Unseen Struggles on the Financial Challenges Faced by Single Parents

Unseen Struggles on the Financial Challenges Faced by Single Parents

Cruz, Charmaine Alexis; Hilario, Alessandra; Matawaran, Ma. Erika; Reyes, Imee Nicole; Leila M. Valero; Avegail T. Paez

Bulacan State University-Meneses Campus, Philippines

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8110267

Received: 10 November 2024; Accepted: 20 November 2024; Published: 24 December 2024

ABSTRACT

Raising a child as a single parent is an exceptionally challenging task, often more difficult than in two-parent households. While general parenting difficulties are well-known, the financial burdens unique to single parents are less visible and less understood. This study aims to shed light on these hidden challenges by exploring the financial difficulties single parents face and their impact on well-being. The research focuses on understanding the financial issues encountered by single parents in managing finances while raising children alone. Using a qualitative approach, the study gathered data through open-ended, semi-structured interviews with 55 single parents in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines. Surveys and interviews were conducted with single parents from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds to understand the factors that contribute to their financial hardships. Thematic analysis was employed to identify significant themes and patterns, helping to uncover shared experiences among participants. The study finds that single parents often experience financial stress due to insufficient income, lack of support systems, and the pressures of balancing work and childcare. Additionally, the research highlights the impact of limited financial literacy and access to resources, which exacerbate their struggles. The findings emphasize the need for targeted financial education programs, better social support systems, and policies that offer financial relief and stability to single-parent households. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the financial challenges faced by single parents, offering recommendations to improve their financial resilience and overall well-being.

Keywords: Financial Challenges, Single Parents, Unforeseen Struggles, Qualitative Approach, Purposive, Philippines

INTRODUCTION

Single parents, who often carry the dual responsibility of both nurturing and providing for their children, face a range of challenges that can deeply impact their financial well-being. Managing a family alone requires significant commitment, time, and resources, presenting considerable challenges, particularly for those who shoulder all responsibilities on their own. One of the most critical challenges for single parents is financial instability, which greatly influences both their own and their children’s well-being (Pinugu, 2024). Despite the growing recognition of the challenges faced by single-parent families, much of the literature focuses on broader socio-economic struggles or general family dynamics, leaving the specific financial burdens of single parents underexplored. Single parents are tasked with managing household finances on a single income, often balancing multiple jobs, child-rearing duties, and the stress of limited resources. This situation can create a unique set of financial difficulties, including budgeting constraints, irregular income, and limited access to social and financial support systems. However, the emotional, psychological, and social factors influencing these financial decisions and struggles are often overlooked.

This research aims to shed light on the “unseen struggles” that single parents face in managing their finances, exploring not only the practical financial challenges but also the emotional and societal pressures that influence their financial behaviors. While studies have addressed various aspects of single-parenthood, few have focused specifically on the financial challenges that these parents endure and how they navigate these issues. Existing literature primarily examines single-parent financial challenges through a general lens, often overlooking the intricacies of their emotional and psychological experiences related to financial strain. The research gap lies in the insufficient exploration of the personal, social, and psychological dynamics that impact the financial decision-making processes of single parents. This study seeks to fill this gap by providing an in-depth, qualitative exploration of the financial struggles faced by single parents, examining not only their financial hardships but also the unseen, underlying factors that affect their financial decision-making and coping strategies.  Additionally, it will evaluate the effectiveness of current programs and policies designed to support single-parent households. By closing this research gap, the study hopes to offer valuable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to develop more effective strategies that improve the financial security and quality of life for single parents and their families.

Foreshadowed Problem

The researchers attempted to uncover the impact of financial challenges on single parents. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. Determine the profile of respondents;
2. Determine the most common financial challenges among single parents;
3. How do financial challenges affect the emotional well-being of single parents?
4. Determine the coping mechanisms for the challenges faced by single parents
5. How do financial challenges impact the ability of single parents?
6. What strategies can be employed to support single parents facing financial challenges?

Significance of the Study

The study offers significant benefits to multiple groups. For future researchers, it serves as a valuable reference point for further exploration into the financial challenges faced by single parents, shedding light on the complex socio-economic factors at play and highlighting the critical need for more effective government support programs. Single parents themselves can use the findings to gain a deeper understanding of their financial struggles and gain strategies for better managing their financial situations. Additionally, the study fosters a greater appreciation of their resilience and efforts in balancing multiple roles. On a broader scale, society stands to benefit by increasing awareness, empathy, and support for single parents, thereby fostering stronger community cohesion and reducing stigma. Moreover, the study encourages students and educators to develop greater empathy toward peers from single-parent or dysfunctional families, promoting a more inclusive and supportive environment that values diverse family dynamics.

Scope and Delimitation

This study examines the financial challenges faced by single parents, focusing on their financial struggles, decision-making processes, and the emotional and societal factors influencing their financial behaviors. It will involve a qualitative approach, using interviews or focus groups to gather insights from single parents across different socio-economic backgrounds. The research is geographically limited to a specific community, and the sample will consist of single parents with children of various ages, excluding dual-parent households. While the study primarily focuses on financial difficulties, other factors, such as child-rearing or health issues, will only be acknowledged but not explored in-depth. The findings are based on qualitative data, which may limit generalizability but provide a deeper understanding of the unseen struggles faced by single parents.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter includes relevant theories, literature, studies, and research. This chapter helps familiarize readers with information relevantly and similarly to the present study.

Financial Challenges of Single Parents

Single parents face unique financial struggles that stem from the dual burden of caregiving and sole income generation. Studies indicate that single-parent households are more likely to experience economic hardship compared to two-parent families, primarily due to limited income sources and heightened expenses for child care, education, and daily necessities (Bramlett & Blumberg, 2007). Furthermore, societal stigmas often exacerbate these challenges, leading to reduced access to social support networks and financial opportunities (Wang & Parker, 2014).

Financial Struggles on Family Well-Being

The financial challenges faced by single parents have profound implications for their families’ well-being. Economic stress is strongly correlated with mental health issues such as anxiety and depression among single parents (Nomaguchi & Milkie, 2020). Moreover, financial strain can negatively impact children’s academic performance and emotional development, as single parents often struggle to provide consistent educational and emotional support (Cooper et al., 2009).

Coping Mechnism and Social Support

Social support plays a critical role in mitigating the financial struggles of single parents. Assistance from extended family, government welfare programs, and community organizations can help alleviate economic pressure and improve overall well-being (Cheng, 2017). Financial literacy programs and income assistance schemes have been particularly effective in helping single parents manage their finances and achieve greater economic independence (Cheng & Wu, 2020).

Relevant Theories

The study is grounded in Family Stress Theory, developed by sociologist Reuben Hill in 1949, which explores how separations and reunions—particularly during crises like World War II—can disrupt family dynamics. The theory suggests that families function as interdependent systems with specific roles, expectations, and responses to their environment. It emphasizes that separations and reunions are crises that challenge these family systems. The theory provides individuals and organizations depend on resources (such as finances, support networks, or knowledge) to function and thrive. Single parents may face resource scarcity, and this theory can help explain how financial strain impacts their ability to meet both personal and family needs. It also highlights how the lack of access to sufficient financial and social resources can affect their coping strategies.

Related Studies

Research consistently underscores the significant financial and emotional challenges faced by single parents and their impact on family well-being. Financial hardships often compel single parents to make sacrifices, such as skipping meals or taking on additional work, which heightens stress and mental health concerns (Stack & Meredith, 2018). Emotional challenges can affect children as well; for instance, in Kenya, children in single-parent households may adopt risky coping behaviors like early sexual activity (Mbithi, 2019). Social isolation and peer rejection among teenagers in these households contribute to low self-esteem and heightened stress (Lalmuanawma & Elizabeth, 2020). Single-parent families frequently occupy lower wealth brackets, highlighting the need for policies promoting financial stability and wealth accumulation (Sierminska, 2018). The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these struggles, intensifying financial strain and mental health challenges (Zakaria et al., 2022). Additionally, financial strain is linked to problematic behaviors in children, as explained by the Family Stress Model (Heintz-Martin & Langmeyer, 2019)Bottom of Form

Conceptual Framework

This chapter focuses on the conceptual framework of the impact of financial challenges on single parents in Hagonoy, Bulacan. It is intended to aid with theory development and visual comprehension of exploratory breakthroughs regarding how single parents cope with this situation

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Figure 1 presents an integrated framework that links the research inputs—such as reviewed theories, literature, and studies—with the profile of single parents. The research process begins with gathering qualitative data through semi-structured interviews to explore how financial challenges affect single parents’ daily lives, experiences, and available resources. This data is then analyzed to uncover valuable insights that can inform better support for single parents, particularly from government programs. The study aims to recommend strategies for improving financial management through budgeting and planning, focusing on three key factors that can enhance financial capabilities and support single parents in navigating their financial struggles more effectively.

METHODS

The study employed a qualitative research method to capture rich, nuanced insights that quantitative data alone could not provide. This approach enabled a deeper exploration of participants’ experiences and perspectives, offering expressive, detailed accounts beyond numerical analysis. Semi-structured interviews were the primary data collection tool, allowing for flexibility and depth in understanding individual experiences. Researchers used tailored guiding questions and follow-up inquiries to delve deeper into each participant’s unique situation. This qualitative approach not only illuminated real-world experiences but also provided a social context, fostering the development of theoretical models and hypotheses to enhance the understanding of the issues faced by single parents.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

This research explores the financial challenges faced by single parents in the Philippines, where an estimated 14 to 15 million individuals grapple with low income, high living costs, and limited resources. The study aims to identify the key financial difficulties these parents encounter and examine their impact on both financial stability and psychological well-being. A thorough literature review is conducted to assess existing knowledge on these issues, while primary data is gathered through semi-structured interviews that explore participants’ income, expenses, access to resources, and psychological health. Using convenience sampling, the study targets single parents with at least one child. Data analysis employs descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses to investigate the relationship between financial hardships and the well-being of single parents, offering a comprehensive understanding of the intertwined financial and psychological challenges they face.

Informants of the Study

The study focuses on understanding the financial struggles and perceptions of single parents in Hagonoy, Bulacan, a location selected for its high number of single parents and the personal connections of the researchers, one of whom is the child of a single parent. Hagonoy has 3,025 single parents and 4,214 minors from single-parent households, within a population of 133,448. The researchers used qualitative methods, conducting semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions to gather detailed insights from participants.

Sampling Design

The study utilized purposeful sampling within a qualitative research design to investigate the financial challenges faced by single parents. This method allowed participants to share detailed, personal insights into their experiences, fostering a deeper understanding of their perspectives. Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in secure, confidential settings to ensure participant comfort. This approach generated a rich data set, enabling thematic analysis that enhances understanding of the financial issues encountered by single parents and informs the development of targeted policies and initiatives.

Research Instrument

To facilitate honest and comfortable responses from interviewees, the researchers created a simple and straightforward interview guide presented as a questionnaire. This guide employed qualitative methods and included questions covering income, employment, budgeting, financial support, co-parenting, mental health effects, and stress management. It aimed to gather detailed factual responses and explore key study aspects through both predetermined and open-ended questions. The initial draft of the questionnaire was reviewed by the research adviser, and feedback was incorporated into the final version.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with single parents in Hagonoy, Bulacan, utilizing open-ended questions to gather detailed and accurate data. Prior to data collection, they secured consent from both the research adviser and campus dean, and obtained population data on single parents from the municipality. This information helped them develop guide questions to explore participants’ insights and experiences. The interviews were recorded for thorough data capture, with recordings stored securely and set to be deleted after the study to ensure participant privacy. The collected data was then analyzed and integrated into the research.

Ethical Considerations

In this study, the researchers introduced themselves to the participants, obtained their permission to conduct the survey, and explained the purpose of the research, which was to understand the financial challenges faced by single parents in Hagonoy, Bulacan. They informed participants about how their data would be utilized and the potential benefits of the research, while assuring them of confidentiality and secure handling of their information.

Data Analysis

Data from in-depth interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, a flexible qualitative method that enables researchers to identify patterns and themes within the data. This approach is beneficial for new researchers as it facilitates the generation of original insights. Thematic analysis involves repeatedly reading and coding the data to summarize key themes. While it is user-friendly and adaptable, this method may overlook unique phenomena specific to individual participants’ testimonies and can be limited by reliance on existing theoretical frameworks, potentially affecting its interpretive depth.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The qualitative analysis of the interviews reveals several important themes related to the experiences of single parents, particularly regarding income sources, co-parenting dynamics, emotional well-being, and financial challenges. Each theme provides insight into the complexities of managing finances and raising children in a single-parent household.

Theme 1: Income Sources

Participants reported various income sources, including small businesses, part-time jobs, and full-time employment. For instance, Participant A runs a small business, while Participant B works as an electrician and also drives a tricycle for extra income. This diversity in income sources highlights the entrepreneurial spirit and self-sufficiency among single parents, which is crucial for achieving financial stability. Research by Meier (2016) supports this notion, indicating that employed single parents often experience greater happiness and lower stress levels compared to those who are unemployed. Furthermore, studies show that multiple income streams can enhance financial resilience among single-parent households (Stack, 2018).

Theme 2: Co-parenting Dynamics

The participants’ experiences with co-parenting varied significantly. Some reported a lack of communication and support from their co-parents, while others described collaborative arrangements where expenses were shared. For example, Participant B receives financial support from their ex-wife, which allows them to meet their child’s needs effectively. This aligns with findings by Lake (2021), who emphasizes the importance of effective communication about finances for successful co-parenting arrangements. The ability to collaborate on financial responsibilities can alleviate some of the burdens faced by single parents and foster a more supportive environment for their children.

Theme 3: Emotional Well-being

Emotional well-being emerged as a significant theme, with participants expressing contentment and fulfillment in their lives despite the challenges they face. Many indicated that they feel capable of meeting their family’s needs and expressed satisfaction with their current situations. However, financial stress was also noted as a factor affecting both personal well-being and children’s happiness. Research by Meier (2016) suggests that financial stability is closely linked to emotional health in single-parent households. The participants’ narratives reflect this connection; while they strive for stability and happiness, financial pressures can lead to increased stress levels.

Theme 4: Financial Challenges

Financial challenges were a common concern among participants, with many highlighting difficulties in managing budgets and covering unexpected expenses. Participant A mentioned the struggle of providing for their child without co-parenting support, while Participant B noted the challenges of covering emergency expenses on a limited income. These findings resonate with Stack’s (2018) research indicating that single-parent households are particularly vulnerable to financial strain, which can adversely affect mental health and family dynamics. The participants’ experiences underscore the need for effective budgeting strategies to navigate these challenges successfully.

Implications

The insights gained from this interview analysis highlight critical areas for intervention and support for single parents. First, there is a clear need for resources that assist single parents in developing diverse income streams and enhancing financial literacy. Programs aimed at improving budgeting skills could help mitigate some of the financial challenges faced by these families. Additionally, fostering effective communication strategies among co-parents is essential for creating supportive environments that facilitate shared responsibilities.

Moreover, emotional well-being should be prioritized in support programs for single parents. Providing access to mental health resources could help alleviate stress associated with financial pressures. Finally, advocating for government assistance programs tailored specifically for single-parent households could provide much-needed relief and improve overall family well-being.

In summary, addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by single parents requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses financial education, emotional support, and collaborative co-parenting strategies to enhance their quality of life and that of their children.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The single parents in Hagonoy, Bulacan, are aged between 38 and 60, employed, and deeply committed to providing for their families. While some seek opportunities abroad or begin working early to support their families, most have one child living with them, with others separated and seeing their children on weekends. These individuals, shaped by diverse life experiences, demonstrate resilience and determination to overcome obstacles and secure a better future for their children. Financial challenges are a common struggle, with many facing difficulties in meeting basic needs such as bills, tuition, and emergencies, often without financial support from co-parents.

Despite these hardships, single parents maintain remarkable emotional strength, employing coping mechanisms like enjoying time with their children, engaging in hobbies, and finding inspiration in positive words. These strategies help them navigate their roles without being overwhelmed by challenges. While financial difficulties may limit their ability to provide materially at times, they do not diminish their commitment or capabilities as parents. Participants emphasize the importance of empathy, kindness, and understanding from others, viewing these as equally valuable as material support. Recognizing and addressing these needs can foster a more supportive environment for single parents and their families.

CONCLUSION

Single parents face significant financial challenges stemming from limited income sources, employment barriers, and the heightened costs of childcare and daily living. These struggles often lead to economic instability, affecting not only the parent but also the overall well-being of their children. Single mothers, in particular, are disproportionately impacted due to wage gaps, societal gender norms, and restricted access to flexible work arrangements, which intensify their financial difficulties. The persistent economic strain also correlates with adverse mental health outcomes, such as anxiety and depression, and negatively affects children’s emotional and academic development. While social support systems, government welfare programs, and financial assistance can mitigate these challenges, many interventions remain insufficient or inaccessible to those most in need. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach that accounts for the unique struggles of single-parent households.

RECOMMENDATIONS

To alleviate the financial challenges faced by single parents, policymakers should prioritize comprehensive and inclusive measures. These include expanding childcare subsidies, offering tax benefits tailored to single-parent households, and creating flexible work opportunities that accommodate caregiving responsibilities. Strengthening access to financial literacy programs and community-based support networks can empower single parents to manage their resources more effectively. Employers should implement family-friendly workplace policies, such as flexible hours and remote work options, to help single parents balance employment and caregiving duties. Additionally, government programs must address eligibility and accessibility barriers to ensure that assistance reaches those who need it most. Lastly, further research should explore innovative, culturally sensitive solutions to enhance the long-term financial stability and overall well-being of single-parent families.

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