostitution, and other illicit activities among them (Daize & Masnun, 2019).

Research on hijras in traditional civilizations is limited, with little understanding of their societal isolation and the factors influencing their criminal behavior. This study aims to investigate the relationship between victimization, social exclusion, and transgender community criminal behavior. It will focus on the victimization faced by third genders in society and provide knowledge about their lifestyle, helping planning authorities make informed decisions to develop the lifestyle of this community. The study aims to provide a better understanding of the challenges faced by the third-gender community.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of victimization among third-gender individuals in the Tangail Municipal Area and it’s a quantitative task. The research focuses on the victimization of third-gender individuals in Tangail Municipal Area, using both primary and secondary sources. Data was gathered through structured questionnaires and secondary materials from periodicals, journals, essays, and literal documents. The study used non-probability sampling, including snowball sampling, and a survey divided into four sections: socio-demographic data, closed-ended questionnaires about victimization nature, open-ended and closed-ended inquiries about abuse causes, and consequences of victimization. The data was gathered over 20 days, from January 25, 2023, to February 13, 2023. The data was processed through coding, categorization, and tabulation, and analyzed using the Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS).

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The table-1 presents a detailed socio-demographic profile of the surveyed population, with a particular emphasis on members who identify with various genders. The greatest demographic cohort consists of individuals between the ages of 18 and 25. The majority self-identify as Islamic and a considerable proportion possess only primary education. While some solicit and collect money, others are employed in private enterprises, the prostitution industry, or other sectors. The residential circumstances of the preponderance of solitary individuals range from Guruma to rented quarters. The monthly income range of the group is 5,001 to 10,000 Taka, and monthly expenditures are proportional to this range.

On the other hand, a study by B. Sarker and Parvin found that the majority of hijra people in Dhaka City are aged 20-30, with 86.7% being literate and most having secondary education. They are mostly single, with 74.8% being single, and 23% in relationships. 87.4% of hijras are Muslim, with the rest being Hindu. Most earn through Tola subscriptions(Sarker & Pervin, 2020). Of the literate group, 60% had completed secondary education, while 14.8% and 11.9% of Hijra individuals were able to read and write (Farzana et al., 2022a). A study by Arobia Khanam reveals that 83.30% of hijras make their living through begging and chanda in public places, while 10% work as security guards or cleaners for private companies, and only 6.70% live apart from their parents (Khanam, 2022). The Hijra community claims they are denied access to educational institutions due to insufficient opportunities, and many parents do not send them to school, resulting in their inability to pursue their education (Selvakumar, 2020).

Nature of Victimization of the Respondents

Types of Victimization among Respondents   

Table 2: Types of Victimization among Respondents

The table shows a high prevalence of physical assault and psychological abuse among surveyed group. 87.3% of respondents experienced physical assault, while 12.7% did not. 100% reported psychological mistreatment, indicating a pervasive trend.

A research by Dr. M.D. Allen Selvakumar finds out that every transgender person has experienced hate crimes and various forms of harassment, including verbal, physical, and sexual. In addition to being attacked for a variety of reasons, they have experienced harassment and discrimination because of their gender (Selvakumar, 2020).

Types of Physical Assault and Perpetrator of Rape among Respondents

Table 3: Types of Physical Assault and Perpetrator of Rape among Respondents

The table-3 shows types of Physical Assault and Perpetrators of Rape among respondents. The table presents data on the various forms of physical assault reported by the surveyed participants in 287 separate incidents. 16.7% of all reported incidents involved the form “Touching.” Pinching/grabbing, drawing fabric down, stroking, embracing, and blocking were additional frequent forms. 10.8% of cases were classified as “Rape,” the most grievous form. The cumulative percentage surpasses 100%, signifying the occurrence of numerous assault types. The table-3 also shows the perpetrators of rape within the surveyed group, with neighbors accounting for 39.1% of cases, followed by cousins at 28.1% and friends at 18.8%. Other perpetrators included stalkers at 9.4%, police at 1.6%, madrassa teachers at 1.6%, and army at 1.6%. The percentages in the “Percent of Cases” column indicate the proportion of each perpetrator category within the total reported rape cases.

Hijra boys often experience first sexual intercourse at 8-12 years, often with male relatives or tutors. These incidents are often unprotected and lead to shame, fear, and harassment. They often feel worthless and unfit for society, leading to accusations and punishment (Khan et al., 2009).Hijras frequently face harassment from police and civic society due to ongoing cruelty from family, media, and medical institutions, including verbal, physical, and sexual assaults in public areas and homes (Al-Mamun et al., 2022). The ridiculousness is that they are unable even to submit a rape complaint because the nation does not have a special statute that handles these matters and there is a general skepticism of them (Farzana et al., 2022b).

Number of Rape among Respondents

Figure 1: Number of Rape among Respondents

The figure-1 displays the incidence rate of rape. 16.4% of individuals encountered it once, 9.1% encountered it twice, 18.2% encountered it between 3 and 5 times, and 12.7% encountered it between 6 and 10 times.

Types of Psychological Abuse and Feelings During Victimization

Table 4: Types of Psychological Abuse and Feelings During Victimization

Table 4 shows types of psychological abuse and feelings during victimization among respondents. The table presents a comprehensive overview of psychological abuse experienced by the surveyed group, with 299 instances reported. The most prevalent forms were “Jokes” and “Whistling”, accounting for 17.7% of cases. Other forms included “Sexual comments” and “Name-calling”, in 15.4% of cases, and 15.1% of cases. The table also shows the emotional impact of victimization on a surveyed group, with 238 instances reported. The predominant emotions were humiliation (21.0%) and irritation (21.8%), with anger (20.6%), fear (18.5%), and depression (18.1%) also expressed.

Research by Daize and Masnun found that a significant proportion of the third gender roughly 74% have experienced various forms of harassment over their lives. An estimated 30.2 percent reported having experienced mocking, 28.3 percent negative gestures, 22.6 percent unlawful proposals from others, 11.3 percent physical contact, and 11.3 percent other encounters like making strange faces in front of them (Daize & Masnun, 2019).

Number of Victimization among Respondents

Figure 2: Number of Victimization among Respondents

Figure 2 shows the frequency of victimization among 55 respondents, with 21.8% experiencing it 3-5 times, 16.4% 6-10 times, and 61.8% repeatedly.

Received any Support after the Victimization

Figure 3: Received any Support after the Victimization

According to the figure, data about the provision of assistance to those who have been victimized within a studied population. Out of the 55 participants, 78.2% said that they received help, whilst 21.8% mentioned that they did not get any support.

Even though they would prefer to be with their families, the majority of them are forced to leave them and begin a terrible new chapter in their lives by becoming involved with the Hijra group since they do not receive the mental support they need during this crisis from their relatives (Farzana et al., 2022b).

Supporting Groups after the Victimization or Violence

Figure 4: Supporting Groups after the Victimization or Violence

The data shown in Figure 4 indicates that 60.0% of participants received support from their Third Gender Friends, underscoring the significance of community support. Only 12.7% of individuals received help from their relatives, making it the least often reported source. The terms “Guruma” and “Political Leader” were mentioned less often, with 21.8% of respondents leaving their answer as null, suggesting a lack of explicit support for these organizations. Compared to the general population, transgender people report lower levels of perceived social support, which is a strong predictor of depressive symptoms (Mal, 2018).

Respondents victimization and response from the Authorities or Support Services

Table 5: Respondents victimization and response from the Authorities or Support Services

According to the study, the studied group’s responses about the act of reporting victimization to authorities or support services. Out of the 55 participants, 56.4% confirmed that they had reported their experiences as victims, whilst 43.6% said that they had not reported such events.

The table shows satisfaction levels among 31 respondents who reported victimization. A small percentage (3.6%) reported being extremely satisfied, 14.5% were somewhat satisfied, 18.2% were not very satisfied, and 20.0% were not at all satisfied. The overall satisfaction level is 56.4%, with 18.2% being not very satisfied and 20.0% not at all satisfied. The table reveals that the most common reason for not reporting victimization is fear of social stigma, with 51.1% of respondents citing this. Additionally, 40.0% fear of being victimized by bullying, and 8.9% fear of being molested in another way. The total number of reasons for not reporting is 173.1%, indicating that individuals may have multiple reasons for not reporting.

A study by Habib explores that Hijra informants frequently struggle to defend their rights, lack legal assistance, and get threats from local youngsters and the police. Their occupation, lack of official status, and lack of financial support make them difficult to integrate into mainstream society (Habib, 2012).

Causes of Victimization of the Respondents

Figure 5: Causes of Victimization of the Respondents

The participant’s victimization causes are detailed in the figure-5. These explanations are divided into various categories, and respondents rated their agreement from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree.” The main factor is “Lack of legal recognition” with 72.7% agreeing and 25.5% strongly agreeing. Respondents agree on the need for legal recognition. 90.9% of respondents agreed and 7.3% strongly agreed that social stigma and discrimination contribute, highlighting society’s effect. Poverty and unemployment are accepted by 74.5%, with 23.6% strongly agreeing. The lack of healthcare access is also a consideration for 56.4% of respondents, with 36.4% indifferent. Other topics with high agreement rates were “Housing discrimination,” “Police brutality,” “Lack of education,” and “Economic exploitation.”

A study by Farzana and Chowdhury reveals that Hijra individuals are being denied rights such as identification, economic rights, employment, family life, equality, freedom from torture, education, and opportunities. They are also denied inheritance and respectable jobs, leading to severe financial difficulties, and forced into deplorable forms of employment like extortion and begging (Farzana et al., 2022b).

Types of Stigma and Discrimination faced by the respondents

Table 6: Types of Stigma and Discrimination faced by the respondents

The table reveals the various types of stigma faced by third-gender individuals, with social stigma being the most prevalent at 30.8%. Healthcare stigma was also high at 26.2%, highlighting the challenges faced in healthcare settings. Economic stigma affected 19.2%, highlighting economic disparities. Legal and religious stigmas were reported by 11.6% and 12.2%, respectively, highlighting the intersections of legal and religious discrimination. The cumulative percentage of 312.7% suggests that individuals often face multiple types of stigma simultaneously.

The table-6 also shows the prevalent forms of discrimination faced by third-gender individuals, with violence and harassment being the most common. 25.7% of respondents reported experiencing such mistreatment. 22.9% reported employment and education discrimination, while 16.7% experienced healthcare discrimination. 11.9% reported housing discrimination, indicating difficulties in securing suitable housing. The total of 381.8% indicates that individuals often face multiple forms of discrimination simultaneously, highlighting the pervasive challenges they face in various aspects of life.

The study found out how many people in the studied group said they had been abused or discriminated against by police. Out of the 55 people who answered, a large majority (74.5% of them) said they had been abused or discriminated against by police, while only 25.5% said they had not. Out of the 179 cases that were recorded, different kinds of abuse were described. “Treat as inhuman” came out on top, with 20.7% of respondents saying they had experienced this type of abuse. “Jokes” came in second, with 19.6%, and “Sexual comment” came in third, with 16.8%. Besides “physical assault” (15.6%), “sexual harassment” (15.1%), and “Do not enter case file” (6.7%), other types of abuse were also recorded. The total number of 426.2% shows that people often experienced more than one type of abuse at the same time.

Despite official gender identity recognition, most hijra have not seen changes in healthcare services, with many avoiding government health centers for medical issues. They report discrimination against doctors and nurses in public places, particularly in public places (Aziz & Azhar, 2019).

Research by A. Daize and E. Masnun reveals that approximately 100% of them experience acute depression. When depressed, the majority of them engaged in the following behaviors: 62.3% attempted suicide, 22.6% ran away from home, 5.7% developed an addiction, and 3.8% took other actions (Daize & Masnun, 2019).

Consequences of Victimization of the Respondents

Table 7: Consequences of Victimization of the Respondents

Table 7 reveals that 81.1% of respondents experienced significant consequences from victimization, affecting their daily lives and overall well-being. Mental health was the most affected, with 81.8% stating it had a very high impact. Physical health was affected by 60%, while 45.5% faced challenges accessing education or employment opportunities. Social relationships were significantly affected by 45.5%, and economic losses or exploitation were reported by 34.5%. Emotional trauma was experienced by 74.5%, with 80% reporting feelings of shame, guilt, or stigma. Trust issues were prevalent, impacting 49.1% of respondents. Consequences included sleep disturbances, changes in enjoyable activities, anger or frustration, and changes in eating habits or appetite.

The hijra suffer from enormous obstacles as a result of their lack of identification as distinct gendered individuals, which limits their potential and dignity in society. They frequently claim maltreatment at home and school, which leads to isolation and expulsion. Many people are abused at work, lose their employment, and do not have access to social institutions like hospitals and legal agencies. This significant social marginalization leads to low self-esteem and aversion to risky sexual behaviors (Aziz & Azhar, 2019).

Recommendations for Preventing Victimization from the Respondents

Table 8: Recommendations for Preventing Victimization from the Respondents

Table 8 presents the suggestions given by participants to avoid victimization and promote inclusivity and support for those who identify as third-gender. There were a total of 319 answers, and each suggestion reflects a proportion of the total instances. Significantly, 80.0% of participants highlighted the significance of granting legal safeguards to those who identify as third-gender, to prevent prejudice across all aspects of life. Additional notable suggestions are the need for equitable availability of healthcare services (67.3%), education (85.5%), and public accommodation (49.1%). Respondents also emphasized the need of social acceptance, with 56.4% emphasizing the necessity to cultivate a culture of understanding towards those who identify as third-gender. Moreover, a significant proportion of participants, namely 90.9%, expressed support for the government’s involvement in generating job prospects for those identifying as third-gender. Additionally, 85.5% highlighted the need to implement training initiatives. Furthermore, 65.5% of respondents advocated for the implementation of social welfare initiatives aimed at assisting the community.

Bivariate Analysis

Table 9: Bivariate Analysis between Gender of the Respondents and Their Victimization of Physical Assault

This cross-tabulation presents the prevalence of physical assault among Hijra, transgender, and lady-boy respondents. The table is organized by type of physical assault, with each row representing a different type of assault and each column 55 representing a different gender identity. The final row and column show the total number of respondents for each gender identity and overall. The data shows that touching was the most common type of physical assault reported across all three gender identities, with 56.3% of hijra, 14.6% of transgender, and 29.2% of lady-boy respondents reporting this type of assault. Pinching/grabbing and pulling down of one’s clothes were also commonly reported, with similar percentages across the three gender identities. Rape was reported by a total of 31 respondents, with hijra respondents reporting the highest percentage of rape (58.1%), followed by lady boy respondents (29.0%) and transgender respondents (12.9%). Overall, the table provides a detailed breakdown of the prevalence of different types of physical assault among different gender identities in Bangladesh. The data highlights the need for interventions to address the high levels of physical assault and sexual violence experienced by third gender individuals, and to promote the rights and inclusion of this marginalized community.

Table 10: Association between the Gender of the Respondents and Their Victimization of Emotional Abuse

The percentage in the cross tabulation shows the proportion of respondents within each gender identity group who reported experiencing a specific form of emotional abuse. For example, among the Hijra respondents, 51.0% reported experiencing sexual comments, 50.9% reported experiencing jokes and whistling, 49.0% reported experiencing name-calling, 54.3% reported experiencing spreading sexual rumors, and 53.3% reported experiencing making sexual gestures. Similarly, among the transgender respondents, 15.7% reported experiencing sexual comments, 15.1% reported experiencing jokes and whistling, 15.7% reported experiencing name-calling, 17.4% reported experiencing spreading sexual rumors, and 17.8% reported experiencing making sexual gestures. Among the Lady Boy respondents, 33.3% reported experiencing sexual comments, 34.0% reported experiencing jokes and whistling, 35.3% reported experiencing name-calling, 28.3% reported experiencing spreading sexual rumors, and 28.9% reported experiencing making sexual gestures. The percentage breakdown of the cross-tabulation provides insight into the different forms of emotional abuse experienced by each gender identity group and the relative prevalence of each type of abuse. This information can be used to inform targeted interventions and policies aimed at reducing victimization and promoting the well-being of the third-gender community.

Table 11: Association between the Gender of the Respondents and the Types of Stigma Faced by Third Genders

The cross-tabulation presents data on the types of stigma experienced by Hijras, Transgender, and Lady Boy respondents in terms of the percentage of each group. The table-11 shows that out of a total of 124 Hijras, 52.7% have experienced stigma based on their gender identity, 52.8% have faced social stigma, 57.6% have suffered from 59 economic stigma, 60.0% have experienced legal stigma, 46.7% have faced healthcare stigma, and 71.4% have experienced religious stigma. Among the 30 transgender respondents, 14.5% have experienceed stigma based on their gender identity, 13.2% have suffered from social stigma, 12.1% have faced economic stigma, 10.0% have experienced legal stigma, 15.6% have faced healthcare stigma, and 9.5% have experienced religious stigma. Among the 73 Lady Boy respondents, 32.7% have experienced stigma based on their gender identity, 34.0% have faced social stigma, 30.3% have suffered from economic stigma, 30.0% have experienced legal stigma, 37.8% have faced healthcare stigma, and 19.0% have experienced religious stigma. Overall, the data suggests that stigma based on gender identity is more prevalent among Hijras and Lady Boys compared to Transgender individuals. Additionally, healthcare stigma is relatively high across all three groups.

Table 12: Association between the Gender of the Respondents and the Types of Discrimination Faced by Third Genders

Table 12 shows the cross-tabulation of types of discrimination and the gender of the respondents. The gender categories are Hijra, Transgender, and Lady Boy, and the discrimination categories are Employment discrimination, Housing discrimination, Education discrimination, Healthcare discrimination, and Violence and harassment. The table also includes the percentage distribution for each category of discrimination and gender, which allows for an analysis of the proportion of respondents facing each type of discrimination within each gender group. 61 For example, for Employment discrimination, 25 out of 48 Hijra respondents faced this type of discrimination, which represents 52.1% of the total number of Hijra respondents. Similarly, 7 out of 31 Transgender respondents faced Employment discrimination, representing 14.6% of the total Transgender respondents. The same analysis applies to the other discrimination categories. Over all, the table shows that the most common type of discrimination reported by respondents was Violence and harassment, with 28 out of 48 Hijra respondents, 8 out of 31 Transgender respondents, and 18 out of 72 Lady Boy respondents experiencing this type of discrimination. However, there are variations in the proportion of respondents facing each type of discrimination across the different gender groups.

Hypothesis test 1

Null hypothesis (HO): There is no association between gender and the living place of the third gender.

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is an association between gender and the living place of the third gender.

Table 13: Association between Gender and the Living Place of the Third Gender

A Chi-Square test for independence with α =0.05 was used to access whether the level of gender and living place of the third gender. The Chi-Square test was statistically significant, χ2 (1. N=55) = 21.966, p=.000, with the Cramer’s V confidence of .447 indicating that a Relatively strong to the large relationship between gender and living place. Here the p-value <0.05, so there is sufficient ground to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. So, it is said that there is a significant relationship between gender and the living place of the third gender.

Hypothesis test 2

Null hypothesis (HO): There is no association between being raped and the physical health condition of the third gender.

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is an association between being raped and the physical health condition of the third gender.

Table 14: Association between being Raped and the Physical Health Condition of the Third Gender

A Chi-Square test for independence with α =0.05 was used to access whether the level of being raped and the physical health condition of the third gender. The Chi-Square test was statistically significant, χ2 (1. N=55) = 32.985, p=.000, with the Cramer’s V confidence of .548 indicating a Relatively strong to the large relationship between being raped and physical health condition of the third gender. Here the p-value <0.05, so there is sufficient ground to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

So, it is said that there is a significant relationship between being raped and the physical health condition of the third gender.

CONCLUSION

The victimization of third genders is a pervasive issue that has gained increasing attention in recent years. Third genders, also known as non-binary or gender non-conforming individuals, are those whose gender identity does not fit within the traditional binary categories of male or female. By using quantitative research this study tried to find out the scenario of victimization among respondents. In doing so, the findings show the nature, causes, and consequences of victimization. Different types of victimization are faced by the respondents and this has occurred repeatedly. The study finds out that, respondents are often subjected to various forms of victimization, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as discrimination and marginalization. According to this study, stigma and social exclusion are major contributors to the vulnerability of third genders to victimization. They are often subjected to harassment, bullying, and violence due to their gender identity, which results in physical and psychological harm. Moreover, they also experience discrimination and marginalization in various areas of life, such as education, employment, healthcare, and housing. The study shows that physical victimizations of third genders include touching, pinching, rubbing, and rape. In case of psychological abuse of them include sexual comments, jokes, spreading sexual rumors, and making sexual gestures due to their gender identity.

This study explores the nature of victimization among third genders, with a particular focus on the forms of victimization they experience, the factors that contribute to their vulnerability, and the efforts that have been made to prevent and address victimization. This also examines the factors that contribute to the victimization of third genders. These include societal stigma and discrimination, which can contribute to their vulnerability and marginalization. The lack of legal recognition and protection of their gender identity can also leave third genders without legal recourse to seek justice. The study explores the efforts that have been made to prevent and address victimization among third genders. These include increasing awareness and education about their experiences and needs, providing appropriate training for law enforcement officials, healthcare providers, and the general public on how to provide respectful and inclusive services to third genders, and establishing legal protections to safeguard their rights and to hold perpetrators accountable for victimizing them. The study addresses that the victimization of third genders requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that involves multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, civil society organizations, and the broader community. By working together to raise awareness, provide support services, and promote legal protections, we can help to create a safer and more inclusive society for all. Ultimately, it is essential to promote the safety and well-being of third genders and to ensure that they are treated with respect and dignity.

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