Working in a multicultural environment today is a common thing, but the challenge of cultural shock is still something that has yet to find the right solution. This is because each organization is different in dealing with the cultural shock that occurs. The subject of this research is the Carnival cruise ship crew which consists of more than seventy crews from different countries, which is a challenge for crews from Indonesia who work on it. Using qualitative descriptive methods from the results of online interviews with five cruise ship crews who have experience working between three to five contracts. This research is to understand the adaptation process of intercultural communication and the barriers to intercultural communication experienced by Carnival crews from Indonesia. The result of this research is the existence of adaptation by divergence and convergence, both verbal and nonverbal in the adaptation process of intercultural communication. These results can enrich the theme in the umbrella of qualitative research models in the field of communication science as well as related theories from human science about intercultural social life. This relationship is understood to be useful from a practical aspect, especially for prospective cruise ship crew before starting their adventure working on a cruise ship
Page(s): 01-07 Date of Publication: 25 October 2020
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The Lunda initiation ritual is examined against the theoretical background of Victor Turner’s adaptation (1967, 1968, 1969, 1974) of Arnold van Gennep’s model (1960), according to which every rite of passage is consisting of three stages: separation; liminality, a state of being “betwixt and between”; and aggregation, the phase of re-admission and return to society with a new, transformed status. The main features of Lunda rites of passages and the sequences characterizing them are outlined. The paper then decodes and discusses the meanings of and values of male and female puberty rites symbols. It is suggested that considering their significance and values, the performance and the ritual celebration conducted during the initiation period are of great importance in the Lunda day to day lives.
Page(s): 08-14 Date of Publication: 27 October 2020
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The present study evaluated the impact of government expenditure on agriculture on agricultural sector output in Nigeria for the period 1981-2018with time series data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and Annual Reports. Agricultural value added was specified as a function of labour force, capital expenditure, recurrent expenditure, agricultural loans, average annual rainfall, interest rate and economic reforms. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test used to test for stationarity of the data reveals that the time series data were stationary at I(0) and I(1). Bound test cointegration indicates a long run relationship in the model. The result of the ARDL model technique analysis reveals that capital expenditure is positively related to agricultural output and it is also statistically significant at 5 % in the current year (P(t) = 0.0080). It was understood that the impact of capital expenditure on agricultural output begins to weaken after one year (P(t) = 0.0815). However, recurrent expenditure has a negative and insignificant impact on agricultural output (P(t) = 0.6657). The study recommends that governments at all levels should intensify and increase expenditure on capital items in Agriculture sector. Procurement of capital expenditure by government should be effectively monitored. This will ensure that the right and durable equipment are procured. With respect to recurrent expenditure which negates output in the agricultural output, there is need for reorganization of overhead expenditures in the sector. Close monitoring and cut of overhead spending in the agricultural should be instituted in all government agencies related to agriculture in Nigeria.
Page(s): 15-26 Date of Publication: 27 October 2020
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Profitability of banking sector in Kenya has been declining since 2013. Some of the factors include high competition, capping of interest, pricing strategies among others. Pricing strategies in banking has not been considered despite underlying symptoms of declining growth in assets, loan and deposit. Therefore, there is need to investigate the pricing strategies used in commercial banks in Kenya. The study sought to establish the effect of pricing strategies on profitability of commercial banks in Kericho County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The design is chosen because the target population was dispersed over a wide geographical area. The design was useful in helping the researcher to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data from the target population. The target respondents were 62 comprising of members of the pricing committees, who include the heads of strategy and planning, the general managers, marketing managers, sales managers, and finance managers in KCB, Equity, Standard Chartered, Co-operative, SBM Bank, Barclays, Trans-national bank, Sidian, DTB, National bank and Family Bank Kenya. The researcher used census sampling design to select 62 respondents representing the whole targeted population. Both closed and open ended questionnaires were utilized in data collection. Data analysis was done using ANOVA and multiple regression analysis with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science version 21.0. The study found out that there was significant relationship between price skimming strategies and profitability of the commercial banks. The study concluded that price skimming strategy provided new product to commercial banks and hence increased profitability. The study recommended that price skimming should be encouraged through encouraging product segmentation since it enables organization to develop new produces.
Page(s): 27-31 Date of Publication: 27 October 2020
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uneducated street children are a challenge to the national growth of a country. Education can be consider as a mechanism which can increase the national growth. Although there is free education in srilanka, there are a large number of children like street children , who lose their education due to other expenses. . This study aims to find out whether sri Lankan legal system is potential to protect the right to education of street children. The research problem is whether the existing legal system is potential to protect the right to education of street children. The objectives of this study are, to identify the existing legal framework for right to education of street children in srilanka,, to identify the problem of legal framework in related to right to education and to propose the necessary amendments to existing legal framework to fill the gaps. Combination of black letter methodology and comparative analysis with indian legal framework is also taken as a research methodology. For the qualitative analysis primary data are1978 srilanka constitution, penal code no 2 of 1883, children and young person’s ordinance no 48 0f 1939, the adoption of children ordinance No. 24 of 1941, Education ordinance No. 31 of 1939, prevention of domestic violence Act No. 34 of 2005, and international covenant on civil and political rights. and for secondary data including web articles and journal articles.
Page(s): 32-36 Date of Publication: 27 October 2020
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Food production is an essential factor in the growing population of the world. Base on this factor, various methods are used to accelerate food production and productivity in different contexts. In that process, chemicals are used on a large scale at different stages. Today this situation is affecting various aspects of human lives and it is also affecting to change the buying patterns of the consumers. Considering this, a study has been conducted on how rural and urban communities perceive the risks of agro-chemicals in food when food purchases. The main purpose of this is to identify how rural and urban communities perceive the risks of agro-chemicals in food, and as a sub-objective, how much consumers are aware of the agro-chemicals in foods and how chemicals in foods effect on the behavior of consumers. It can also be called whether the way is informed. The impact of agro- chemicals in food exposure on rural and urban communities is a matter of concern and a comparative study is being conducted in Passara and Maharagama Divisional Secretariats. Information were obtained from 200 houses by covering 100 houses equally in each Divisional Secretariat Division through questionnaires and interviews. The findings of the study revealed that, only 100% of the urban population buys food, 62% of the rural population buys where they cultivate the rest of 38% on their own. Almost all urban dwellers who buy food when they are aware of the dangers of agro- chemicals contained food. The main problem facing the people is the high cost of agrochemical free food. Although this is not considered by most of the urban community, it has been a decisive factor in focusing on the rural community. Most respondents had expressed interest in healthy and nutritionally rich food as well as environmental concerns and sustainability. The most important consideration when buying food is the family’s preferences and low cost, respectively. Most food buyers are at an optimal level of awareness of the chemical risks in foods. Also, although awareness of the dangers of chemicals in foods is similar in urban and rural areas, it can be concluded that the response to food purchases is different in urban and rural areas.
Page(s): 37-41 Date of Publication: 27 October 2020
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This study aims to analyze the effect of the Planning, Budgeting, and Reporting Management Information System (SIMRAL) on the acceleration of regional development in Pakpak Barat Regency. The research was conducted in West Pakpak Regency, North Sumatra Province on the Analysis of the Implementation of SIMRAL on the Acceleration of Regional Development in West Pakpak Regency. The method of analysis used in this research is multiple regression analysis methods using 112 respondents. The implementation of the SIMRAL with the dimensions of human resources, infrastructure, institutions and budgets, and IT services has a positive and significant impact on the acceleration of regional development in West Pakpak Regency. This can be explained that before the existence of SIMRAL, the annual Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) of Pakpak Barat Regency was passed in February and activities started running on average in April. After the existence of SIMRAL, it shows that the legalization process and activities planned in the APBD will run on time and according to schedule, namely implemented in February, so that the acceleration of development can be carried out by the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) and the Regional Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPD) of Regional Districts.
Page(s): 42-49 Date of Publication: 01 November 2020
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This study aims to analyze the effect of coffee farmer development on improving the economy in the Payung Sub-district. The results of data analysis indicate that the development of coffee farmers has a significant and positive effect on improving the economy in Payung District. The research findings show that the results of hypothesis testing through the t-test say that the development of coffee farmers has a significant and positive effect on improving the economy in Payung District. Therefore, it was decided that Ha was accepted.
Page(s): 50-57 Date of Publication: 01 November 2020
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Although the devolved system is based on the constitutional mandates and responsibilities, jitters still prevail due to the challenges of managing the tribal diversity in some counties, marginalization of minorities, handling of natural resources as well as discrimination in allocation of resources as results of political dilemma. The general objective of the study was to sought out the influence of political decentralization on the service delivery of the county governments in Kenya. The study was guided by the following Specific objectives; To determine the influence of legislative powers on the service delivery, To find out the influence of Political stability on the service delivery, To establish the influence of statutory reforms on the service delivery and to find out the influence of citizen Participation on the service delivery of the county governments in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design. The results showed that there is a statistically significant influence of legislative powers, Political stability, statutory reforms and citizen Participation on quality of service delivery in county governments in Kenya ensure the rights of public participation are observed to promote democratic processes and that guide on flexibility required to ensure change from the public contribution is felt
Page(s): 58-68 Date of Publication: 01 November 2020
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Electronic teaching and learning continue to soar across all levels of education in Ghana especially following the emergence of covid-19. To this end, plethora of Colleges and Universities are interested in how to best engage e-learners as regards course content. This study explores the dynamics through which taking courses via e-learning medium utilizes student engagement, juxtaposing data from the Ministry of Education-Ghana. Data was analyzed using a series of ordinary least squares regression models, also controlling for relevant student and institutional traits. The results corroborated several significant correlations between e-learning and final years student engagement in Ghana’s tertiary institutions. Those students taking quite a number of online courses were more likely to engage in quantitative reasoning than their other counterparts. Nonetheless, they were less likely to engage in collaborative learning, student-faculty interactions, and discussions with diverse others, compared to their more traditional classroom counterparts. The students with greater numbers of online courses also indicated less exposure to effective teaching practices and lower quality of interactions. The relationship between these engagement indicators and the percentage of classes taken online suggests that an online environment might benefit certain types of engagement but may also be somewhat of a deterrent to others. Institutions should consider these findings when designing online course content and encourage faculty to contemplate ways of encouraging student engagement across a variety of delivery types. Higher learning institutions should blend e-learning with traditional learning so as to fully expose variety of learners to the merits and somewhat demerits of either modes. More importantly, as majority of students who enjoyed the lofty Free Senior High School policy await admissions in tertiary institutions, the researchers recommend that e-learning batch of students be concurrently admitted with normal classroom delivery students so as to ensure increased intake and further ensure no qualified student is left behind due to infrastructural deficit. With this, whilst students are in school for traditional face-to-face sessions, their counterparts are home for e-learning with this practice being rotated on semester basis until such a time infrastructural deficit are addressed.
Page(s): 69-74 Date of Publication: 01 November 2020
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Globally, the most infectious disease was the new term of coronavirus disease by COVID-19 in all countries from the end of the year in 2019 until August 2020. Until now, COVID-19 not yet to solve and no meet vaccine. At the end of December 2019, there was an international cluster of cases involving Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The worldwide number of active cases and deaths is rising, especially in the top countries such as the United States (U.S), Brazil, and India. In Malaysia, these cases of COVID-19 have significantly decreased the number of active infections and deaths from May to August 2020. COVID-19 has a significant effect on human life, socio-economic growth, and public relation. It is focused at older age groups and individuals with various health problem conditions such as cancer, respiratory problems, diabetes, hypertension, and heart-related issues. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) has formally declared COVID-19 as an international critical case. The research uses GIS software to analyse COVID-19’s spatial-temporal of real time situation between Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia. COVID-19 information obtained between on 27 February until August 2020 and analysed using ArcGIS software 10.5 and SPSS for statistical analysis. Real time situation conducted to show distribution and changing patterns of the COVID-19 pandemic within MCO implemented. As a result, Kuala Lumpur was the most affected state in Malaysia as of 19 August 2020, followed by Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Johor. Regardless of the infection chain ratio, the favourable cases in each Malaysia’s affected state are rising every day. The Malaysian Government attempted to split the infection chain ratio affected by COVID-19 via the lockdown definition. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies have played a significant role in spatial information, spatial tracking of confirmed cases, active case, death, and discharge cases, and real time for predicting the magnitude of the spread. Monitoring, evaluating, and planning using geospatial analysis are essential for controlling COVID-19 within the country especially in the developing countries.
Page(s): 75-81 Date of Publication: 02 November 2020
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Most business organizations that are folding up in Nigeria today are victims of ineffectiveness. The vision and mission of their establishment have remained rather unattainable because they lacked capability for goal accomplishment. This is commonly found where managerial selection and placement procedures employed have been defective. Human resources remain one of the most active of all resources. To a considerable extent, it determines organizational performance. Managers in particular give enterprise the right focus and direction. This paper appraises the role of managerial selection and placement in organizational effectiveness. Selection process and problem of making the right selection, and coupled with appropriate motivational packages, it can be an enduring strategy for accomplishing enterprise’s goals and remaining relevant to all stakeholders.
Page(s): 82-85 Date of Publication: 03 November 2020
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The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ perception of school rules and regulations with regard to teacher-student relationship. The theoretical framework adopted was informed by Etzioni’s (1961) Compliance Theory. The philosophical orientation was relativist ontology and constructivist episte-mology. While methodology was case study. Unstructured inter-views were used in data collection followed by data transcrip-tions. To uphold trustworthiness of the study, “the member check” was used to check validity while reliability was enhanced through cross checking the transcripts for obvious mistakes. Piloting was carried out with form 4 students; 3 male and 3 fe-males at a peri-urban mixed secondary school in South Rift-Kenya and ethical considerations were observed throughout the study. Data were analyzed thematically and the results were presented as reported by the participants with the aid of thematic networks. The study found out that the students’ perception of school rules and regulations with regard to teacher-student rela-tionship was generally negative. Teacher-student conflicts were as a result of excessive force that teachers used on the students. Their inhuman, discriminative and impolite nature made stu-dents to oppose them. On the basis of the findings, the researcher recommended that teachers ought to take their time in explaining school rules and regulations to their students and avoid casting them in steel. Besides teachers ought to shun discrimination and harshness in enforcing of school rules and regulations and uphold dialogue.
Page(s): 86-93 Date of Publication: 03 November 2020
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There is a growing contentious debate among scholars, on the continuous Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, despite the effort of the government and interventions of the international community in waging war against insurgency in African. In the literature, there is insignificant agreement among scholars on the major reasons for the continuous Boko haram insurgence in Nigeria and the nature of Nigeria’s nation-building approach and migration foreign policy. Drawing lessons from US experience on nation-building and Zero-tolerance migration foreign policy. The study contends that Nigeria’s weak response to nation-building and meager migration policy had resulted in the constant insurgency in the country. The study accentuates or high light, the idea of incorrigible leadership style to ex-ray the attitude of leaders towards nations building and migration policy.
Page(s): 94-101 Date of Publication: 04 November 2020
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The article looked at the influence of political and economic changes to social policy. It used desk review to explore the interaction between political and economic changes and social policy in the context of Tanzania, from after independence to date. It appears that there is close interaction between the two variables. Across the history of Tanzania, political and economic changes, such as change from mono-party to multiparty political system and from socialism to liberalism, have been producing direct effects to social policy. Immediately after independence the country continued with the economic and political systems inherited from colonial regime, which were basically capitalistic and multiparty systems respectively. Social policy in this era was more market based, but received slight changes compared to colonial period to reflect few changes introduced by the new government. Socialism (ujamaa) period witnessed significant developments of social policy as a result of changes in political and economic policies. The state played its paternalistic role by ensuring provision of free basic services to people as required by ujamaa policy. However, the economic crises in 1970s and 1980s that led to collapse of ujamaa policy marked the beginning of liberalism, following the intervention by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Here we witnessed a negative effect, at least in temporary bases, in terms of people’s welfare (due to state disengagement in free service delivery) but with more positive effect in terms of engagement of people in the policy making process, probably due to growth of democracy stimulated by multiparty political system. The recent developments have realised significant economic developments which consequently improved social services delivery by the state. In general, effects of political and economic policies in Tanzania are well reflected in its social policy across the history.
Page(s): 102-110 Date of Publication: 4 November 2020
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This study investigated the impacts of COVID-19 and climate change, and the challenges of these events from Bangladesh’s perspective with the qualitative method of research. Thematic analysis followed for synthesizing data collected from secondary sources. The total number of deaths found in Bangladesh 4,881 (1.4%), whereas 943,433 (4%) deaths found globally from COVID-19 disease. The highest number of deaths in a day was 64 in Bangladesh on 30th June 2020. The maximum rate of confirmed cases from COVID-19 infection was 26.7% in people between 31-40 years of age group. Whether male represented more confirmed cases (M=72%, F=28%) and deaths (M=78%, F=22%) than female. Death tolled highest at Dhaka City in Bangladesh, estimating 1547 persons. There are 7,155 beds and 370 ICU beds for COVID-19 patients. Due to climate change effect the air of Dhaka city become unbreathable, hence, COVID-19 patients require fresh air with healthy lungs to survive. Cyclone Amphan took the lives of 31 people, affecting approximately Tk 1,100 crore damages amid the COVID-19 outbreak. Floods affected a total of 2,246,472 people in 18 districts and heavy rainfall rampaged Rohingya camps in Cox’s Bazar. Predominantly, challenges encountered from COVID-19 and climate change are more population; lack of ‘testing, tracing and isolating’, ‘Health Care Services’, coordination and awareness; difficulty in policing and management of Rohingyas, natural calamities, and transport bans. However, this research is not beyond the limitation of empirical observation which will be a future endeavor in the field.
Page(s): 111-125 Date of Publication: 04 November 2020
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The study investigated the relationship between financial inclusion and the Nigerian economic growth using an annual time series data for the periods 2004 to 2018. The Auto Regressive Distributive Lag bounds test for cointegration and Error Correction model was applied to examine the long run relationship of the variables. The result showed that there is cointegration amongst the variables. The Number of ATMs per 100,000 adults was found to be positively and significantly correlated with economic growth while borrowers from commercial banks per 1000 adults and lending interest rates were significantly negative to economic growth. The study found depositors with banks per 1000 adults to be insignificant. The study recommends, amongst other things, that effective campaign or awareness should be made to increase financial literacy and/or awareness. Again, transaction costs and financial obligations attached to using financial services or products should be reviewed downwards to accommodate the proportion of the population that is poor.
Page(s): 126-134 Date of Publication: 04 November 2020
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The achievement of innovation and entrepreneurship in Britain depends on the well organized innovation and entrepreneurship education. This paper introduced the British entrepreneurship development and summarized the characteristics of innovation and entrepreneurship educational system. Then, this paper showed some enlightenment to China.
Page(s): 135-138 Date of Publication: 04 November 2020
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This study aims to analyze the effect of monetary mass on the macroeconomic performance in the countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of the States of Central Africa over the period from 1991 to 2016. We propose an econometric panel model applied to data from secondary sources in the 6 countries of the CEMAC “World development Indicator” area (WDI, 2017). First, we perform the preliminary tests (unit root tests, homogeneity test) and estimate the parameters of the model by the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) in a system. Specifically, four results major emerge from our work. First, the rate of growth of the money mass has a statistically significant impact on the rate of economic growth in the sub region. Second, the growth of money mass has a significantly positive influence on the level of inflation in CEMAC countries. Third, money mass has a positive effect on employment. Fourth, domestic investment is the engine of economic growth for countries in the sub region. So monetary policy is not neutral in the CEMAC zone.
Page(s): 139-151 Date of Publication: 05 November 2020
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This paper takes a theoretical examination of the concepts of Resource Based View model as a source of competitive advantage on performance of an organization. Organizations perform different depending on the resources they own. These resources include; human resources, financial resources, technological resources and skills that employees have. An organization that has unique resources and hard to be copied in the industry then it is said to have competitive advantage. The major contributor of the resource based view model was Michael Porter (1980). Resource of the organization becomes a source of competitive advantage in two ways; organization can use resources to charge higher prices in order to increase financial performance. Secondly, a firm can use its resources to lobby barriers of new entrants in the industry. The purpose of the study was to examine the applicability of the Resource Based View in different organizations. The study utilized Desktop analysis methodology through Meta analysis. From the reviewed literature it was revealed that different organizations are endowed with different resources, they can use these resources to better performance. It was further revealed that Organizations that have non-substitutable resources can use them as a source of competitive advantage. It was further revealed that RBV has a positive impact on organization performance. The study is relevant to different policy makers in decision making; it also provides foundation for further studies. In conclusion organization that strives to have their resources become hard to be copied realizes better performance it also acts as a source of competitive advantage. The study recommends that organizations should maximize resources they have and make them hard to be copied in order to realize competitive advantage.
Page(s): 152-155 Date of Publication: 05 November 2020
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The study was carried out to evaluate the analysis of palm wine production in Ila Orangun local government area of Osun State. Structured questionnaire and interview schedules were designed to obtain information on socio economic characteristics of palm wine tappers, factors influencing palm wine tapping, determinants of palm wine production and challenges encountered by palm wine tappers in the study area. Sixty palm wine tappers were randomly selected from six villages which includes Ila Orangun, Isinmi Olootu, Gaa Fulani, Oyi ayegunle, Ajaba, and Ejigbo Orangun. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics. The result revealed that majorities (80.0%) of the tappers were male, 41.7% had no formal education, 80% of them were married and majorities (53.4%) were between the age ranges of 41-50 years. Most (73.7%) engage in tapping and production of palm wine for commercial purposes, 73.4% had production years of tapping experience range from 5-10 years, 91.7% of the palm tree tapped in this area are matured at 7 years of growing maturity, majority (71.7%) of the tappers do not mix additives with their palm wine. The multiple regressions revealed that number of palm trees tapped (p =0.001), age of tappers (p =0.005) and gender (p =0.001) were the significant and major determinants of palm wine production in the study. Major challenges encountered by tappers in the study area include poor extension service (78.3%), inadequate capital (65.0%), poor marketing service (60.0%), inadequate credit facilities (55.0%), and poor storage facilities (55.0%). Palm wine tapping had contributed to the cultural and economic growth of the study area. It is however recommended that palm wine tapping should be encouraged and standardize so as to restructure the effective production of palm wine in the study area
Page(s): 156-161 Date of Publication: 05 November 2020
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Administrative remedies can be identified as a set of remedies that provides redress against violations of right by those who are wielding administrative authority which is granted to them by a statute of the parliament or any other law deriving its authority which can be linked to an Act of Parliament. When one considers the development of these administrative remedies from a Sri Lankan perspective, it is evident that the influence of English law as a former British colony, is present in her jurisprudence pertaining to the development of the said remedies. While during the colonial period, following English decisions and principles were the sine qua non when it came to the practices of the Courts. However, after gaining independence and establishing an independent judiciary by breaking the bonds with the Privy Council in 1971, the Sri Lankan judiciary formulated a set of principles and rules concerning the granting of administrative remedies based on a Constitutional provision. This paper examines both the history and contemporary practices of the Courts in granting administrative remedies for those who seek administrative redress.
Page(s):162-168 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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This paper exposes the negative consequences of government corruption and the politics of prebendalism on democratic governance in Quebec, Canada. Relevant information was obtained through a desk-based research, making use of secondary data. Moreover, by adopted the theory of prebendalism as the theoretical framework of analysis, the paper finds out that, to a great extent, top level political offices and some government institutions have simply become a route to riches for politicians in Quebec. Many stay in power ‘merely to enjoy’ the benefits of illicit enrichment accumulating from the political offices they occupy. It has been uncovered that government corruption carved within political parties (and other government institutions), driven by the politics of prebendalism has curtailed the development of a strong democratic governance mode that can work for both the leaders and the led. The central argument supported by the analysis in this paper is that, politicians’ struggle to occupy state offices by electoral competition, with the premeditated mindset of using such offices as prebends, to be ‘swiftly exploited’ in a variety of formal and informal networks for person gains, produces a very ‘thin’ version of democracy, antithetical to the principles of democratic governance. Hence, the findings of this paper are important in our understanding of the mutually reinforcing nature of several dimensions of politico-economic behavior, motivated by a system of prebendal politics, which is socio-politically and economically destructive to democratic governance and development not only in ‘emerging’ but also in advanced democracies. As such, the analytical and public policy insight developed in this paper has important democratic implications not only for Quebec, Canada but also for other advanced democracies experiencing similar democratic governance challenges.
Page(s): 169-184 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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The study was conducted by exploring the influences of formal training practices as a component of innovation firm performance. It considered the influences of formal training practices as one of the factors of the innovation performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The choice of the pharmaceutical industry was thought to be suitable for study due to its knowledge-intensity nature. This research study applied an ex post facto research design aimed at achieving the objectives of the study. The population of interest in this case included a sample of pharmaceutical firms in the city of Nairobi involved in manufacturing in particular, and an input from those in marketing and distribution of prescription medicines. The population of interest for study constituted selected pharmaceutical firms in Nairobi. A sample of 163 respondents was thought to suffice for this study. A data collection form or questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents for analysis. Interview schedules and analysis of secondary data were also used. Quantitative data was analyzed by both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. For purposes of inference, regression model was performed on the variables (Formal training practices vs. innovation performance in Pharmaceutical firms.) All P-values were accompanied by a 95% confidence interval around the calculated odds ratio. Qualitative data was also analyzed. Data was presented in the form of tables, charts, figures and adopted an econometric approach to test the degree of correlation between the variables by employing the multiple regression analysis. Data was coded to facilitate analysis. It was analyzed with the aid SPSS software version 20. Data was categorized and arranged to determine how independent and dependent variables relate. The study findings indicated that that there was a significant relationship between formal training and innovation performance of pharmaceutical firms (p=0.003). The study concluded that the variable formal training was found to be significant in innovation performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. One of the recommendations is that further studies could be carried out on a formal training to enhance knowledge-driven culture within which innovations can be incubated and shared to enhance innovation and creative thinking.
Page(s): 185-195 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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This review aims to give a comprehensive summary of wild animal habitats found in Africa. IUCN in their report observed how important habitat is and emphasized that the worst threat to a wild animal is the loss of habitat. Habitat of wild animals requires four basic components which are food, cover, water, and space for reproduction (nesting), protection against predators, and competitors. When these components were in good proportion and well distributed, it can meet the needs of wild animals. Any wild animal that is outside its habitat finds it difficult to adapt, survive, and reproduce. This work reviews types of habitats found in Africa as well as adaptive wild animals that inhabit them. Some of these wild animal’s habitats include savanna, mountain, and rocks, tropical rain forest, desert, aquatic (Wetland), caves and holes, arboreal, grassland, and coral reefs. Each wild animal also possesses adaptive features that enable it to survive in a specific habitat.
Page(s): 196-200 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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The study examined the relationship between non-performing loans and performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to: determine the relationship between non-performing loans to total loans and performance of deposits money banks; ascertain the relationship between liquid assets to total assets and performance of deposits money banks. Ten (10) banks were selected from the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE). The data used were secondary data and were drawn from 2009 to 2018. The data used were sourced from the bank’s annual report and Nigerian Stock Exchange fact book. The data collected were analysed using correlation matrix. The results show that non-performing loans to total loans have no significant relationship with performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria; whereas liquid assets to total assets have significant relationship with performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria. The study, therefore among others recommends that the Regulatory agency such as the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation should formulate rules that will reduce the occurrence of Loans for which repayment of principal or interest has been overdue for three months or more. Since non-performing loans to total loans have negative relationship with performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria.
Page(s): 201-211 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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The study examined the relationship between liquidity and performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to: determine the relationship between liquid assets to total assets and performance of deposits money banks; examine the relationship between liquid assets to short-term liabilities and performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria. Ten (10) banks were selected from the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE). The data used were secondary data and were drawn from 2009 to 2018. The panel data used were sourced from the bank’s annual report and Nigerian Stock Exchange fact book. The panel data collected were analysed using Ordinary Least Square Method. The results show that liquid assets to total assets and liquid assets to short-term liabilities have insignificant relationship with performance of deposits money banks in Nigeria. The study, therefore among others recommends that the Regulatory agency such as the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation should formulate rules (fiscal policy) that will enable the deposit-taking sector to withstand unexpected financial shocks and also improve their performance.
Page(s): 212-222 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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Job satisfaction and job performance are the important phenomenon in human resource management in present world. The problem of this research is to find-out whether there is an impact on job satisfaction and dimension on job performance of the temporary employees working in the academic field of Sri Lanka. It will also investigate the relationship between the dimension of job performance and job satisfaction of the respondents as well as conduct a cross check of whether the former influences latter positive or negative in the long run. The research has been known for using a research framework with a pragmatic world view with survey strategy. This study has selected samples using stratified random sampling method and sample size has calculated using Taro Yamane method. 250 temporary academic staff members of the University of Kelaniya has been selected as the sample. This research is based on the analysis of primary data and data collected through structured questionnaire which was devel1oped based on measurements to find results to the research problem by analyzing the previous researches. The data analysis process includes number of methods such as frequency, reliability, descriptive, regression and correlation. The sub component named learning environment highly contributed towards the job satisfaction while the evaluation system is the lowest contributing factor for the variable named job satisfaction. Communication between the university and employees is the most affected component on the job performance while the learning environment becomes the second important component. Need of the employees are the third important component and the emotional satisfaction about the job is the least important component while the evaluation system is not affected significantly. Research has found that there is high impact of job satisfaction on job performance of temporary academic staff.
Page(s): 223-231 Date of Publication: 06 November 2020
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Islam is a religion of peace; it is a religion to lead mankind from the depths of darkness and ignorance towards the path of light and knowledge. The literal meaning of Islam, derived from the Arabic word Salaam, means peace. The word “Islam” has another root derivation – Slim – which means surrender or submission. In short, Islam means peace acquired by humans by submitting their will to the Will of Allah. In the most serious note, one of God’s name and attribute is al-salam(The Most Peaceful), which means, peaceful co-existence and harmonious living are very important values that Islam urge Muslims to enjoy particularly with people of other faiths and religions, such as Christianity and others.. Based on this fact, the holy Qur’an is very serious in condemning any sort of ethnic or religious hostility towards other faiths, it instead promotes peaceful co-existence and religious tolerance; for the sake of humanity, love and human dignity. Thus, this humble paper by applying Quranic approach, aims to demonstrate the importance of peaceful co-existence in Islamic worldview, and how such peaceful living could be actualized in any pluralistic and multi-religious society. Finally, the paper will provide brief conclusion followed by some suggestions and recommendations.
Page(s): 232-237 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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Due to changes in the use of technology organizations are also coming up with strategies that will enable them to reduce cost of production, improve efficiency and effectiveness of its operation. One of the strategies is the use Enterprise Resource Planning Process that integrates information system that supports business process that is in position to manage the whole organizational resources. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of enterprise resource planning processes on operations efficiency on state corporations; a case of Kenya Ferry Services Ltd, Kenya. Specific objectives were; to establish the effect of financial integration module on operation efficiency of the state corporation’s case of Kenya Ferry Services Ltd, to determine the effect of human resources modules on operations efficiency of Kenya Ferry Services Ltd and to determine the effect of material management module on operation efficiency of the Company. The study adopted descriptive research design. Target population were; H.O.D in operations department, Engineering department, Finance department, Procurement department and Monitoring and Evaluation of Kenya Ferry Services Ltd. A sample population of the study was 45 respondents that was drawn from all the departments of the organization. Primary data was collected through questionnaires while secondary data was collected from the facility archives. Collected data was analyzed through multiple regression analysis. It was revealed that there is a positive correlation between ERP and the performance of an organization. The study recommended that there is need for organizations to implement ERP in order to improve efficiency of there operations.
Page(s): 238-248 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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This Paper examines an over decade ongoing battle with insurgent groups that threatens the stability and political integrity of Nigeria an Africa’s most populous state. These articles employed the use of secondary sources of generating data by reviewing related literature in the fight against Boko Haram insurgency in North-East Nigeria. It has been revealed that poor leadership, weak institutions of governance and low democratic values and dividends are among the causes of insurgency in the region. The paper also recommends that the Nigeria government should intensify the battle against Boko Haram in the following ways: It should involve, as a matter of fact, coordination at all agency levels diplomatic military, intelligence, Para military services, the constituent units of the countries especially border authorities, civil society groups, and the traditional authorities and network of-Early Warning Systems at the levels of the African Union, ECOWAS, among other measures.
Page(s): 249-252 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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Inter-clan conflicts are widely spread in the world, and Africa leading in such cases. Conflict management and peace building in Kenya continues to face challenges in the current national and regional environments. Clans in Mumias East Sub-County have been in conflict from time immemorial. Strategic coordination amongst key actors has been seemingly lacking in conflict management and peace building. The objective of this study was to evaluate the strategies put in place to reduce inter-clan conflicts in Mumias East Sub-County, Kenya. The study findings reveal that mediation (56%) was the highest in ranking as a strategy put in place to reduce Inter-clan conflicts in Mumias East Sub-County followed by negotiation, litigation and arbitration. Public participation (48.2%) was ranked as the best among other strategies employed to reduce inter-clan conflicts followed by formation of social groups, improvement of social amenities and intermarriages. Inter-clan conflicts have significant influence on disruption of learning, destruction of property, stalling of development and disruption of livelihoods in the study area. There is a significant influence by the following; gender, age, occupation, marital status and level of education on inter-clan conflicts in the study area. The study recommends that relevant institutions such as National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK) work more closely with the community to understand the factors that lead to recurrence of conflicts to enhance sustainable peace in the area of study. Also public participation should be encouraged to bring all people on board in development projects in the area of study to avoid stagnation of development due to conflicts of interest.
Page(s): 253-275 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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In this emerging economy, volunteerism has being part of important activities in many countries. It is also contributed towards the national development in producing proactive people to contribute volunteering towards community. It is one of the fundamental social activities which could be able to make our society and living condition in harmony, peace, and enjoyment. Volunteerism as an activity, is not money-oriented, but it benefitted to individual or group receiver in community and volunteers themselves. It is an altruistic activity. Globally, volunteerism has been considered a substantial development of the state, as it almost all the times enhance the social welfare system and provides help for the needed people in society. Even though it has been highly recognised as one of the influential factors for social development in many countries, unfortunately, the involvement of people in volunteerism is lately reported declined, particularly among university students. The declining participation of university students in volunteerism activity is mainly as a result of a hectic schedule, financial problem and the distance of the activity that is too far away from campus. Other factors mentioned are mobility-related problems, have no suitable time, health problems, have no required skill, and focusing only on academic achievement.
Page(s): 276-280 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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The aim of this paper is to underline the relationship between the postcolonial narrative and environmental consciousness from the perspective of Zakes Mda’s The Heart of Redness. In other words, the paper stresses that the postcolonial writer, far from limiting his/her engagements to political issues, broadens their research to include the place of nature in the life of the postcolonial subject. Zakes Mda’s The Heart of Redness, in line with the above assertion, romanticizes the natural environment, hinges on the interconnectivity of the human and nonhuman forces in place and, consequently, becomes a critic of environmental harm. The article, thus, investigates into the meaning of ecology and, then, defines its relation with its surrounding human species. With a tilt towards postcolonial ecocriticism’s paradigm as articulated by Arturo Escobar and a host of others, the paper analyses Mda’s environmental concerns in The Heart of Redness from four standpoints, namely: nature representation, nature-culture matrix, nature conservation, and a move towards ecological holism. In a nutshell, the essay argues that nature is an active agent to the wellbeing of the postcolonial subject and should not be abused and misused. The article contends that the development of a postcolonial space is the result of the respect for, and the sustenance of the environmental forces in place.
Page(s): 281-288 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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The study investigated the relationship between stock market movement and exchange rate in Nigeria using a monthly time series data for the periods 2008M1 to 2019M12. The Lee Strazicich (2003) LM unit root test and the Hatemi-J (2008) cointegration test, all allowing for the presence of more than one endogenously determined structural break, were applied to examine the stationarity and the long-run relationship of the variables respectively. The result showed the presence of two structural breaks in 2009M11 and 2011M2 following the Zt statistics of the Hatemi J. cointegration test and that there is no cointegration among the variables as reported by all the test statistics (ADF, Zt and Za) of the same cointegration test. The short-run model shows a statistically significant positive relationship between the stock market and exchange rate at lag 2 which indicates that the impact of short-run exchange rate movements of previous 2 months has a significant impact on the Nigerian stock market returns. All other variables are not influential in the short run as they returned statistically insignificant. Finally, the Pairwise Granger causality test showed no form of directional causality amongst the variables. This negates the flow and stock-oriented models.
Page(s): 289-295 Date of Publication: 07 November 2020
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The history of mystique building and bigman syndrome among prominent personalities is not a new phenomenon in the contemporary society. This paper attempts to carry out an investigation into the various claims that attends the identity of Kenya’s first president Mzee Jomo Kenyatta whose original name was known as Johnstone Kamau wa Ngengi. The paper seeks to find out the claims of various ethnic communities within and without, that Jomo Kenyatta is one of their own. Among the claims are:- is Jomo Kenyatta, a Kalenjin, a Mijikenda, a Maasai, or a descendant of Uganda’s Bunyoro Kitara kingdom’s royal family? The paper also seeks to establish whether these claims have any political motives and reasons for change of name from Johnstone Kamau wa Ngengi to Jomo Kenyatta. This paper adopts a qualitative approach by reviewing the available literature on the subject to come up with a logical conclusion. The paper examines literature on the meaning of the name Jomo and Kenyatta in the Gikuyu language vis-à-vis the Kalenjin and Maasai claims that the names have a meaning in their languages. The paper also examines literature on the claims that Kenyatta has roots among the Mijikenda and the Bunyoro Kitara’s royal family. The paper concludes that apart from the claims made by the Bonyoro Kitara royal family, no confirmation could be made, unless a DNA test is made or the Kenyatta family issue a public statement. As for the Kalenjin claims the same standard of prove is required to clarify the claims. For the Maasai claims, it was established that Kenyatta had an aunt who was married to a Maasai, though the paper was not able to identify the name of the aunt or the name of the husband of the aunt. The paper also established that the reason for name changing could be attributed to identity creation and for political mileage..
Page(s): 296-302 Date of Publication: 09 November 2020
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The Nigerian market system particularly in the area of agricultural-related business has adversely been influenced by the environment. It has equally failed to deal with negative environmental externalities and undervaluing natural resources. This has led to its non-sustainability and low performance. This study evaluated the effect of green production practices on the continued survival of agro-allied businesses in Nigeria. This study was carried on 306 owners and managers of Agro-Allied small businesses within the study area. The primary and secondary data were respectively collected using questionnaire and literature and were statistically analysed. A null hypothesis was formulated that was tested using the Z-test statistical tool and the SPSS package. The findings revealed that green agricultural production would significantly affect the continued survival of agro-allied businesses in Nigeria. The study concluded that despite notable changes in legislation and regulations to protect the environment, Nigeria and various other countries are constrained with unprecedented environmental problems arising from climate change and established that environmental problems can only be solved through technological advancement by the input of ecopreneurship. The study recommended among other things, that the government of Nigeria should strengthen its external forces concerning establishing national standards for the quality of the environment and the implementation of environmental regulations; also, to provide an environment that shall strengthen the consumer movement in the country.
Page(s): 303-308 Date of Publication: 09 November 2020
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Globally, aside from the economic effect, the process of price fluctuation and high uncertainty associated with crude oil inclusively affects the gross domestic product, import bills, and inflation. The study evaluated the asymmetric effect of oil price volatility, oil price revenue, and some other macro-economic variables on economic growth. Secondary data were used for this study and were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletins and World Development Indicator from 1983 to 2019. The data were analyzed using descriptive (Graphs and tables) and inferential statistics (Ordinary least square, Co-integration test, Vector Error Correction Model, and Granger Causality Test) to evaluate the study hypothesis. The result of regression indicated that the calculated value related to probability (F (5, 31) = 175.60, Prob> F = 0.0000) and its adjusted value of R2 (0.9604), showed that oil price revenue (β =0.640034), foreign exchange (β =0.9539687) and oil price volatility (β =0.7080817) have a positive effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at p≤0.05. Moreover, the granger causality test indicated that there is independence or no causation among gross domestic product (LNGDP) and interest rate (LNINTR), oil price revenue (LNOPR), gross domestic product (LNGDP) oil price volatility (LNOPV), going by the p-values which are greater than 0.05 or 5% at a lag difference of 2. Finally, t-statistics, f-statistic, and chi-square of 2.107337, 4.440867, and 4.440867 with the probability value of 0.05, 0.05, and 0.0351 indicated that F-statistic probability value implies there is long-run asymmetry among the variables In conclusion, the finding of the analysis, therefore, showed a statistically asymmetric effect of oil price volatility, foreign exchange rate, and the interest rate on Nigeria’s economic activities. This implies that macro-economic indicators performance such as interest rate, foreign exchange rate, and oil prices influenced economic growth and found out that increases in oil prices may depress the supply of other goods by raising their cost of production because prices of oil have a direct impact on the prices of goods produced from petroleum products. Based on the above result, it is recommended that the policymakers should reduce the pressure on exchange rates and interest rates by diversifying the economy to reduce the pressure on oil, which in turn promotes economic growth. Also, there should be a review of monetary policy by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) with the use of a contractionary monetary policy that would help to reduce the inflation rate.
Page(s): 309-316 Date of Publication: 09 November 2020
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The article describes the compliance of local autonomous and non-autonomous universities offering hospitality management programs on student internship requirements set by the Philippines’ Commission on Higher Education [CHED] Student Internship Program in the Philippines [SIPP], as perceived by academicians of these selected higher education institutions [HEIs]. Using independent samples t-test, the study showed that there were no significant differences in the level of compliance to CHED’s SIPP requirements between autonomous and non-autonomous HEIs. Hence, even with differences in accreditation levels among these universities, any developmental model or framework for student internship programs established for autonomous universities can be applied to non-autonomous universities.
Page(s): 317-323 Date of Publication: 09 November 2020
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The study examined the use of Computer -Based Instructions (CBT) in the teaching of quadratic functions and equations in Senior High Schools in Kumasi-Ghana, specifically Dwamena Akenten and Namong Senior High Schools respectively using quasi-experimental approach.The population of the study was 2070 and a stratified method of sampling was used to sample 80 students for experimental and control exercises. The students were pre-tested to ascertain their equivalence in achievement and post-tested after the interventions. The experimental group was ahead of the control group in achievement after comparing their post-test means. This led to the rejection of the null hypothesis which said that, “there is no significant difference in the achievement levels of the two groups”. The findings further revealed that students completed three times more exercises compared to what would have been expected with traditional worksheets. Moreover, teachers found that the activity was easy to administer and Control. Hence the study concluded that the use of the ICT tools have some comparative advantage over the traditional teacher presentation. The study concluded that the use of the ICT tools has some comparative advantage over the traditional teacher presentation. The researcher thus recommended that Computer –Based Instructions should be inculcated into the teaching and learning of Mathematics to improve upon students’ achievement levels in our schools.
Page(s): 324-329 Date of Publication: 09 November 2020
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Community policing was first initiated in London in 1829 by Metropolitan Police District. The British parliament hoped to address the soaring crime rate in and around the nation’s capital when it was growing. Community policing was also initiated in South Africa in the early 1990’s. It was aimed at democratizing and legitimizing the police. Later there was a shift towards improving service delivery and tackling crime issues. The initiative succeeded in building trust between citizens and the police. Community policing is a Government funded initiative built on the premise that everyone should be working to reduce the fear of crime. According to Kenya Police data across all counties in Kenya who have implemented community policing revealed that there have been a raise in crime levels in Kirinyaga County while in counties like Nakuru where community policing is implemented, the level of crime has fallen. In Kirinyaga County crime levels have been raising for the last three years despite presence of community policing practiced as Nyumba Kumi Initiative hence the choice for research. This research work is focused on the use of community policing as a method for crime reduction in Kirinyaga County of Central Kenya. This research study was guided by the following objectives: to analyze the effectiveness of joint community-police patrols in prevention of crime in Kirinyaga County, to find out the effectiveness of youth vigilante groups as a means of crime prevention in the County and to analyze the role played by community courts process to reduce crimes in the county. The researcher employed descriptive survey research design using both qualitative and quantitative approach. A Sample of two hundred community members picked from ten wards out of twenty wards of the County making fifty percent from the county words were sampled, with joint patrol groups, youth vigilante groups, officers commanding police stations within the county and administrative officers as the respondents. The respondents were selected through cluster and purposive sampling methods comprising of government security agents. The questionnaires were distributed to the relevant respondents, filled in, collected and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in form of tables, charts and graphs. The data was analyzed using various statistical soft-wares such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and Microsoft Excel. These quantitative data were complimented and triangualed with qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The findings indicate that joint police-community patrols as well as the engagement of vigilante groups and community courts have contributed to crime prevention in Kirinyaga County. Between the three areas of focus, the court process was found to less effective. The people of Kirinyaga County will benefit from the information resulting on from this research. The study may brought out the areas that may need more research, education and attitude change towards community policing and management measures to be put in place to reduce crime in future. The research is significant to the government of Kenya in crime prevention and management,.The study is also important for the other 47 counties of Kenya in managing crime rhrough cooperation wth members of the public. Finally the study will benefit the county government and people of Kirinyaga County by contributing to their security through community policing and crime prevention. Community policing in Kirinyaga County will help to inform the Kenya government and other counties on the success of crime prevention efforts and best methods of improving community policing.
Page(s): 330-341 Date of Publication: 10 November 2020
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This study aims to explain the readiness of the Balinese Hindu community and the Javanese Hindu community in the implementation of the Nyepi ritual in Hanura Village, explaining the stages that are carried out before the Nyepi ritual, the implementation of the Nyepi ritual, and after the Nyepi ritual in the Balinese Hindu Community and Javanese Hinduism in Hanura Village and explain factors that cause changes in the Nyepi ritual in the Balinese Hindu community and the Javanese Hindu community in Hanura Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This study uses interview data collection techniques, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis techniques using a phenomenological approach. The results of this study indicate that in the implementation of the Nyepi ritual, material and non-material readiness for the implementation of the Nyepi ritual. Material readiness, in the form of real human creations. The Balinese Hindu and Javanese Hindus prepare offerings, pancawarna, daksina, tirta, bija and Shiva statues. Meanwhile, non-material readiness, which is not real (abstract), is passed down from generation to generation, which becomes a tradition/habit in society. The readiness to carry out the Nyepi ritual by the Balinese Hindu community and the Javanese Hindu community in Hanura Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency, the Hindu community carries out various stages such as before the Nyepi ritual, the Nyepi ritual process and after Nyepi. Before the Nyepi ritual, all Hindu communities carry out melasti, mecaru and ogoh-ogoh parades. After that, the Hindu community carries out the Nyepi ritual process, namely tapa brata, inside the house, not traveling, not lighting a fire, not working and fasting for 24 hours straight. Then it ends with the stage after the Nyepi ritual, in which the entire Hindu community performs offerings and goes around the village to forgive each other with the aim of cleansing the sins of fellow humans as God’s creatures. The implementation time factor and economic factors cause changes in the Nyepi ritual, but it does not reduce the religious value of the Balinese Hindu and Javanese Hindu communities.
Page(s): 342-346 Date of Publication: 10 November 2020
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Oral English learning is an important part of English learning. However, there are still many students who are full of anxiety, tension and other negative emotions in oral English learning in China. In order to study the effect of “Oral 100” app on relieving junior high school students’ oral English anxiety, 150 junior high school students from a Chinese middle school were surveyed. The study found that students in this school have learning anxiety in their oral English class. “Oral 100” app affects and alleviates junior middle school students’ oral learning anxiety in the following three aspects: learning progress anxiety in oral class, speech anxiety in oral class and oral evaluation anxiety.
Page(s): 347-351 Date of Publication: 10 November 2020
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Projects exist to meet a specific need and Compassion Kenya-assisted holistic child development projects are among such projects whose intent is to liberate children and youth from their economic, spiritual, physical and socio-emotional poverty. Success of these projects depends on a number of factors such as planning, communications, employee competence and risk management. How these factors influence project performance is an area that has not been explored before and as such formed a basis for this study. This study sought to investigate the influence of project planning on the performance of Compassion Kenya-assisted Holistic Child Development projects in Nairobi City County. The study used descriptive research design to describe factors and variables in the study. A census of the 21 Compassion Kenya (CKE)-assisted Holistic Child Development (HCD) projects in Nairobi City County was carried out. Primary data was gathered by use of structured questionnaires which was processed by use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Research findings were presented in percentages and tables. Study findings revealed that Planning positively and significantly correlated with performance of Compassion Kenya-assisted HCD projects in Nairobi City County. According to the findings of this study the HCD projects conducted project planning but excluded other stakeholders in decision making. The same had hindered performance of the projects. The study recommended that all stakeholders in the HCD projects be involved in the planning process and their ideas considered valuable by the managers in decision making regardless of their position in the projects. The vision, mission and objectives of the HCD projects should be well explained to all stakeholders so that they all flow in sync.
Page(s): 352-355 Date of Publication: 10 November 2020
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The document looks at climate change, effect of climate change and how those effects can be mitigated. Farmers are advised on strategies to be taken for better yields hence food security. The document has looked at intensive literature review on climate change.
Page(s): 356-358 Date of Publication: 11 November 2020
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This study assessed the influence of gender differences in mathematics interest and achievement of Junior Secondary School Students (JSS) in Niger State, Nigeria. Correlation Survey design was adopted for the study. The target population for this study consists of 5,368 (2,705 male and 2,663 female) JSS 1 students in 2012/2013 academic session from 92 public and private Junior Secondary Schools in Zone ’B’ of Niger State. The sample of this study consist 361 (182 male students and 179 female) and multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was employed in the selection. Two instruments were developed for the study which consists of an Inventory on Students’ Interest in Mathematics (ISIM) and a Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). Descriptive statistic (mean and Standard Deviation), Chi square, t test, biseria correlation and it is associated simple regression of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method were used to establish relationship between the variables and to test null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The instruments were validated and the reliability coefficient was established using the test-retest method. The data obtained were analyzed using mean with the criterion mean set at 2.5.The findings of the study revealed that male students excel in Mathematics more than their female counterparts.. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended amongst others that teachers should make use of alternative teaching methods like the use of games and simulations to motivate students’ interest (both male and female) in the learning of Mathematics.
Page(s): 359-366 Date of Publication: 11 November 2020
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Performance of an organization strongly depends on the capability of the human capital of that particular organization. This is because; employees are regarded as the most valuable asset of any organization. The paper aimed at conceptualizing the mediating effect of perceived organizational support on non-monetary compensation and employee performance at Federal University of Kashere Gombe state. The paper consults previous works on human resource management specifically on compensation as well as performance in order to present the conceptual clarification. the paper concludes that the major determinant of performance in any organization is the productivity of the employees. Therefore, employee performance is very important for organizations without which they cannot survive. It is vital for firms to consider it as their main objective. This implies that universities in Nigeria specifically FUK, needs to understand the present and future needs of its staff in order to meet their needs.
Page(s): 367-373 Date of Publication: 11 November 2020
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This study compares crime reports using data obtained from crime victims and Police reports from Gboko town in Benue State, Nigeria between 2017 and 2018. The dark figure inherent in the periodic crime record has severally been pointed out in Sociological literature, but determining the extent of these hidden figures has consistently been obscured due inability to compare Police data with data from crime victims. The significance of this study lies in raising the contribution of crime victims to periodic crime data, and to determine the true extent of crime patterns and trends in Gboko town. To do this a sample size of 400 household heads were systematically drawn from Gboko town based on a sample frame obtained from the National Population Office at Markurdi using Yamane’s formula of determining sample size. The town was segmented into five clusters, with 80 respondents drawn from each using questionnaire and key informant interview method as data collection instrument. Analysis of data revealed that the volume of crime victimization in Gboko town was relatively higher compared to the Police reports. It also showed differences in crime patterns and trends reported. Based on these findings, we recommend among others the involvement of crime victims’ reports in the Police periodic analysis of crime patterns and trends, compensation of crime victims, and encouragement of victims to speak out.
Page(s): 374-379 Date of Publication: 12 November 2020
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Good laboratory management depends on several factors which are interrelated with one another. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe: biological laboratory planning, implementation of biological laboratories, controlling biological laboratories, and follow-up of biology laboratories at SMA Negeri 3 Bandar Lampung. The method used in this research is qualitative with a case study design. This research data collection technique using in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document study. The data source of this study amounted to 8 people with the main informants of the school principal and supporting informants, namely the laboratory coordinator, the head of the laboratory, the biology teacher and students. The results showed that (1) laboratory planning which includes planning, collecting data to get obstacles and determining the time for developing biological laboratories in improving the quality of schools, (2) Implementation of laboratories which includes establishing laboratory activities to create an organizational structure and determining who is responsible in the biology laboratory in improving the quality of schools, (3) Control activities are carried out by preparing a schedule for practicum activities, practicum service activities, learning processes with practicum, and procurement of practicum tools and materials in improving school quality, (4) Laboratory follow-up includes follow-up supervision and follow-up laboratory implementation in improving school quality.
Page(s): 380-383 Date of Publication: 12 November 2020
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Purpose: This study examines changes in attitude towards IPV and associated factors among ever married women in Nigeria. Methods: This study analysed a secondary data, the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2008, 2013 and 2018. The weighted sample size comprised of 19,349, 22,880 and 8,969 women for 2008, 2013 and 2018 surveys respectively. Analysis was restricted to ever married women interviewed for the domestic violence module. Binary Logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Findings revealed an upward trend (20% increase) in the prevalence of IPV between the year 2008 and 2018, (30% vs. 25% vs. 36%) for the year 2008, 2013 and 2018 respectively. However, there was a downward trend in the proportion of women approving IPV (44% vs. 35% vs. 26%) for the year 2008, 2013 and 2018 respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed demographic and socioeconomic variables namely; younger age, lower educational attainment, residence in rural area, residence in northern region of the country, affiliated to Islam and traditional religion, belonging to the poorest household status and lack of autonomy consistently predicted approval of IPV. Conclusion: The study showed an upward trend in the prevalence of IPV despite the decline in the proportion of women approving IPV, while demographic and socioeconomic factors accounts for significant variation in approval and experience of IPV in Nigeria. Hence, interventions must address socio-economic differentials.
Page(s): 384-392 Date of Publication: 13 November 2020
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The study sought to determine relationship between school connectedness and secondary school students’ academic outcomes in English language in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three research questions. The research design was correlation survey. Stratified disproportionate sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 420 students from SS2 students in Anambra state public secondary schools. A questionnaire was used to collect data which was administrated through direct delivery approach. Research questions were answered using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings from the study revealed among others that the relationship between school connectedness and academic achievement of in-school adolescents in English language is high and positive. Based on the findings, it was recommended that there School authorities should provide a conducive school environment that encourages mutually beneficial relationship between the students and the school staff for effective teaching and learning.
Page(s): 393-397 Date of Publication: 13 November 2020
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The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria as amended provides that every State in Nigeria shall create and maintain a special account where Local Governments funds from Federation account are deposited, including the 10% State’s internally generated revenue. The State is expected to share the revenue among the various Local Governments within her domain for effective service delivery to the grassroots people. This paper sought to evoke information on the effect of State – Local Government Joint Account on the financial autonomy of Local Government Councils in Adamawa State. Data for the study were obtained from both Primary and secondary sources. The study found that the State-Local Government Joint Account operations hinder effective service delivery in Adamawa State. The Fund appropri-ated to Local Government Councils in Adamawa State from the Federation Account was mismanaged by the State Government, through several means which includes illegal deductions, diver-sion and undue engagement of Local Governments into partner-ship projects. The study recommended that, in order to free Lo-cal Governments from such exploitation of the Joint Account system, the constitution has to be reviewed to enable Local Gov-ernments access their allocation directly from the Federation account.
Page(s): 398-403 Date of Publication: 13 November 2020
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As the devastating effects of COVID-19 pandemic was being felt by all nations of the world, socio-economic and political undertakings were temporarily suspended, also, academic activities in almost all countries were postponed or adjusted. However, because the gravity of the pandemic effects differs, countries’ higher institutions’ preparations and responses varied to some degrees. Therefore, this paper studied scholar’s perceptions of the Nigerian higher institutions’ preparations and responses amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The quantitative research method was employed and the questionnaire was administered via WhatsApp and WeChat to the research respondents. The data collected were analyzed using wenjuanxing software and results were presented in bar charts. The research findings showed that Nigerian higher institutions face high cost of internet data, inconsistent electricity supply, and poor network services and these can affect scholars’ readiness and participation in the virtual classrooms. There was no significant difference among the research participants based on their gender, academic status and geographical location. Hence, the study recommends a need to train both the staff and the students on the online classes by the institutions, and issues of poor network, high cost of data, and inconsistent electricity should be addressed by the government to help virtual education in the Nigerian high institutions function properly.
Page(s): 404-408 Date of Publication: 13 November 2020
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This paper reviewed the relationship between students’ academic ability and their knowledge of social issues and concepts with a peep on Social Studies curriculum in secondary schools. Buttressing the aim of Social Studies in promotion of knowledge, intellectual processes, and democratic dispositions required of students to be active and become effective citizens that is useful to themselves, people in their environment, the Nation and the world at large, the study explored social concepts and various social issues with a view of eradicating the social problems through adequate knowledge of Social Studies skills and improve students’ academic ability. In order to proffer solutions to the identified social problems that arose due to poor students’ knowledge of social issues and concepts, Social Studies teachers, curriculum planners and government remain to be powerful instruments to resolve these evil effects of poor knowledge of social issues and concepts through full implementation of Social Studies curriculum at both junior and senior secondary classes.
Page(s): 409-414 Date of Publication: 17 November 2020
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This study examined science education undergraduates’ possession of emotional intelligence skills for sustenance in the professional world. The sample consists of 342 science education undergraduates drawn from a population of 3432 undergraduates in Imo State, Nigeria. The Survey research design was adopted for this study. The study was guided by 2 research questions and 1 hypothesis. The research questions were answered with Mean and Standard Deviation while the hypothesis was tested using independent samples t-test. The Instrument used for data collection is a researcher made rating Scale titled: “Emotional Intelligence Skills Rating Scale” (RTMSP). Coefficient of internal consistency was established at 0.82 using Cronbach alpha reliability. Findings from the study show that science education undergraduates possess some dimensions of emotional intelligence skills while some dimensions are lacking. The study also show there is no significant difference between the emotional intelligence skills of male and female science education undergraduates. The researchers recommended that: emotional intelligence skills should be emphasized in schools by lecturers, psychologists, guidance counsellors, support staff etc of various universities during formal (classroom teachings) and outside classroom settings (social media channels); guidance counsellors of various education faculties in universities, should develop or adopt emotional intelligence tests and subject undergraduates to these tests occasionally in order to trace progress of the undergraduates in development of emotional intelligence skills; Science education undergraduates should constantly adopt strategies of boosting their emotional intelligence using online emotional intelligence scales, occasional sessions with school psychologists and counsellors on emotional intelligence etcetera.
Page(s): 415-419 Date of Publication: 17 November 2020
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This research sought to establish educators’ attributions to the prevalence of non-readers among learners at ECE level in Khami district Bulawayo Metropolitan province. The study was guided by the theoretical framework of Attribution theory by Bernard Weiner. The mixed methods approach and case study with snowball sampling method were used to enable an in-depth exploration of primary schools teaching reading at ECE level. Open-ended questionnaires and structured interview guide were employed for generating data. The study revealed that there was a high prevalence of non-readers among learners at ECE level in Khami district Bulawayo Metropolitan province. The study also revealed that the prevalence of non-readers among learners at ECE level was attributed to educators’ lack of knowledge on the child development theories, lack of psychology of reading, lack of clarity of ECE policy or circular on teaching reading at ECE level in Zimbabwe and to mother tongue interference. The research also attributed the prevalence of non-readers among learners at ECE level to educators’ lack of reading teaching skills, attitude toward teaching reading and to unavailability of reading resources as well as to poor staffing in infant department. The study recommended that there is need for the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education to revise and review the ECE policy on teaching of reading at ECE level, to ensure that ECE teachers are adequately trained, developed and assisted to obtain the highest qualifications and skills possible in the teaching of reading at ECE level and, to provide quality and relevant ECE reading resources and facilities to ECE teachers.
Page(s): 420-428 Date of Publication: 17 November 2020
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Veddas or Vanniyaletto; an aboriginal group of Sri Lanka have survived for several millennia by adapting and coping with internal and external stress imposed on them. Archaeological and historical evidence prove that they inhabited the island long before the arrival of Aryans and had spread all over it. At present their existence is threatened by modernization where they are forced to embrace the modernity which could also be ended up vanishing them as a cultural group. Language can be considered as the most important aspect of the identity of the culture. During the research it comes to knowledge of the researcher, lack of usage of the Veddas language was the fact behind the modernization, cultural and linguistic assimilation of the Vedda people. Through the empirical findings of this research it is clearly evident that the language of the Vedda is fading away. Finally this research has emphasized that the culture and the language of the Veddas are gradually diminishing and currently the original Vedda language does not exist anymore. The research is based on Qualitative Empirical Research Methodology and the Participant Observation Method based on Case Study has been used for data elicitation.
Page(s): 429-434 Date of Publication: 17 November 2020
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Despite substantial financial investment on reforestation projects, they fail to realize their fundamental goal of biodiversity conservation, carbon emission reduction, and support to livelihoods, leading to wastage of funds. The research was focused on determining the factors influencing the sustainability of reforestation projects in Kenya, focusing on Kodera and Wire forests in Rachuonyo South Sub-County in Homa Bay County. The objectives were; to assess the influence of public participation on the sustainability of reforestation projects, to assess the influence the economic benefits on the sustainability of reforestation projects, to evaluate the influence of government policy on the sustainability of reforestation projects, and to assess the influence of community awareness on the sustainability of reforestation projects in Kodera and Wire forests. Consequently, the study sought to fill the knowledge gap on the factors influencing the sustainability of reforestation projects in Kodera and Wire Forests. The theories of participation and conservation guided the study. It adopted a descriptive design. Through stratified and simple random sampling, 92 respondents were selected from a target population of 920. The collection of quantitative data was done using closed-ended questionnaires. Validity was enhanced through piloting, while reliability was enhanced through the split-half method. The quantitative data was measured in an interval scale, coded, and fed into the SPSS for analysis. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Tables were used to present the data. There was a statistically significant relationship between public participation, economic benefits, government policy, and community awareness and the sustainability of reforestation projects (P-value < 0.05 = 0.001843785, 0.009802, 0.040775, and 0.000692 at 95% confidence level respectively). The study concluded that public participation, economic benefits, government policy, and community awareness have a significant influence on the sustainability of reforestation projects. Project implementers should enhance public participation, community awareness, and provide economic benefits to local communities. Government policies on projects should focus on the community and promote equality. Further research should be done to assess the influence of politics, income levels, literacy levels, and tree species on the sustainability of reforestation projects.
Page(s): 435-452 Date of Publication: 19 November 2020
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Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) techniques helps address the issue of measuring performance and achievement of projects. M&E has become imperative in all county programs and projects. No county pursuing development initiatives would proceed at all without M&E framework in place. This study purposed to find out the influence of M&E systems on performance of infrastructural projects in Kenyan county governments: a case of Bomet county. In this study monitoring and evaluation was defined by its activities: budgetary allocation, baseline surveys, performance reviews, and capacity building while project performance of building and construction was taken to be the extent to which goals were achieved. The study objectives included: to establish how budgetary allocation on monitoring and evaluation influence performance of building and construction projects, to determine how baseline surveys influence performance of building and construction projects, to establish the influence of performance reviews on performance of building and construction projects, and to assess the influence of capacity building in M&E on performance of building and construction projects. The study utilized Mugenda and Mugenda assertion to arrive at a sample size of 100 respondents and stratified sampling was used to sample devolved functions from Bomet County. This study used primary data collected via a questionnaire and secondary data collected via published reports and other documents. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were also done to show the relationship between the study variables. The study concludes that there are budgets set to carry out M&E among infrastructural projects in Bomet County government and that various activities included in M&E budget were scope of major M&E events and functions, key stakeholder informational needs and expectations, and M&E requirements. It was also concluded that baseline survey helps in understanding project expectation and that baseline surveys enhances the project performance of infrastructural projects in Bomet County to a large extent. The study concludes that performance reviews enhances the project performance of building and construction in Bomet County to a large extent. The study recommends that the relevant government bodies, the NGOs, World Bank and other donors, the contractors and all the bodies handling these projects must have a specific well defined source of financing the M&E exercise. It also recommends that monitoring personnel should be well trained so as to achieve the target of M&E.
Page(s): 453-471 Date of Publication: 19 November 2020
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According to G.P. Murdock, Education and socialization are the main features of four common characteristics of the family corporation in all parts of the world. There is a drastic expansion in primary societies from non-formal education to modern formal education. A child who attracts to formal education will enter to higher education after successfully completing primary and secondary education. The main objective of the study was to study on the impact of the family’s economic background for primary, secondary and higher education of arts faculty students. Additionally it was studied the tendency to engage in extracurricular activities and the use of technology by them. It is a known fact that Students are concentrating on education, than social and economic activities. The study sample was from University students of Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura and Kelaniya Universities. 591 students from Sri Jayewardenepura, 457 from the Colombo and 276 from Kelaniya were selected as the total sample of 1324 for this study. This sample included both male and female students from all academic years. A questionnaire based survey and interviews methods were used for data collection. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Passing rate of the grade five scholarship examinations is only 22% of the total sample. In looking at the economic status of their parents, 72% of mothers are housewives, and some 30% of fathers are farmers. 24% have chosen the arts subjects for the GCE Advanced Level due to the poor economic situation of their family. When it comes to selection of the degree at the university, 16% from Jayewardenepura, 30% from Colombo and 23% from Kelaniya has chosen general degree instead of other degree programs. 37% of Jayewardenepura, 52% of Colombo and 42% of Kelaniya were employed as part time workers. This study revealed that the job market for art faculty students should be expanded by giving a respectable place for their degree.
Page(s): 472-474 Date of Publication: 19 November 2020
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This quantitative research analyzed the effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on private school teachers in Nigeria and investigated into their coping strategies. The effects included loss of job, depression from prolonged inability to afford basic needs. These teachers coped through starting a second stream of income, gifts and borrowed funds, and importantly noting that there were little or no government assistance. The researchers also investigated to know whether the gender, grades taught by the teachers and locations of school showed any meaningful difference when compared against their level of perception of the effects of the pandemic on them. There was no meaningful difference with regards to teachers’ gender and grades taught when compared against their perception of the effects of pandemic on them but there was a significant difference with regards to location of school (urban, suburban and rural) taught. The research revealed that these teachers who could barely live off on their meagre salary pre-pandemic suffered amid the pandemic and proffered important recommendations for individual and national references. This research employed the survey research method, private school teachers filled the questionnaire online, and the data collected was analyzed using the SPSS 20 program. This research also provided a significant comparative analysis of private schools funding in Nigeria and other countries, thereby revealing how private schools funding and existence have been paid little or no attention in Nigeria.
Page(s): 475-480 Date of Publication: 19 November 2020
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The aim of the study was to investigate on the influence of street vending business on its household characteristics in Dar es Salaam and Coast region. The study applied the Survey methods in data collection. Data were collected around bus stops along the Morogoro Road, in ten (10) different localities from Kimara bus stand (15 km) to Mlandizi which is 65 kilometers from Dar es Salaam city. A sample of 100 respondents were interviewed, 10 from each centre. Quantitative data were analyzed based on descriptive statistical analysis. Qualitative data were processed manually by applying the content analysis. The findings indicated positive relationship between the persons involved in business and household size. There was a blurred relationship on mobile street vendors with household characteristics. There were also observed positive relationship between static street vendors and household characteristics as a means to fulfill consumer demands at particular places. Policy makers and business stakeholder’s needs to align their policies and plans in support on street vending business, which will influence better business performances at household levels in Tanzania.
Page(s): 481-486 Date of Publication: 19 November 2020
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The purpose of this research is to analyze and describe the planning, organizing, implementation, and evaluation of learning in the development of professionalism of IT Elementary School teacher Baitul Jannah Bandar Lampung and to know the Development of Teacher Professionalism in SDIT Baitul Jannah Bandar Lampung The method used in this study is qualitative with this type of research is field research. The informants in this study were principals, vice principals, teachers and parties directly involved in the research background so as to have a lot of information. The process of data collection, the author uses several methods, namely observation methods, interviews and documentation. The results showed learning management at SDIT Baitul Jannah Bandar Lampung went through planning activities namely drawing up learning plans and compiling learning implementation measures, the implementation process consisted of preliminary, core and closing activities and evaluation activities namely assessment stage after learning and professional development of teachers in SDIT Baitul Jannah Bandar Lampung has been done well and the school authorities have made efforts to continue to develop. However, there are some programs that have not yet been implemented optimally
Page(s): 487-491 Date of Publication: 20 November 2020
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The purpose of this research work is to investigate and analyze the socio-economic implications of oil exploration in the Niger Delta region. Egbema Local Government Area in Imo State was used as the study area to represent the Niger Delta region. For the relevance of this study, Karl Mark theory of economic determinism was used as the theoretical frame work; and in the research methodology, a structured questionnaire was administered to the indigenes of the selected Niger Delta region to elicit the necessary information needed for this study. At the end of this study, researcher observed that there is a relationship between there is a relationship between oil exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region as well as lack of capacity building/skills acquisition. Based on the findings of this study, it recommends among other things, that oil companies should improve the standard of living of their host communities by providing them with necessary social amenities, paying adequate compensation to the affected people in the area and ensuring that the capacity of the youths is built to reduce the rate of youth restiveness in the region. Equally, adequate devices should be used for environmental protection in the region.
Page(s): 492-499 Date of Publication: 20 November 2020
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The teaching of History and Government should serve to enable a country meet its needs and aspirations. One such need in Kenya, which has remained largely elusive, is national cohesion and integration. The objectives of teaching History and Government are; to demonstrate an understanding of how people and events of the past have influenced the ways in which people lived and behaved; appreciate the need for an importance of mutual responsibility, and to develop a sense of patriotism and national pride through participation in various development activities in the country. Research has revealed that the teaching of History and Government contributes to the development of an individual by increasing his/her propensity to be tolerant. Learning has a strong influence on the development of shared norms and the value placed on tolerance and understanding within a community. Integration is the process by which immigrants become accepted into society, both as individuals and as groups. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish whether the objectives of teaching History and Government subject in Secondary school are being met and to establish the role of History and Government education in enhancing National Integration in Kenya. The target population of the study comprised of History and Government teachers, History and Government students, community leaders, Youth leaders, and Church leaders in Bomet County. Focus group discussions, Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data from the respondents. Qualitative data collected was analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that there is a need to have History and Government subject compulsory in secondary school curriculum to allow the subject objectives to be met. The study also revealed challenges facing the teaching of History and Government subject fails to meet the needs of the Country in terms of cohesion and integration.
Page(s): 500-505 Date of Publication: 21 November 2020
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Many critics have discussed failure of independence evident in dehumanized existential conditions in African and Diasporic writing. This failure has been placed at both the door step of colonial powers and the post independence leadership. This leadership has variously been described as the ruling class, political elite, ruling elite. The net effect of this typing has been a limitation of the proper analysis of the notion of middle class in post independence Africa and her Diaspora. As a critical structural aspect of capitalism within the colonial process, the middle class has received limited critical attention in contemporary post-colonial analyses. Using the Marxist and psychoanalytic prisms, this study descriptively deviates from the general depictions of class. By focusing on the middle class, this study argues that post-independent challenges have a correlation with the nature of the defective middle class that fails in its historical mandate of humanizing the dehumanized post-colony. It fails the test expected of the ‘new men’ in rehumanizing the diseased post-colonial spaces. By taking over most of the critical socio-political institutions between 1956 and 1986, the emergent middle class as reflected in The Beautiful Ones(1968) by Ayi Kwei Armah, Breath, Eyes, Memory(1994) by Edwirge Denticat and The Invincible Weevil(1998) figuratively shrinks and deviates from the ‘ideal’ as conceptualized by sociologists. Members of this class mutate into criminality and entrench a subculture of deviance driven by an instinct of primitive ‘colonial’ accumulation. These three writers fictively make a statement on the reciprocity between individual psychological predisposition and material social conditions in which the struggle for mental and social liberation is waged by the neo-colonial subject.
Page(s): 506-521 Date of Publication: 21 November 2020
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This study empirically ascertained the impact of COVID-19 on education and recommended initiatives that could be adopted in managing the impact. Four null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted a survey design. Self-prepared questionnaires were administered to 120 respondents that comprised of educators, students, parents and policy makers selected from different States in Nigeria. The questionnaires were administered online using online survey platform. Also, secondary data were generated from newspapers, journals, media and reports. From the collected data, multiple regression analysis was adopted in testing the null hypotheses using SPSS. From the results, all the null hypotheses were rejected except null hypothesis four. Thus, this paper recommends online learning as the best initiative in managing the impact of COVID-19 on education system in Nigeria.
Page(s): 522-529 Date of Publication: 21 November 2020
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This study sought to investigate customer care in bringing customers satisfaction at the University of Arusha. Its specific objectives included; to determine whether the University of Arusha is practicing customer care and customer satisfaction, to identify challenges of customer care and customer satisfaction at the University of Arusha and to identify mechanism to improve customer care and customer satisfaction at the University of Arusha. The study employed qualitative approach in collecting and analyzing data at the University of Arusha. Open ended questionnaires were used to collect data from 79 respondents. Findings revealed that respondents had a view that the University of Arusha is practicing customer care and customer satisfaction. Although, the study revealed that, employees in the office have less knowledge on customer care and skills that hindered effective provision of good customer care to customers and lack of commitment to offer a quality customer care service was also found to be a problem. Findings also indicated that there were mechanisms to remove the challenges such as training of customer care skills among the staff. The study concluded that, the customer satisfaction between main and town campus differed. It was also concluded that, inadequacy of facilities such as computer lab equipment were among the source of dissatisfaction. It was recommended that, training the staff on the customer care skills is essential in improving the customer care, the University should balance the services between the main campus and Arusha extension center which seems to be ignored.
Page(s): 530-537 Date of Publication: 24 November 2020
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The study was to investigate the impact of Covid -19 pandemic on learning and academic libraries in Nigeria. Objective of this research is to examine the impact of covid-19 pandemic on student academic performance, use of libraries and academic innovations in Nigeria tertiary institutions. The study used a well structured e-questionnaire to obtain data from 246 respondents from fifteen (15) tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used for data analysis. Findings from the study disclosed that Covid-19 pandemic have not only affected the functionality of Nigerian school system but also had a great impact on students mental wellbeing .It showed that there is a significant relationship between the pandemic and leaning and use of libraries. Furthermore, finding disclosed the low and negligence in technological academic aids innovations in Nigerian schools which have long impede learning. It was recommended among others that the use of online learning should be introduced to schools .This will enable both schools and student in remote environment to have access to educational materials at their convenient and also to appreciate technological advancement and be globally competitive.
Page(s): 538-541 Date of Publication: 24 November 2020
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Security is the Fundamental objective of every institution and nation’s leadership. For Nigeria as a nation, the problem of insecurity has remained the most intractable challenge in our history. This paper examines how education can be used as a weapon to confront the challenge. We examined the concept of security to reveal the various aspects of the term, including political, military, economic, ecological, social, cultural, ideological and other types of security. The causes of insecurity in Nigeria were examined to include unemployment, corruption, socio-economic imbalance, porous borders, influx of illegal arms, narcotics, slavery, criminal situations, weak internal security, injustice and nepotism, religious fanaticism and ethno-religious conflicts, gross inequality and unfairness. We considered such cases of insecurity as the Niger Delta militancy, kidnapping in the south-east of Nigeria, Jos crisis, Boko-Haram insurgency, Herdsmen aggression etc. The consequences of insecurity were examined before we dealt with the use of education to combat insecurity. We posited that a lot of the cases of insecurity derived from ignorance and so agreed that education of the formal and non-formal types would solve the problem in the long run. We then listed a broad range of content areas which curriculum workers would have to structure into existing school or out-of-school subjects in order to teach both children and adults to prepare them for a more productive livelihood in our contemporary world. Some of the prescribed content areas include entrepreneurial education, democratic/voter education, family-life education, economic independence, modest living, sound moral values, dignity of labour and productivity, religious education, rudiments of martial arts for the girl child rudiments of community policing among others .Curriculum workers are called upon to weave these content areas into existing school subjects as appropriate so that the implementations of the various curricula would result in improved security of lives and property in Nigeria.
Page(s): 542-549 Date of Publication: 24 November 2020
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Cross-border conflicts have more often than not culminated into full-fledged wars between states globally. Conflict-affected and fragile states are experiencing repeated and interlinked violence that crosses borders. In Africa, cross-border conflicts have been dynamic in nature being orchestrated by a number of factors including inadequate natural resources, territorial disputes, and shared resources among others. The cross-border of Kenya and Ethiopia is no exception. It has been affected by seasonal patterns of drought and famine, seasonal movements of armed pastoralists and livestock across the border. Moreover, Kenya-Ethiopia border has experienced a continuing degradation of the environment leading to food insecurity and increased competition for scarce resources mainly water and pasture. These phenomena have more often than not resulted in cross-border conflicts among communities living along the border of Kenya and Ethiopia. The research objective of the study was to examine the nature of conflicts between the communities at the Kenya and Ethiopia border. This research paper is underpinned by power theory.
Page(s): 550-556 Date of Publication: 26 November 2020
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Agriculture settlements have been the mainstream of Sri Lanka’s development agenda since the 1930s to 1980s. It has rich experiences, particularly in the planning and implementation stages, which later resulted in many issues in the schemes. Thus, this study aimed to review existing knowledge on developmental experiences during the planning and implementation stages of the agriculture settlement schemes in Sri Lanka. Here, the study applied the content analytical technique. The review commenced under four areas of the subject – 1) errors in settlement planning, 2) errors in the administrative mechanism, 3) problems related to economic returns, and 4) issues in the land legislation. In the concluding point of the review, the study exposed the importance of considering developmental experiences in the future planning of agriculture settlement schemes in the country.
Page(s): 557-561 Date of Publication: 26 November 2020
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Students’ discipline is a matter of global concern. However, the effectiveness of use suspension as an alternative disciplinary method in schools still remains largely unexplored and a matter of conjecture in Kenya. This study sought to investigate Principals’ challenges associated with use of suspension as an alternative disciplinary method on students’ discipline in public secondary schools in Kitui County. Kenya. The study objective sought to establish the challenges faced by principals in using suspension as an alternative disciplinary method on students’ discipline. The study adopted the ex-post-facto research design and was guided by the systems theory. The study targeted 333 public secondary schools which included 333 principals, 333 Deputy Principals, 333 Guidance and Counselling Heads of Departments (HoDS), and Kitui County Director of Education. The sample size was obtained by a stratified proportionate sampling procedure and purposive sampling to obtain a sample of 101 schools which included 101 principals, 101 Deputy Principals, 101 HoDs guidance and counselling and the County Director of Education. The data collection tools included questionnaires for Principals, Deputy Principals, HoDs guidance and counselling and interview guide for the County Director of Education. Instrument reliability was determined by a test-re-test technique. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse data which was presented using Frequency distribution tables. Qualitative data was organised in themes and presented in a narrative form. From the findings, students were suspended upon recommendation by the school discipline committee. The major challenge of using suspension in management of school discipline included uncooperative parents (reported by 60.4 % of the principals). The parents requested for reduction of suspension period, they also sided with their children (students) and the parents also failed to report back to school on the given date. Suspension was time consuming and this was said by 37.6 % of the principals, with 7.9 % of the principals saying that suspension had a challenge of refusal of students to tell their parents the truth, while 6.9% of the principals said that some students did not change at all after suspension. The study concluded that the challenges associated with principals’ use of suspension as an alternative disciplinary method are many. However, effectiveness in use of suspension as an alternative disciplinary method could be realised if schools could design and utilize disciplinary approaches that could directly address students’ discipline problems. Hence, such approaches could assist students who have signs of misconduct in schools.
Page(s): 562-567 Date of Publication: 28 November 2020
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Management class in lampung elementary nature school in lampung, the principal and the teachers carry out class management in order to create a conductive class. Purpose: This study is to analyze and describe: class planning, class organization, class implementation and class control in Alam Lampung Elementary School. Method: used in this research is a qualitative method with a phenomenological design plan. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews, participant observation and document study. Sources of data from this study amounted to 7 people with key informants as educators and informants for the principal, staff, and students. Results: the results of the study consisted of (1) class planning in Natural Elementary Schools tailored to the learning needs and the number of students in the class. (2) class organization arranges learning support objects in the classroom, such as seats, air circulation, lighting, learning media, blackboards, cabinets, etc. (3) the implementation of the class provides direction to students to learn actively and focus on the implementation of learning. (4) class control determines what is done, and how to control the class when the learning is running. Suggestion: suggestions for schools are to provide facilities and infrastructure that support the class planning process, class organizing, class implementation, and class control so that it can be carried out properly and optimally. Suggestions for future researchers Future researchers can use different objects, in order to expand the population so that they can find different results.
Page(s): 568-570 Date of Publication: 28 November 2020
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Ethnic conflict in Kenya has caused a lot of suffering to many Kenyans due to several innocent citizens having been wounded, hurt, killed and displaced or marginalized from their original homes. This has left many citizens stranded for long periods of time.conflicts have affected many parts of Kenya depending on the types and nature of the conflicts. This study aimed at determinng the influence of socio- economic factors on the conflict in Nyakach Sub County in Kisumu County between the Luosa and Kipsigis. The specific objectives of the study were to: examine the political factors that influence ethnic conflict in Nyakach Sub County in Kisumu County, to find out the effects of ethnicity on conflicts in Nyakach Sub County in Kisumu County: to identify the peace building mechanisms that could be used to solve the influence of Socio economic factors on ethnic conflicts. The study will be guided by Conflict theory proposed by Johansen Galtung. Qualitative research methodology will be adopted since the study is based on qualitative data. The study will use descriptive survey design because it is simple and appropriate to use for explanations of research findings. The target population included Government employees and other stakeholders such as the Community leaders members of the civil society, Faith based leaders, and Non-Governmental organization leaders in Nyakach Sub County. A sample of 110 people who included the youth, adults, politicians, the church and NGO leaders of various levels were selected as apart of the sample to provide vital information for the research study. Data was collected using primary and secondary methods. Data collection instruments comprised of closed ended questionnaires and interview guide, while the secondary data were sourced from online materials, journals and relevant books on ethnic conflicts. A pilot study was carried from a non sampled group using 10 respondents to assess inaccuracies acknowledged and altered in advance. The study used qualitative methods of data analysis to analyse the collected data. The study covered the period between 2000 and 2018. The recommendations adduced were forwarded to the government authorities. to use in preventing any future conflicts.
Page(s): 571-583 Date of Publication: 28 November 2020
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Foreign policy is an important instrument which guides nations in their relations with other nations of the world for survival. Since independence, Nigeria’s relations with the outside world have taken both bilateral and multilateral dimensions. These relations cut across political, socio-cultural cum economic relations. More recently, there has been an increased economic relation between Nigeria and China which has raised a lot of concerns as to whether the relationship is symbiotic or parasitic like that of the Western countries. The study therefore sets out to examine if Nigeria-China relations enhanced economic development in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto research design as it made use of documentary method of data collection and content analysis. Theory of complex interdependence was used as a framework of analysis. The findings reveals that the relationship between Nigeria and China politically have been reciprocal and to an extent the bilateral relations had enhanced economic development but the excessive trade imbalance in favor of China has been the nature of the China –Nigeria relations. It also reveals that the imbalance in trade has entrenched dependency on the part of Nigeria’s economy. Thus, the study recommends among other things that, Nigeria should be more pragmatic in protecting its local producers by regulating the inflow of Chinese goods into the Nigerian market and by placing an embargo on certain products so as to enable such to be produced locally by local manufacturers. The researcher also recommends that Nigeria should not be carried away by their desire for immediate gain but should develop a long term plan of developing and expanding her economy just like their Chinese counterpart has done.
Page(s): 584-591 Date of Publication: 01 December 2020
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