Visualising and Mapping Waqf Education: A Decade of Bibliometric Analysis

Visualising and Mapping Waqf Education: A Decade of Bibliometric Analysis

Nurul Mazrah Manshor^1*, Rohayati Hussin², Lina Jamilah³, Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat⁴, Noor Asyimah Ramli⁵

^1,2,4Faculty of Law, UiTM Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, 08400 Merbok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

³Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Islam Bandung (UNISBA), Bandung, Indonesia

⁵Noor Asyimah & Associates, Penang, Malaysia

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.9010405

Received: 26 December 2024; Accepted: 30 December 2024; Published: 03 February 2025

ABSTRACT

This bibliometric study explores the evolving landscape of waqf research within the field of education. The research problem arises from the need for a comprehensive understanding of the development and trajectory of waqf-related scholarly output. The study aims to map and analyse the growth, trends, and impact of research in this area, specifically focusing on Scopus-indexed journals. A bibliometric approach is employed, using Scopus data to extract key metrics, including the number of publications, authors, and citations. A validation is evidenced by our comparative findings of 1,616 documents identified on Scopus. As of December 13, 2023, the final dataset consists of 336 meticulously curated documents, each subjected to bibliometric analysis focusing on the title and abstract of every source. The analysis utilised Excel software, VOSviewer, and Harzing’s Publish or Perish to visualise patterns, map trends, and calculate key metrics within the dataset. The findings reveal a clear map of the development of waqf education research, highlighting popular themes, prolific authors, and influential articles. The analysis provides a detailed overview of patterns in scholarly activity, offering a snapshot of the trends shaping waqf-related education research. The study’s implications extend to both academia and practice. For academics, it is a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and students involved in waqf studies. Practically, the insights can assist policymakers, educational institutions, and waqf practitioners in understanding current trends and make informed decisions. In conclusion, this bibliometric review contributes to the knowledge of waqf education by providing a comprehensive, data-driven analysis. The findings highlight the importance of sustained research efforts and strategic planning in advancing waqf education.

Keywords: Waqf, Waqf Education, Bibliometric Analysis, Mapping Waqf Trends

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Waqf, an Islamic endowment system with deep historical roots, has garnered increasing attention in contemporary scholarship, particularly education. As societies seek sustainable solutions to finance diverse needs and achieve developmental objectives, understanding the evolving landscape of waqf education becomes imperative (Rusli et al., 2023; Uluyol et al., 2021). This introduction sets the stage for a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to visualise and map the trajectory of waqf education research over the past decade. By examining highly cited articles in the field, this study aims to identify key themes, prominent contributors, and emerging trends in waqf education (Alshater et al., 2021; Mat Nawi et al., 2021). Such understandings are crucial for advancing knowledge, informing policy decisions, and fostering innovation in educational financing and development within Islamic finance and philanthropy.

This study explores the scholarly landscape surrounding waqf education, employing bibliometric methodologies to discern patterns, trends, and gaps in existing research (Misbah et al., 2022). This introduction provides an overview, addresses the existing literature, discusses gaps, outlines the bibliometric analysis, and proposes research objectives.

Mapping Waqf Education is rooted in the academic quest to comprehend the trajectory of waqf education over the past decade. This study synthesises understandings from previous research to offer a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Past studies, such as a forty-year bibliometric analysis by Aldeen (2021), highlight the decline in the popularity of waqf in recent years, underscoring the need to bridge research gaps and address ignorance surrounding waqf (Uluyol et al., 2021). Furthermore, a bibliometric review of waqf literature by Alshater et al. (2021) provides a foundational understanding of existing research gaps and sets the stage for further investigation.

Despite existing bibliometric analyses, a visible gap persists in the literature on mapping Waqf Education. The latest studies indicate an emerging interest, such as Rusli’s (2023) analysis of waqf education on Google Scholar, emphasising the need to explore the bibliometric landscape in this specific domain (Aldeen, 2021). The gap lies in the scarcity of studies explicitly mapping the evolution of waqf education using bibliometric approaches, necessitating a focused inquiry to fill this void.

This bibliometric analysis employs a systematic approach to map research development in waqf education over the past decade. The study draws inspiration from recent literature, such as the bibliometric assessment of scholarly publications on waqf by Mat Nawi et al. (2021) and the analysis of waqf education trends using Google Scholar data by Rusli et al. (2023). The research uses descriptive statistical analysis and mapping tools to unveil patterns, key contributors, and thematic clusters within the waqf education landscape (Uluyol et al., 2021).

The following research objectives are proposed to advance the mapping of waqf education. Firstly, exploring trends involves uncovering temporal shifts in waqf education research over the past decade, tracking its evolution and identifying emerging areas of interest. Secondly, identifying key contributors entails recognising prolific authors and institutions driving advancements in waqf education, thereby acknowledging their impact on the field. Thirdly, mapping thematic clusters systematically categorises research topics within waqf education literature, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of its various dimensions. Fourthly, assessing citation patterns aims to examine the dissemination and influence of key publications, thereby gauging their impact on academic discourse. Lastly, addressing research gaps requires a thorough bibliometric analysis to identify areas for further investigation and scholarly exploration, thereby ensuring the comprehensive coverage of the subject. This bibliometric paper enhances our understanding of waqf education and contributes valuable understanding to researchers and practitioners.

Bibliometric analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the research landscape in a particular field or topic. In this study, we conduct a bibliometric analysis focused on the waqf education. A search of academic databases using the keywords “waqf” and “education” yielded many publications, indicating the growing interest in this field. To gain a deeper understanding of this literature, we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to map the field’s key trends, themes, and research gaps.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In recent years, waqf education has witnessed a surge in academic interest, prompting scholars to systematically employ bibliometric analyses to map and evaluate the evolving landscape. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals a series of scholarly endeavours dedicated to understanding the nuances of waqf, with a particular emphasis on its educational aspects.

One noteworthy contribution is the study by Rusdiana et al. (2021), which offers a detailed examination of Waqf-related research in Scopus-indexed journals. The study utilises descriptive statistical analysis to identify trends, gaps, and key contributors in Waqf education. Similarly, a study by Mat Nawi et al., 2021 provides a unique perspective by delving into Indonesia’s Waqf development pattern. The bibliometric analysis covers diverse facets, including the study of research trends and development in the field and focuses on the biblio-metrics of Waqf education using Google Scholar data from 2019 to 2022. This study adopts a quantitative strategy, leveraging bibliographic information to understand research trends in Waqf education.

Recent scholarship has seen a surge in bibliometric analyses aimed at mapping the landscape of Waqf education. These studies employ advanced quantitative methods to uncover trends, gaps, and key contributors. A pivotal work by Alshater (2022) stands out as the first comprehensive review, offering an understanding of existing research gaps and directions for future exploration. These notable contributions underscore the significance of bibliometric analyses in unravelling the intricacies of Waqf education. By employing advanced quantitative techniques, researchers aim to identify key trends and contributors and contribute to the ongoing discourse on the transformative potential of waqf in education.

Building on this, Rusli (2023) focuses on Indonesia’s Waqf development pattern, contributing a unique perspective to the global discourse. Similarly, Ninglasari (2021) systematically explores and visualises the cash Waqf research literature, providing a basis for future research. Noteworthy contributions also emerge from the study by Rusli et al., 2023 employing descriptive statistical analysis and bibliometrics to review and analyse Waqf-related research in Google Scholar.

Moreover, Abdullah’s work in 2023 presents a comprehensive review of the literature on waqf for poverty alleviation, highlighting the diverse applications of waqf in addressing societal challenges. These recent contributions collectively underscore the growing interest and multidimensional exploration of Waqf education through bibliometric analyses.

The literature on mapping Waqf education through a decade-long bibliometric analysis has demonstrated a growing interest and commitment to understanding the trends, contributors, and developments in this field. However, despite the valuable contributions of existing studies, notable research gaps warrant attention. Firstly, a comprehensive understanding of the global landscape of Waqf education requires more inclusive and diverse datasets. Many studies focus on specific regions or periods, leaving gaps in our knowledge regarding the holistic development of Waqf education worldwide. Secondly, while existing research has successfully identified key contributors and highlighted emerging trends, there is a need for more in-depth analyses of the underlying methodologies employed in Waqf education research. A critical evaluation of the methodological approaches used in bibliometric studies would provide a clearer picture of the reliability and validity of the findings. Furthermore, the existing literature primarily focuses on quantitative analyses, leaving a gap in qualitative exploration. Qualitative studies can provide a significant understanding of Waqf education initiatives’ motivations, challenges, and impacts, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.

Research related to waqf education must be mapped comprehensively, considering the importance of this topic. Waqf education is one of the common threads in solving several societal problems. According to Asbaş and Tuzlukaya (2023), Ainol-Basirah and Siti-Nabiha (2023), Muhammad and Al-Shaghdari (2024), and Maulina et al. (2024), waqf education is important because it can help provide equal and quality access to education, and reduce the number of school dropouts due to financial problems. In institutional finance, waqf can be an independent and stable funding source to build educational infrastructure, such as libraries, madrasa, and universities. In the social aspect, waqf can help reduce the number of school dropouts by providing underprivileged children with access to decent education. Waqf can improve the quality of life of society as a whole. Moreover, in the aspect of spirituality, for Muslim society, waqf is considered a jariyah charity that will continue to provide benefits even after someone dies.

Waqf education is important in the development of Islam (Iskandar, 2022). Historically, the Ottoman Empire was once a significant world power. Its territory covered three continents simultaneously, namely parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The pioneer of waqf management in Turkey was Orhan Ghazi (1324-1326 AD) (Orbay, 2019; İnal, 2020). On the waqf land, Orhan founded the first Islamic educational institution in Ottoman history. The madrasah in Iznik functioned as a place for the community, especially the younger generation, to study religious knowledge. Among the school’s first alums was Dawud al-Qaysari (1260-1350 AD), a prominent cleric. Orhan then appointed him as a professor at the madrasa. In its development, the sultan did not only donate his personal property for the sake of the institution’s continuity. He also introduced a tiered education system so that students could focus more on gaining knowledge (Avedta, 2023). The community and local government have cultivated waqf for centuries (Muna & Yasdi, 2023). This inspired the West, so the endowment fund institution was born in Europe. Through the waqf system, the Ottomans succeeded in realising equality and prosperity. Various policies taken by the Sultans also made it easy for people to be invited to make waqf. Many people, including students, enjoyed the results of the management of waqf assets (Saiti, Dembele & Bulut, 2021).

This Islamic waqf education culture has inspired the Western world (Orbay, 2019; Muna & Yasdi, 2023). Since waqf (endowment in the Western world), practised as a support for education in the West in 1502 AD by Lady Margaret Beaufort at the Universities of Oxford (Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity) and Cambridge (Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity), endowment in the West has until now become an important driving force for the advancement of education, significantly higher education (Edovald & Nevill, 2021). Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities in Europe and America, use waqf funds to finance the university’s operational costs (Kimball & Johnson, 2012; Borooah, 2024). In addition, an endowment fund is also used to finance each institution at the university, for example, for the provision of scholarships. The amount of endowment from the world’s top universities varies. However, what is certain is that the management of endowment funds in the Western world is running optimally. This is proven by the many top universities in the world managed with endowment systems. Endowment in the Western world includes educational facilities and infrastructure, development and research in science and technology, chaired professorships, scholarships and research in the humanitarian field. Eleven world top universities are developing through the endowment system (Lord, 2014; Zhang & Cao, 2024).

In summary, while the current literature has made significant strides in mapping Waqf education through bibliometric analyses, addressing these research gaps will undoubtedly enrich our understanding of the field and pave the way for more robust and insightful future investigations.

METHODOLOGY

Bibliometric studies are highly regarded for their statistical examination of various scholarly publications, encompassing books and academic papers (Bellis, 2009; Hood & Wilson, 2001). However, broader bibliometric analyses enable transparent assessments that embrace quantitative and qualitative dimensions within a specific knowledge domain (Zupic & Čater, 2015). Notably, software-driven data aggregation empowers researchers to uncover pertinent information, including social networks, geographic areas of discourse, keywords, authorships, and co-citations. This approach results in the creation of focused representations of research areas, as exemplified in the context of the flow of waqf research (Rusli et al., 2023; Uluyol et al., 2021).

Ahmi and Mohamad (2019) emphasised the increasing popularity of bibliometric analysis in uncovering and understanding research trends in specific subject areas. The method provides a comprehensive view of focused research domains by offering a detailed understanding of various aspects of publications, such as publication types, geographic locations of publication, the h-index (a measure of author productivity and citation impact), authorship details, keyword frequency, and citation metrics (Ahmi & Mohd Nasir, 2019).

In this study, we employ the bibliometric analytic method, a well-established approach in academic circles, to explore the current trajectory of scholarly literature growth in waqf education. Bibliometrics entails applying statistical and quantitative methods to analyse patterns and trends in published literature. Within the scope of this investigation, our researchers utilise network visualisation alongside a range of bibliometric indicators to effectively present and interpret their findings.

In our analysis, the preliminary phase, after the delineation of research inquiries, involves a concentrated focus on keyword selection. Employing the macro approach endorsed by Chen and Xiao (2016) and Massaro et al. (2016), we initiate our investigation with a comprehensive search methodology to explore and scrutinise a broader thematic context. Acknowledging the prevailing scholarly interest and the paucity of systematic studies featuring holistic analyses, our research framework deliberately incorporates the term “waqf” in the article title, abstract, and keywords.

The research scrutiny is conducted utilising the Scopus database, renowned for its multidisciplinary character, thereby facilitating the exploration of diverse data-suited fields within the realm of waqf education (Abdullah et al., 2023). As posited by Mongeon and Paul-Hus (2016), the Scopus database is reputed for its comprehensive coverage across all realms of research, including the social sciences. A validation is evidenced by our comparative findings of 1616 on Scopus. The final dataset, as of December 13, 2023, comprises 336 meticulously curated documents, each subjected to a bibliometric analysis that concentrates on the title and abstract of every source.

To augment the lucidity of our findings, researchers judiciously deploy Excel and VOSviewer software (van Eck & Waltman, 2013). The latter proves instrumental in discerning relationships between keywords, thereby contributing to researchers’ meticulous mapping of scientific topics deliberated upon. This methodological step is critical in furnishing a structured research agenda for prospective scholarly endeavours (Secinaro & Calandra, 2020).

For this study, the researchers opted to conduct bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, a freely available tool designed for constructing and visualising network relationships among scholarly publications (van Eck & Waltman, 2013). This tool aids in uncovering the relationships and connections within the scholarly literature on waqf education. Another tool employed in this research is Harzing’s Publish or Perish, a well-established software program for retrieving and analysing academic citations (Harzing, 2007).

VOSviewer and Publish or Perish serve complementary roles in this study. VOSviewer helps construct visual representations of the relationships among publications, facilitating understanding of the network dynamics within waqf education literature (van Eck & Waltman, 2013). Meanwhile, Publish or Perish focuses on the quantitative analysis of academic citations, providing detailed citation metrics such as h-index, g-index, and citations per year (Harzing, 2007). The researchers chose these tools strategically to gain a more holistic understanding of the impact of publications. Furthermore, the study extends its investigation beyond mere citation counts, delving into metrics such as impact per publication and citation per publication. These additional metrics provide significant insights into the influence and scholarly significance of the works on waqf education.

In summary, the research not only leverages bibliometric methods but also employs specific tools like VOSviewer and Publish or Perish to delve into the intricate details of the academic literature on waqf education, shedding light on its growth trends and impact.

Figure. 1: PRISMA Flow Diagram

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The data obtained from the Scopus database was used to analyse bibliometric attributes, including publication by year and annual growth, document types and source types, the document’s language, subject area, keyword analysis, country productivity, authorship, active institution, and citation analysis. We present most of the findings in frequency and percentage format. As per the VOSviewer manual, the tool maps the co-occurrence of author keywords, reports citation analysis as citation metrics, and reveals the most cited articles (Van Eck & Waltman, 2021).

Document Types

Table 1 presents a comprehensive analysis of document types within a bibliometric study, shedding light on various modes of scholarly communication in the field. These document types serve as key indicators of shared knowledge and contribute to broader academic discussions. The study explores the distribution of these formats to identify patterns, preferences, and potential impacts on the flow of scholarly dialogue. Understanding the distinctions and proportions of each type reveals the complexity of academic output and the varied channels through which research findings are conveyed. The predominance of articles, representing 74.11% of total publications, highlights a strong focus on original research and scholarly discussion, suggesting an active academic community dedicated to generating new knowledge and advancing theory. Book chapters, making up 9.82% of publications, reflect a meaningful contribution to broader thematic works, often within edited volumes or academic collections. Conference papers, comprising 7.74%, indicate the significance of academic gatherings for sharing findings and fostering real-time discussions. Reviews (5.65%) and books (1.79%) highlight a balanced approach to scholarly communication, blending critical evaluations of existing literature with producing independent works. Less frequent document types, such as notes and editorials, account for smaller proportions but represent niche contributions, emerging research forms, or editorial insights. The analysis in Table 1 underscores a diverse approach to disseminating knowledge, with the dominance of articles complemented by substantial contributions from other formats, reflecting an active and varied academic exchange.

Table 1: Document Type

Source Types

Table 2 presents an in-depth analysis of the distribution of scholarly publications by source type within a bibliometric study, revealing key trends in how academic knowledge is shared. Source types are crucial to bibliometric analysis, as they offer insights into the platforms for disseminating research. This exploration of publication patterns aims to identify dominant platforms, uncover trends in scholarly communication, and understand the dynamics of academic publishing. Journals, making up 81.55% of total publications, dominate as the primary medium, reflecting the scholarly community’s preference for peer-reviewed outlets and the importance of rigorous review processes in advancing knowledge. Books, accounting for 11.01%, play a significant role in facilitating more comprehensive discussions, often presenting theoretical frameworks, extended research, or synthesised insights. Conference proceedings, at 4.46%, highlight the relevance of conferences for sharing preliminary research and fostering dialogue among scholars. The book series, constituting 2.98% of publications, underscores the value of ongoing, specialised contributions within specific themes, supporting sustained academic discussions. This distribution of source types not only illustrates prevailing trends in the field but guides researchers in identifying key platforms for future studies and collaboration.

Table 2: Source Type

Year of Publications/Evolution of Published Studies

Table 3 provides an overview of the distribution of scholarly publications across eleven years, offering a temporal perspective on academic output within a bibliometric study. Examining the temporal dimension helps reveal how research trends evolve, identify periods of heightened activity, and track shifts in scholarly focus. The data illustrates distinct trends and patterns, reflecting changes in research productivity over time. 2022 marks the peak of scholarly activity, accounting for 14.88% of total publications, potentially driven by emerging research themes, increased funding, or other external factors boosting productivity. The years 2021 and 2023 follow closely, contributing 14.58% and 14.29%, respectively, suggesting sustained momentum in research efforts during this period. Between 2017 and 2019, the output remained stable, representing approximately 31% of the total, indicating consistent scholarly engagement. In contrast, 2015 and 2014 show lower activity levels, each contributing less than 3% of total publications, possibly reflecting changes in research priorities or funding constraints. A declining trend from 2016 to 2013 further suggests a gradual reduction in output, warranting additional exploration of external factors that may have influenced research productivity during these years. This temporal analysis offers insights into scholarly activity fluctuations, helping map the field’s research trajectory across the specified period.

Table 3: Year of Publications

Figure 2: Document by Year

Languages of Documents

Table 4 examines the languages used in scholarly publications, highlighting the linguistic dimensions of research dissemination. English dominates with 92.94% of the total publications, reflecting its role as the primary medium for global academic communication and enabling broad access to research findings. At the same time, including other languages—such as Turkish, Arabic, Chinese, Malay, Russian, and Bosnian—indicates efforts to engage diverse linguistic communities. Turkish and Arabic point to research connected with specific regions or communities, while Chinese and Russian reflect participation in non-Western academic traditions, contributing to the global knowledge exchange. The smaller presence of Bosnian, representing 0.29% of the publications, suggests a specialised research niche or a smaller academic network where this language is relevant. This linguistic diversity extends beyond regional preferences, demonstrating a commitment to inclusivity and the recognition of diverse perspectives in academic discourse. Acknowledging languages beyond English is essential for promoting a more inclusive global academic community. Ongoing evaluations of language usage will remain key to understanding the evolving linguistic trends in scholarly communication and supporting broader accessibility to knowledge.

Table 4: Languages Used for Publications

*One document has been prepared in dual languages

Subject Area

Table 5 provides a detailed breakdown of scholarly publications across various subject areas, shedding light on the thematic focus within the analysed field. Social Sciences lead with 50.30% of the total publications, strongly emphasising topics such as sociology, psychology, and related disciplines. Economics, Econometrics, and Finance account for 36.61%, highlighting a significant focus on economic and financial themes. Arts and Humanities contribute 30.36%, reflecting active scholarly engagement with literature, philosophy, and cultural studies, showcasing the interdisciplinary nature of research within the field. Business, Management, and Accounting represent 28.27%, indicating substantial attention to organisational dynamics, strategic management, and financial accounting. Computer Science and Engineering contribute 8.33%, pointing to the field’s technological dimension and engagement with advancements in these areas. Environmental Science, Decision Sciences, Energy, and Mathematics add further diversity, representing niche areas within the research landscape. Meanwhile, subject areas such as Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Multidisciplinary, Physics and Astronomy, and Medicine contribute between 1.79% and 2.68% each, indicating specialised research within both natural and life sciences. This diverse distribution of subject areas illustrates a broad and interdisciplinary scholarly landscape. The prominence of Social Sciences, Economics, Arts and Humanities focuses on addressing societal, economic, and cultural challenges, while contributions from various other disciplines enhance the richness of research. This thematic overview helps researchers and stakeholders understand the breadth of scholarly output and identify potential areas for future research exploration.

Table 5: Subject Area

Most Active Source Titles

Table 6 provides an overview of the most active source titles contributing to scholarly discourse within the examined field, highlighting the distribution of publications across key journals and outlets. The “Isra International Journal of Islamic Finance” and the “Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research” stand out, each contributing 4.76% of the total publications, emphasising their central role in advancing Islamic finance and accounting research. The “Global Journal Al Thaqafah” follows with 4.17%, indicating its importance in promoting research within cultural and intellectual contexts. Other significant contributors include the “International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management,” “Revitalisation of Waqf for Socio-Economic Development Volume I,” and the “Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance,” all of which add meaningful percentages to the total scholarly output. This analysis identifies leading sources and offers researchers a clear guide to relevant journals and publications for a deeper exploration of topics within Islamic finance and related areas.

Table 6: Most Active Source Title

Keywords Analysis

The network visualisation offers an in-depth view of keywords related to waqf, illustrating the interconnected concepts within this Islamic endowment practice. Waqf refers to donating property or assets for religious or social purposes supporting socio-economic development within the Muslim community. In the visualisation, nodes represent keywords, with their size indicating importance, their colour denoting subtopics, and the thickness of edges reflecting the strength of relationships. At the centre of the circular layout is the keyword “waqf,” highlighting its central role, surrounded by clusters of related keywords in distinct colours. The blue cluster explores the concept and definition of waqf, including Islamic law, shariah, fiqh, and legal frameworks. The green cluster focuses on various forms of waqf, such as cash, land, corporate, and environmental waqf. The yellow cluster addresses governance and management issues, covering information management, performance measurement, accountability, and transparency. The red cluster examines the impact of waqf, encompassing areas like poverty alleviation, social entrepreneurship, education, and mosque development. Connections between clusters reveal the interdependence of waqf elements; for example, the link between “legal framework” and “information management” underscores how governance relies on effective information systems, while the relationship between “education” and “corporate waqf” illustrates education’s role as both a recipient and contributor. This network visualisation highlights the complexity and diversity of waqf, offering valuable insights into key themes, relationships, and areas for further exploration within the field.

Figure 3: Network visualisation map of the author keywords

Table 7 and Figure 4 present an overview of the most frequently occurring author keywords in scholarly publications related to the examined field, offering insights into the thematic focus of academic discourse. The keyword “Waqf” stands out as the most prominent, appearing in 36.31% of total publications, reflecting the centrality of this concept within the research landscape. “Cash Waqf” follows with 10.12%, indicating a strong interest in the financial dimensions of waqf, particularly in exploring the role of monetary endowments. The keyword “Malaysia” appears in 6.85% of publications, pointing to a regional focus and suggesting that waqf practices in Malaysia receive significant scholarly attention, likely due to the unique socio-economic context of the area. “Islamic Finance,” at 4.46%, highlights the intersection of waqf with broader Islamic financial principles, underscoring the exploration of waqf beyond its charitable aspects. Keywords such as “Endowment” (3.57%) and “Education” (2.98%) further diversify the discourse, reflecting the role of waqf in supporting educational initiatives and its broader socio-economic impact. Table 7 and Figure 4 provide quantitative insights into the thematic distribution of keywords, emphasising the varied dimensions of waqf research. The prominence of these terms highlights the multifaceted nature of inquiry within this domain and lays a foundation for a deeper exploration of waqf practices and their academic significance.

Table 7: Top Keywords

Figure 4: Top keywords

Geographical Distribution of Publications – Most Influential Countries

Table 8 presents the geographical distribution of scholarly publications related to the examined field, detailing the number of publications from each country and their percentage contributions. Malaysia leads with 167 publications, accounting for 49.70% of the total, reflecting the country’s active engagement and strong scholarly focus on waqf. Indonesia follows with 73 publications (21.73%), indicating substantial regional involvement in waqf-related research. Turkey and the United States share the third position, each contributing 19 publications (5.65%), highlighting balanced interest from both Islamic and Western regions and underscoring the global relevance of the subject. The United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, India, and China also contribute, with each adding varying percentages, further demonstrating the international scope of waqf research. Additional contributions from countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Australia, Germany, Iran, Qatar, the Russian Federation, and France enrich the geographic diversity of scholarly engagement. This distribution underscores the broad appeal of waqf research, with participation from traditional Islamic and non-Islamic regions. The insights from Table 8 provide valuable information for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering a global perspective on waqf research and highlighting regional variations in scholarly focus.

Table 8: Top 20 Countries contributed to the publications.

Authorship

Table 9 offers an overview of authors’ scholarly productivity within the waqf research field, detailing the number of documents attributed to each author and their percentage representation. R. Sukmana leads with eight documents (2.38%), reflecting a significant and sustained engagement with waqf-related research. Following closely, M.O. Mohammed has seven documents (2.08%), demonstrating consistent scholarly output. Johari, F., and S. Kassim share the third spot, each contributing six documents (1.79%), highlighting their active involvement in the field. A. Ascarya, R. Hassan, and A.A. Rahman, alongside several other authors, contributed five documents (1.49%) indicating their continued participation in waqf scholarship. Additionally, authors such as Allah Pitchay, M.A. Haneef, S. Ismail, N. Laila, H. Sabri, A. Ab Rahman, M.I. Abd Jalil, M. Abdullah, M.M. Alam, A. Aman, E.R.A. Engku Ali, M.K. Hassan, and R. Hussin have each contributed three documents (0.89%), reflecting a broad and collaborative scholarly community. This diverse range of contributions underscores the collective effort driving waqf research and highlights the significance of individual engagement. Table 9 provides valuable insights for the academic community, enabling stakeholders to identify key contributors and understand trends within waqf research.

Table 9: Most Productive Authors

Text Analysis

The titles and abstracts of the collected documents were analysed using the binary counting method through VOSviewer software. This method counts the occurrence of nouns based on whether they appear in an article, regardless of frequency (van Eck & Waltman, 2014). The study examined all headings and abstracts from the dataset through this approach. Figure 5 visually presents the results, with node sizes reflecting the strength of occurrence and line thickness indicating the strength of connections between terms. Related terms are grouped to illustrate their connections. The analysis reveals that “innovation,” “policies,” “consumers,” and “processes” are closely connected, while terms such as “protection,” “digital platform,” “economy,” “business,” and “Uber” also show strong interrelationships. The terms are displayed in three different colours, representing distinct clusters within the network. This method provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationships between key terms, helping to uncover underlying themes and emerging trends in the text.

Figure 5: VOS viewer visualisation of a term co-occurrence network based on title and abstract fields (Binary Counting)

Most Influential Institutions

Table 11, titled “Most Influential Institutions with a Minimum of Five Publications,” offers a detailed view of the academic productivity and impact of institutions contributing to waqf-related research. It lists institutions with at least five publications, providing the total number of publications and their percentage representation. The International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) leads with 42 publications (12.50%), establishing itself as a prominent contributor to the field. Universiti Teknologi MARA and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia follow with 33 (9.82%) and 20 (5.95%) publications, respectively, reflecting their significant engagement in waqf research. Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia and the International Islamic University Malaysia’s Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance each contribute 19 publications (5.65%), further demonstrating the influence of Malaysian institutions. Other active contributors include Universitas Airlangga, INCEIF University, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and Universiti Malaya, each with 15 to 17 publications highlighting the diversity of institutions involved. The table also reflects the global nature of waqf research, with contributions from international institutions such as the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, and Bank Indonesia. These findings provide valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and stakeholders, highlighting the key institutions shaping the waqf research landscape and identifying potential collaborators and hubs.

Table 11: Most influential institutions with a minimum of five publications

Citation Analysis

Table 12 presents key metrics that provide insights into waqf-related research’s citation patterns, productivity, and impact. The table summarises data from 336 papers published over a decade, accumulating 1,434 citations. The average citation per year (Cites Year) is 143.4, reflecting the annual impact generated by the research, while the average citation per paper (Cites Paper) stands at 4.27, indicating the level of attention individual publications receive. At the author level, the Cites Author metric captures the cumulative impact, with a value of 704.77, highlighting the significant influence of authors involved in the field. The Papers Author metric, averaging 165.93, suggests that each contributing author is associated with around 166 papers, illustrating high research productivity. Additionally, the Authors Paper metric, with a value of 2.89, indicates that nearly three authors, on average, collaborate on each paper, reflecting the multidisciplinary and cooperative nature of waqf research. The h-index for the corpus is 19, meaning at least 19 papers have each received 19 or more citations, reinforcing the sustained relevance and impact of the field. These metrics depict a research landscape marked by steady productivity, strong collaboration, and significant citation influence, affirming the importance of waqf-related scholarship within the academic community over the past decade.

Table 12: Citations Metrics

Table 13 presents the top 20 most cited articles on waqf education, offering a detailed overview of influential research within the field. One prominent article is “Financing through cash-waqf: A revitalisation to finance different needs” (2013) by M. Ismail Abdel Mohsin, which has received 81 citations, averaging 8.1 per year. Mohsin’s work discusses the innovative use of cash-waqf as a versatile financial tool to address various needs. Another key contribution is “Waqf, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and maqasid al-shariah” (2018) by M. Abdullah, with 54 citations and an annual rate of 10.8. Abdullah’s article connects waqf with the SDGs and maqasid al-shariah, aligning Islamic finance with global development objectives. Also notable is “Challenges and solutions in Islamic microfinance” (2013) by R.A. Rahman and F. Dean, which has accumulated 39 citations, averaging 3.9 per year. This article examines challenges within the Islamic financial ecosystem and offers practical solutions. The collection in Table 13 also includes research on diverse topics, such as neurosurgery in Uganda, cash-waqf models for micro-enterprises in Malaysia, and the role of waqf in financial inclusion in Nigeria, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of waqf-related studies. These articles demonstrate the broad applicability of waqf across various contexts. Table 13 is a valuable resource for researchers and scholars. It showcases waqf studies’ diverse and impactful contributions and highlights its relevance across multiple domains and disciplines.

Table 13: Highly cited articles

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This bibliometric analysis comprehensively explores waqf education research, offering insights across multiple dimensions. 336 articles, spanning from 2013 to 2023, were examined to uncover trends and patterns in this developing field. The study offers a detailed understanding of the scholarly landscape surrounding waqf education by analysing document types, source types, publication years, languages, subject areas, key sources, influential authors, institutional contributions, citation metrics, and highly cited articles.

The analysis highlights significant aspects of the field. The dominance of “Article” as the primary document type and “Journal” as the preferred source type reflects the emphasis on rigorous research and the importance of peer-reviewed journals for knowledge dissemination. Temporal trends reveal 2022 as a peak year of scholarly output, while the global distribution of publications, with Malaysia playing a pivotal role, illustrates the international scope of waqf education research. Citation metrics and highly cited works further underscore the impact of key contributions within the academic community.

While the study provides valuable insights, it also has limitations. The reliance on specific databases and search queries may have restricted coverage, potentially overlooking relevant sources. The exclusion of some publications and the rapidly evolving nature of the field call for a cautious interpretation of the findings. Additionally, focusing on specific aspects of waqf education may have left broader dimensions unexplored, presenting opportunities for future research.

To build on this foundation, future studies should expand the scope by incorporating additional databases and diverse search strategies to capture a broader range of literature. Investigating innovation in waqf education through bibliometric analysis could reveal emerging trends and unaddressed gaps. Comparative studies across regions and cultural contexts may deepen understanding of the global landscape. Furthermore, exploring waqf education’s practical applications and socio-economic impacts offers promising avenues for future research. As the field continues to evolve, sustained attention to emerging trends is essential to ensure that research remains relevant and advances knowledge in waqf education.

Acknowledgement: The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback and constructive suggestions. We also thank the Editor for their guidance throughout the review process. Furthermore, we thank everyone involved in developing and completing this writing for their valuable contributions and collaboration.

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