This study aims to show and reveal how rich Toraja is in various types of rituals and why Toraja is known as the city of rituals. This research uses qualitative methods and participant observation, where the writer conduct field research and conduct direct observations. This method uses cultural anthropology approach and ideological linguistics. The results of this study indicates that Toraja cultural practices exist today because of their beliefs. The symbols contained in the ritual shows that in general rituals in Toraja include offerings and sacrificing. Social change in Toraja between the past and the present is influenced by modernization, scientific development, the environment and ideology. Toraja rituals have a big impact in tourism.
Page(s): 01-03 Date of Publication: 28 February 2021
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The social media have constituted a fundamental platform for the dissemination of vital information for use by members of the society. This makes it necessary to expect that some vital information on health issues, such as Hepatitis B Virus, can be transmitted to people through social media platforms, despite some outstanding dysfunctions of the social media. This study examines the extent to which social media platforms are used to the tools for creating awareness on Hepatitis B Virus in Lagos, Nigeria. The population of the study was 14,368,332 which was the projected population of Lagos State. The sample size was 400 selected through the multi-stage sampling method. The questionnaire was the instrument for data gathering. Findings of the study revealed that majority of Lagos State residents were exposed to social media platform. Also messages on Hepatitis B Virus were transmitted through the various social media to residents of Lagos State. It was therefore recommended among other things that operator and managers of health facilities in Lagos State should make use of the social media platforms as part of the potent channels of transmitting information on health issues such as Hepatitis B Virus.
Page(s): 04-12 Date of Publication: 01 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5201Download PDF
This study examines the predictors to health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria based on employment status and level of income earned. The population in this study comprised of all registered pregnant women attending antenatal care in the 15 selected Primary Health Care centers in Okrika Local Government Area. A sample of 800 respondents was selected using Taro Yamen Formula out of the population of 1500. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling procedure: at stage 1, simple random sampling was used to select 15 primary health centers; at stage 2, purposive sample was adopted to select the respondents from each health center. The research instrument was a validated self-structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Two null hypotheses were tested using inferential statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that there is high level of health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area with the grand mean based on employment status and level of income earned 3.37± .69, the findings revealed that employment status with 3.4 ± .64 is a predictor to health promotion among pregnant women in the area under study. Income status with the grand mean =3.4 ± .69 is not a predictor to health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local government area. The study concludes that pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria have a high level of health promotion; level of income earned is not a predictor to health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area. The study recommends that the ministry of health should enact policies and improve basic education for all women of childbearing age both at the pre (before pregnancy), during and post pregnancy (after birth), on the need for healthy practices expected of pregnant women and not just focusing on the sensitizations and cancelling services rendered only during Antenatal and/or postnatal care which is centered towards the pregnant mothers only.
Page(s): 13-21 Date of Publication: 02 March 2021
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Consumers are the kings of markets. No business enterprise can operate without the presence of the consumer, and with the advancement of technology, consumers tend to make countless decisions in purchasing with the use of social media. This study aims to evaluate the influence of social media marketing on consumer buying behavior, particularly among Panabo City citizens who mostly use social media websites to purchase products and services. The study utilizes a non-experimental quantitative research approach, combining correlational and regression techniques. Convenience sampling and Slovin’s formula was used to identify the 399 respondents. With the application of mean, frequency, Pearson r, and Regression Analysis, the result shows that there is a positive, moderate, and significant correlation between social media marketing and consumer buying behavior. Thus, it has been found out that among the indicators of social media marketing, all are predictors of consumer buying behavior. Furthermore, regression analysis results revealed that social media marketing significantly influences consumer buying behavior. Hence, consumers are influenced by process factors and external stimuli brought by social media marketing.
Page(s): 22-30 Date of Publication: 04 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5202Download PDF
Historically, the social acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community has been very low across the globe. In India the scenario was no different though the landscape began shifting post the progressive judgement rendered by the Supreme Court of India, in 2018, decriminalizing homosexuality. The introduction of the third gender as a part of recognised gender spectrum in 2014 and the right to change legal gender in 2019 were other progressive measures in this direction. Despite the mandate the societal awareness and acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community continues to be a challenge in the Indian socio cultural milieu. Against this backdrop, a research study was undertaken to understand the aspirations of, and challenges faced by members of the community in India, today. A qualitative survey questionnaire with questions including when they developed self-awareness of their identity, how their experience of acceptance and inclusion was and how they embarked on their pursuit of aspirations, was used. The research sample consisted of 31 respondents who identified themselves as part of the LGBTQIA+ Community. From a self-awareness standpoint, 70% respondents said they accepted their own identity only after the age of 20. 48% of respondents reported facing mental health challenges because of a lack of acceptance. The paper also includes a discussion on the measures that individuals, organizations and institutions can undertake to be more inclusive of the LGBTQIA+ community.
Page(s): 31-37 Date of Publication: 04 March 2021
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As technology continuously advancing in today’s era, electronic technologies became one of the creations that most people need for communication. They deemed a kind of leisure or recreational tool such that Video Games. In some studies, self-control seems strongly associated with counterproductive behavior, but not much research about video game performance. Thus, a lack of knowledge concerning the influence of self-control on video game performance is present. This research aims to analyze the correlation between an individual’s self-control and the student’s video game performance in Panabo City. The questionnaire splits into three parts: Students’ demographic profile, Students Self-Control, and Students Video Game Performance. In participants, 32 of the respondents participated in the study—researchers used quantitative non-experimental correlational research design to approach the research question. In the result, the mean level of students’ self-control is 3.2188 with a standard deviation of 0.38882. It shows that the level of students’ self-control is moderate while the mean level of students’ video game performance is 3.5042 with a standard deviation of 0.46062. It shows that the level of students’ video game performance is high. The researchers concluded that there is no significant relationship between students’ self-control and video game performance, showing a weak positive relationship.
Page(s): 38-47 Date of Publication: 04 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5203Download PDF
This research aims to represent the meaning of pangulu in Bugis society. This type of research is a qualitative research with a descriptive analysis method. The data of this study were sourced from pengulu in the Bugis community. Data collection used participatory observation methods with interview techniques, documentation techniques, recording techniques, and note taking techniques. The results showed that the Bugis community represented Pangulu as the head or leader. In this study, it was also found that there are four types of pagulu found in the Bugis community, namely the pangulu tau-tau, the pangulu sikori, the pangulu takala and the pangulu rekko. Pangulu tau-tau are symbolized as symbols of greatness and elevation. Pangulu sikori is symbolized as a symbol of steadfastness to the leader. Pangulu takala is symbolized as a symbol of heroism and courage. While the pangulu rekko is symbolized as a symbol of obedience and obedience.
Page(s): 48-51 Date of Publication: 04 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5204Download PDF
This study was grounded on Van Hiele’s geometric levels of thinking as a conceptual framework to assess and analyse senior high school students’ geometric understanding. A non-equivalent quasi experimental design was used to compare the geometrical achievements of students taught with concept-based method and those instructed with traditional method. The study employed purposive sampling technique to select two schools; experimental group (41) and control group (37). Quantitative analysis was carried out using a two-way mixed factorial analysis of variance(ANOVA). The findings of the study revealed a significant difference in the mathematics achievement of learners taught circle theorem with concept-based instruction as compared to those taught with traditional method. The study reveals that students achieved higher geometric thinking when taught with concept-based instruction.
Page(s): 52-60 Date of Publication: 05 March 2021
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Globally, weeds wreak significant damages on plants and this situation calls for instantaneous measures to overcome the harm done by the weeds. Weeds can be removed by hand/hoe weeding but these are time consuming, laborious and do not even promise thorough removal of weeds. Weeds control through such traditional method has even become much problematic in Ghana as large portions of the rural youth, especially from the Northern Region, are migrating to the urban centers. Weedicide, on the other hand, offers a considerable promise of thoroughly removing weeds using few labours and time. However, there is evidence of low weedicide adoption among maize farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. It is against this background that this study investigates the drivers of weedicide adoption among maize farm households in the Northern Region of Ghana. To achieve this objective, a correlated random-effects probit model was applied to a 3-year panel data from Innovation for Poverty Action-Farmer Survey of Ghana. A sample of 1728 peasant farm households was used for the study. The analysis of data revealed that dependency ratio, price of weedicide and communal labour were negatively related to weedicide adoption. It was also found that farm income, NPK fertilizer, other inorganic fertilizer, and the price of labour were positively related to weedicide adoption. It is recommended that: government should reduce dependency ratio through job creation and birth rate, subsidize weedicide, and promote the use of complementary farm inputs.
Page(s): 61-71 Date of Publication: 07 March 2021
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The purpose of this study was to establish the barriers to geography teachers’ engagement with research in selected secondary schools of Serenje district. Interviews were conducted with fourteen geography teachers, two heads of social sciences departments, and one official each from Provincial Resource Centre (PRC) and District Resource centre (DRC) respectively. Purposeful sampling was used to select the participants. Two focus group discussions were also conducted with teachers of geography. Data was analysed thematically. Findings showed that teacher engagement with research was constrained by barriers such as lack of time, lack of support from administrators, financial constraints, lack of access to relevant research literature, and societal and organizational culture. Therefore, to establish and sustain research engagements of geography teachers in the district attention is needed in the following areas: policy, job description and schedules of the teachers, school culture, libraries, and funding for research.
Page(s): 72-78 Date of Publication: 07 March 2021
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This study dealt with the impact of the Learning Management System (LMS) as a new platform of Instruction towards learning satisfaction of BSEd English students; also, the primary objective of this study was to determine the level of student learning satisfaction in education towards the use of LMS as a learning tool and to find out if there would be a significant relationship between LMS as a learning tool and its impact to the students’ learning satisfaction among BSEd English students. Utilizing correlational research method with a total of (160) enrolled BSEd English Students of Davao del Norte State College from 1st year to 4th-year level as selected participants. Data gathering was done through the use of questionnaires via an online survey; the questionnaire was divided into three parts, namely: demographic roles students; focus on the factors of Learning Management System (LMS) and as a learning tool. Tested at 0.05 level of significance Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient was utilized resulting in rejection of the null hypothesis. There is a significant relationship in Student Learning Satisfaction to Learning Management System as a new Platform of Instruction.
Page(s): 79-88 Date of Publication: 08 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5205Download PDF
With the unexpected increase in population globally, especially in Sub Saharan Africa, waste management has been crucial for good health, good environment and aesthetics urban centers. This paper seeks to examine the nature of administrative processes, challenges and possible solutions to waste disposal management and pollution policies in Eldoret municipality in Kenya. The paper will be guided by the following objectives: To establish the nature of administrative process in waste disposal and pollution policy implementation and to find out the challenges and possible solutions facing waste disposal and pollution policy implementation. The paper will adopt a qualitative approach by getting response from the stakeholders through interviews and questionnaires, the respondents were chosen through purposive sapling technique. The geographical scope of the study was Eldoret municipality while the time scope covered the period 2012-2015. The findings were: Administrative process that exists in Eldoret includes both administrative politics such as mayoral office and councilors and administrative policy making such as rule-making and law enforcement. Challenges include: Waste from hospitals and industries are disposed of as untreated waste, the lack of adequate transport vessels and vehicles, low participation of households, management problems and operational problems. Possible solutions include: provision of large bins for all the residential areas and collection should be made compulsory, mass public emancipation, garbage pails should be provided and placed at strategic points open spaces, decentralize solid waste collection and disposal, necessity for a better solid waste management. This paper makes a conclusion that solid waste management is on decline due to inadequacy of modern equipment’s, financial misappropriation and bribery and corruption among the municipal employees. In order to adequately solve these not only in Eldoret-Kenya but in all urban centers facing such problems, the strategies employed by private sectors should be adopted and all other stakeholders in the waste management so as to make the whole system more proactive.
Page(s): 89-96 Date of Publication: 08 March 2021
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This study estimates the demand for international reserves function in Nigeria using vector auto-regressions, and annual time-series data for 1980-2017. The result obtained indicates that there is a stable, long- run relationship between international reserves, exports, openness, interest rate and export earnings volatility. Variance decomposition analysis shows the main sources of economic growth variations in Nigeria are attributable to “own shocks” and only slightly to other variables, namely, exports and openness. Thus, the study recommends that the government should adopt trade and exchange rate policies to promote exports in order to increase international reserve holdings and accelerate economic growth in Nigeria.
Page(s): 97-108 Date of Publication: 10 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5206Download PDF
Many scholars and researchers have since established that social media usage by businesses is gaining prominence in the global markets. This current paper explores the impact of social media in disseminating information to small-scale businessesin the town of Chinhoyiin Zimbabwe. The central objective of the study is to identify the role of social media in the dissemination of information to small-scale businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. Thestudy adopts qualitative research methodand uses purposive sampling to administer a questionnaire to educe responses from fifty-(50) small-scale business owners in Chinhoyi. The study provides insight into the advances in social media that are enabling social and cultural changes in business. The major findings of the study are that, social media may help in novel ways to congregate geographical markets for higher sales, transform traditional business approaches, and initiate the much needed and viable consumer-focused communication. The study contributes to the understanding of the impact of social media in disseminating information to small-scale businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. Owing to the increase in social media usage more than the traditional platforms, for information consumption, the study argues that. (i) Where clients frequent should naturally become important for business, since business is about clients. (ii) In addition, now that social media is so available to anyone with an internet connection and even more now for everyone with a smartphone, small-scalebusinesses should embrace it for information dissemination.Overall, the study recommends that social media should be a platform to increase business brand awareness and facilitate direct feedback from customers.
Page(s): 109-118 Date of Publication: 10 March 2021
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Due to various political and economic factors, the Ndebele family institution has undergone tremendous changes. These changes have impacted the socialisation of the girl child within the family set-up. The girl child still faces socialisation problems due to the nature of the present-day family set up. Guided by the Social Learning Theory, the paper examines the family’s role in the girl child’s upbringing as depicted in Makhalisa and Ndlovu’s plays. It is found that the environment in which a girl child grows up influences their behaviour. The study adopted a textual analysis method, and its primary aim was to carry out a comparative analysis of the depiction of the socialisation of the girl child in the Ndebele plays Umhlaba lo! (B.Makhalisa) and Lakanye Wangenza (T.P Ndlovu). The analysis revealed that both plays depict the Ndebele family set-up. Colonisation, Industrialisation and Urbanisation are presented in the plays as the factors contributing to the decline of the traditional Ndebele extended family whilst giving rise to the nuclear family set-up. Both plays present the socialisation of a girl child, with Makhalisa portraying the advantages of extended family in the upbringing of a girl child whilst bringing out the social and economic aspects encountered by a girl child. Ndlovu on the other hand is successful in capturing the contemporary urban family, characterised as the nuclear family and how it has a negatively impacted in the upbringing of a girl child. The study, therefore, concluded that the family stands out to be the core of every girl child’s upbringing, and it determines an individual’s future. Both playwrights successfully depict the girl child’s socialisation in the family whilst bringing out the Ndebele people’s lived experiences during the colonial era and post-colonial.
Page(s): 119-131 Date of Publication: 10 March 2021
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This article examines the general underlying crop farmer grazer conflict resolution methods/mitigation mechanisms in the North West region of Cameroon and in Bui-Donga Mantung Divisions in particular. It argues that the recurrent conflict that has hit the crop farming and livestock sector for several decades still suffers from arriving at a lasting solution. Several strategies have been put in place to bring peace between the two land users, but the dialogue platform (66%) has been sorted out the most effective mechanism. It also argues that the agro-pastoral commission (9.5%) has lost its credibility as the legal forum of conflict resolution, for in several attempts, has never arrived at a lasting solution to the farmer-grazer squabbles. Its effects are devastative and are felt in sectors such as food crop production, peace and harmony, justice, and sustainable development that are needed in the area of study. Therefore, we recommend that different methods can provide solutions, but a well-publicized demarcation of stock routes is by far the best assurance of a sense of belonging that cattle herders can appreciate and adapt to protection of farmlands. The government should therefore make better legislation on the farmer-grazer problem and revise the old ones for their conditions do not satisfy the both the crop farmers and grazers. Both land users should focus on the use of the dialogue platform as the main medium of conflict resolution, for its outcomes are often lasting and satisfactory to both parties. .
Page(s): 139-147 Date of Publication: 10 March 2021
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Nigeria has been mentioned by the United Nations as having one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world. Reducing high maternal mortality ratio is not just a technical and medical challenge but largely a political one which requires the attention and commitment of political leaders. This study brought together some of the determinants of maternal mortality mentioned in extant literature and used simultaneous multiple regression on fourteen variables for maternal mortality modelling in Nigeria. Stepwise regression was then applied to identify, from among the fourteen variables, the major determinant factors that appear to affect maternal mortality ratio more than the others. Narrowing down attention to a small number of the major determinants of high maternal mortality should help gain the focused attention of government since maternal mortality is just one among hundreds of issues competing for the attention of political leaders at any given time. Data on the 36 states of the federation and the FCT Abuja was obtained from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008, the Annual Abstract of Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics and the Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Nigeria. The study found that delivery by a skilled health professional and educational attainment of women had more effect on maternal mortality ratio than the other factors. The implication of this finding is that advocates of maternal mortality reduction in Nigeria will need to focus more attention on developments in the educational sector and not just on making direct improvements to the healthcare system.
Page(s): 139-147 Date of Publication: 10 March 2021
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This study is a contribution to the literature on patterns of women empowerment within the framework of a legal and socio-political approach. It uses the women’s right to ownership of land and housing property as a yardstick of effective women empowerment in the grasslands region of Western Cameroon, a region known to be dominated by patriarchal practices. It finds that women’s right to ownership of property has been disproportionately shaped by legal and socio-political factors. From a legal point of view, women like men have the right to ownership of property but from a socio-political stand point, it is not always the case. There is a significant mismatch between women property rights and their effective ownership of property. Women in North West Cameroon make use of property but hardly secure it in their own names. The paper is inviting feminist stakeholders such as government and NGOs to effectively address implementation of ownership procedures and in particular those regarding ownership of land and housing.
Page(s): 148-157 Date of Publication: 11 March 2021
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This study examined the effect of financial openness on poverty level in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018, using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique. The study found that the lagged value of poverty has a positive and significant relationship with itself. This buttresses the point that poverty in the previous period’s filters directly into the present period. Again, the study found that financial deepening has an inverse and significant effect on poverty, while financial openness was found to have a positive and significant impact on poverty. Finally, the lagged value of growth rate, investment, inflation and institutional quality has an inverse and significant effect on poverty.
Page(s): 158-164 Date of Publication: 11 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5206Download PDF
This study explored Orphans Rights in accessing the educational support in selected public secondary schools in Lusaka district. The study was guided by qualitative research methodology and case study design under pinned by three objectives namely: (i) describe the awareness of the rights on Educational support by the orphans and teachers, (ii) explore challenges faced by orphans’ in accessing education and (iii) explore strategies that should be put in place in order to allow them have access to education. .Emergent findings indicated that very feel learners were knowledgeable about the support system existing for them as orphans. Some teachers were aware of the educational support to be given to orphans but they were not sure if there was a policy in Zambia supporting such rights. The study revealed that orphans faced a lot of challenges in accessing education such as lack of sponsorship, Social stigma and Corruption in sponsorship awards. Among the measure to ensure that the orphans have access to education included, increased financial support system, enhancing collaboration among stakeholders, empowering orphans with diverse skills, and motivation ventures for well performing orphans. Thus, there is need for the relevant authority to coordinate organizations that look into the plight of orphans to come on board for support.
Page(s): 165-171 Date of Publication: 12 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5208Download PDF
Education was recognized globally as the key to overall development. The understanding of the value of education in human life and with the change in policies of recruitment materialisms which demand employable youth especially in Nigeria, it become necessary to provide youth with life skills education. This disquisition focus on ways forward in educating adolescence on life skills for achieving sustainable development in Nigeria. Been adolescence are the most powerful, active, diligent, creative, contributive, innovative and energetic people. Life skills education is essential tool for empowering those adolescent to act responsible, increase civil capacity by enhancing and improving the workforce, social tolerance and less likely to resort to anti-social behaviour for achieving sustainable development. It is said to be recommended among others that government should provide adequate provision of social services that are beneficial to the poor masses, fostering economic growth, empowerment of youth to boast business in different dimension toward achieving sustainable development goals.
Page(s): 172-176 Date of Publication: 12 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5209Download PDF
Ethnic politics in Nigeria’s political system have come to be a tragic and constant in Nigeria’s political system; where one must belong to the mainstream of ethnic politics for political relevance. Without any form of prejudice, it is a fact that Nigeria is a multi-ethnic state with differences in its socio-political and economic development all of which have resulted in conflicts and counter conflicts. It depicts attachments to the sub-national ethnic groups which threaten to undermine national integration and therefore divide the nation. Significantly, ethnicity in Nigeria was orchestrated by a long period of colonialism, a period which witnessed the ascendancy of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria to the socio-political domination of other ethnic groups. It was a period when the three major ethnic groups were used by the colonialist as a pedestal for the distribution of socio-political and economic goods. Using a mixed method, this work argues that Nigeria’s political problem hinges on the negative consequences of ethnic politics. The paper concludes that if Nigeria’s political system must progress, it must be anchored on the need for the review of the constitutional and political structure of Nigeria to restore healthy political competition as opposed to the existing outdated political mechanism imposed on Nigeria by the military under the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Page(s): 177-186 Date of Publication: 12 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5210Download PDF
The study focuses on post- election litigations as it has become a norm in the conduct of election in Nigeria and its effects on socio- economic development. Through secondary and primary data particularly observation methods of injury, the study reveal that reign of systemic corruption in Nigeria has negative effects on the electoral ecosystem which equally affects the genuine operations of the judiciary over true verdicts of post-election litigations. The paper also reveal that diversion of public funds meant for developments in pretext into elephant (big and unending) projects but financial conduit for financing post-election litigations depicts the nexus between post-election litigation and socio-economic underdevelopment in Nigeria. Besides, the paper establish that the role of godfatherism in Nigeria politics, appointment of incompetent hands in government at the expense of technocrats, enthronement of nurtured fraudulent politicians as leaders and fear of uncertainty which deters investors among others are effects of post-election litigations on socio-economic development in Nigeria. Political education, life imprisonment for corrupt electoral staff, Judges and Justices, stoppage of money politics which fuels the role of godfatherism and its related illegality are among others are recommended herein by this paper.
Page(s): 187-191 Date of Publication: 13 March 2021
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This study aims to obtain the structure of the text, the form of the text, the context of the narrative and the values contained in the speech texts in the Tulembang community, Gowa Regency. Broadly speaking, the speech in the Tulembang akulty community consists of two parts, namely mantra and kelong. The division is differentiated based on the shape and structure. The method used is descriptive qualitative method which means describing in general the contents of the text, namely describing the form of the text, the structure of the text and revealing the values contained in the text of the tulembang community’s speech. The analysis was carried out on the text using the theory of the combination of language and society. The theory referred to by the researcher is the anthropological linguistic theory which is directly related to language and its society. Through speeches in the Tulembang community, this research produces several important parts related to language and society in the Tulembang community. From the results of the research conducted, through the anthropological linguistic approach, the researcher got several important parts related to the speeches of the Tulembang community in Gowa Regency, namely; (1) the form of language in the speech text in the Tulembang community is in the form of literary text, (2) the speech in the Tulembang community has its own language structure, which contains the pattern of arranging stanzas, lines or paragraphs, (3) there are several values contained in the the text of Tulembang’s utterances, namely: religious values, work ethic values, positive thinking values, the value of cooperation, and the value of the human relationship with God, the value of the relationship between humans and other humans, and the relationship between humans and nature.
Page(s): 192-197 Date of Publication: 13 March 2021
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This study was carried out in Luweero district, Uganda with three objectives namely: to establish how parents’ provision of mid-day meals affects Universal Primary Education (UPE) children’s competency in Mathematics in Luweero district, Uganda; to examine how parents’ visiting of the schools to talk about their children’s learning affects their children’s competency in Mathematics in Universal Primary Education (UPE) primary schools in Luweero district, Uganda; and to assess how parents’ level of education affects their children’s competency in Mathematics in Universal Primary Education (UPE) schools in Luweero district, Uganda. A total of 500 pupils from ten primary schools participated in the study. The findings of the study were that the provision of mid-day meals had a positive influence on pupils’ competency in mathematics; parents’ visiting the school to talk about their children’s learning had a relatively positive influence on their children’s competency in mathematics; and parents’ level of education had minimal influence on their children’s competency in mathematics. Based on these findings, it was recommended that parents in Luweero district, Uganda should put in more effort to provide all their children with meals for lunch; there is need for parents to regularly visit schools where their children are studying from to discuss with teachers their children’s progress and to forge the way forward; and that all parents, educated or not, should support and urge their children to study very hard so as to excel academically.
Page(s): 198-204 Date of Publication: 14 February 2021
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Candidates have been scoring low grades in Biology Likuyani sub-county. Therefore, the research sought to assess the influence of internet-based tools on students’ performance in Biology in public secondary schools in Likuyani, Kakamega County. The objective of the study was; to find out the Influence of Internet-based tools. The study assumed that the target groups are readily available within the study area. This study employed mixed methodology and descriptive survey were used to generate both qualitative and quantitative data from public secondary schools in Likuyani Sub-County based on study objectives. The sample size for this study was 321 respondents. The instruments which were used include; questionnaires, interview schedule, observation check list and document analysis. Content validity was determined using constructive criticism by professionals from department of Educational Psychology and Technology of Mount Kenya University. Piloted data were used to test for reliability using Split half type of reliability test. The test questions were divided into two parts using odd numbers and even numbers. The divided questions were administered to respondents and score of each half were correlated using Cronbarch Alpha. Collected data were coded into SPSS software version 24 and cleaned and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.The study findings showed that internet-based tools were statistically significant with a positive influence on students’ performance in Biology. The study findings concluded that that Internet problem solving in ICT, Internet search and Teaching machines integration in ICT enhances student’s performance. From the findings of the study, it was recommended that; teachers to be given sufficient training on how to use ICT in teaching and learning processes to acquire the requisite knowledge and skills in integrating the technology in classrooms.
Page(s): 205-210 Date of Publication: 14 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5211Download PDF
“I am spiritual, but I am not religious”. This is the confession of one of the students when asked about his religiousness. The students ‘(ir) religiousness seems to be a deserted issue in the sociological studies about tertiary schools. In this study context, irreligiousness should not be understood as the absence of religion only, but the indifference towards it as well. Contexts, situations, and mood may affect students’ attitudes about religion. Despite the over-mediatisation of religious content in the Arab TV channels and social media, the Algerian society witnesses an unprecedented “loss of faith”. Has the rise of youth irreligiousness coincided with the rise of the technological revolution, social media and rationalism? This paper tries to identify the main reasons that are leading to this hypothesized “loss of faith” in religion. A semi-structured interview with ten schooled participants has been conducted to scrutinize their perception of religion. The results of the study yielded surprising ambivalent facts about the psycho-social profile of the modern Algerian young Muslim who acknowledged the presence of God. Religiousness can attain an unprecedented peak in exams time and tend to disappear as soon as far as exams finished. Exams Past, God forgotten?
Page(s): 211-215 Date of Publication: 15 March 2021
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In the thrust to achieve the goal of internationalisation, the mission statements of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) serve as a standard to guide the translation of policy into practice. Since the first organisational guide by Drucker in 1974, mission statements have become normative in all sectors including education. Pedagogical challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in education sectors the world over has led to immense discourse regarding internationalisation, a concept substantially debated even before the pandemic. This study takes stock of the current standing of 127 mission statements from HEIs in Southern Africa. Additionally, a comparative analysis between the SADC mission statements and 164 HEIs from the world’s Top 200 Universities in 2020. A quantitative content analysis approach utilising Voyant Tools © software allowed for a large volume of text (corpus) to be analysed and meaningful aggregates produced. This approach does not utilise hypotheses or pre-set taxonomies allowing for exploratory inductive data analysis. Previous studies have been restricted to country contexts with no open access data and based on small samples. This study established that both datasets (SADC and Top 200) exhibited similar global tenets of mission statement components. However, notable differences exist with SADC mission statements attempting to align themselves with the goal of contributing to their respective nations’ economic development. The global (Top 200) dataset’s international orientation focused on student exchanges and collaborative research while in SADC provision of high-quality education meeting international standards is the focus. The study recommends that post pandemic realignment of mission statements in accordance to the intended internationalisation goal is required to ensure policy to practice harmonisation.
Page(s): 216-222 Date of Publication: 15 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5212Download PDF
The core objective of e-governance is to provide services to people in a less time consuming, easily accessible and corruption free process using internet based platforms. Considering its positive aspects, the government of Bangladesh is trying to assure best possible use of modern technologies in rendering government services to the people which also resembles their commitment in upgrading the country as a digital one. Establishment of District e-Service Centers (DESCs) across the country is among the major steps towards promoting e-governance. The DESCs of Bangladesh are using modern information technology for service delivery and information dissemination. Introduction of an e-service center in Netrokona made some government services easily accessible and cost effective for the recipients in addition to that, the system reduced discrepancies and assured more accountability in service delivery process. Lack of updated data base for service recipients, lack of proper tracking system and lack of feedback receiving option are some of the major limitations existing at current DESCs. Moreover, some services like bill payment, telemedicine, e-education, etc. were expected to be there but not available at the moment. Interruption in power supply, poor coverage of internet, insufficient manpower and equipments and poor literacy on information technology are some of the major challenges faced by DESC of Netrokona. Initiatives to fulfill the lacking and assistance to overcome the challenges are need of time for a more effective district e-service center. Continuous research by service providers and academicians are necessary for better e-service delivery.
Page(s): 223-227 Date of Publication: 15 March 2021
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This study assessed the decision making quality towards the effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa. The main purpose and objective of this study is to determine which domain of decision making quality significantly influences the effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa. This study used the descriptive-correlational method of research. This study was conducted in Barangay Tibal-og, Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte, Philippines and it has 100 respondents through quota sampling, who are the constituents of the barangay who availed the services of the lupong tagapamayapa. The researchers adopted two questionnaires from online sources, which were validated through pilot testing. The results have shown that the level of the decision making quality of lupong tagapamayapa is very high, additionally the results also revealed that the level of the effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa is very high. The study also resulted that decision making quality and effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa has a positive high significant correlation and lastly, it was found out that evaluation is the domain of the decision making quality that significantly influences effectiveness of conciliation process of Lupong Tagapamayapa.The result of the study will be used to make interventions and programs to maintain and continue the efficiency and effectiveness of lupong tagapamayapa.
Page(s): 228-236 Date of Publication: 15 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5213Download PDF
The research was undertaking at Komenda College of Education to consider the effectiveness of reflective practices used as a means of recapping student teachers (STs) classroom teaching and learning. Reflective Practices are ways of equipping STs with core competencies, confidence experiences as professional teachers to mitigate complexities and challenges of becoming a teacher: the population for the study were all the three hundred and eighty (380) final year STs who completed their internship during 2018/2019 academic year. The researchers used both quota and random sample techniques to sample one hundred and sixty (160) final year student teachers as prerequisite for becoming professional teachers. STs were selected from our partnership schools. The researchers used quantitative method for the study. The instruments used to collect data for the study was questionnaire. The researchers used the questionnaire to collect the initial data. This means were used to check the consistencies of the responses that the STs gave. The questionnaire was offer comprehensive data for explanation to the issue at stake. The findings were that reflective practices help equip the STs with important skills and competencies that will strengthen the STs Competencies and to enhance their confidence.
Page(s): 237-242 Date of Publication: 16 March 2021
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The study examined availability and utilization of ICT in Secondary Schools in Rivers State. The study adopted the descriptive research design. Three research questions guided the study, while three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study comprised of all the 455 secondary schools both public and private schools in Rivers State. The sample size of the study was 136 respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 10 schools using 30% of the study. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained using Cronbach Alpha method. The overall reliability was 0.73 indexes. The availability and utilization of Information and Communication Technology Questionnaire. (AUICTQ) was used for data collection. Data were collected through the researcher with the help of two research assistants. Means, standard deviation and rank order were used to answer the research questions, while Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. It was found that the extents of ICT accessibility are not available in secondary schools in Rivers State.
Page(s): 243-250 Date of Publication: 18 March 2021
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Never before was exemplary leadership demonstrated as was the period of the prophet Muhammad. In him was seen a social leader, a noble character with an outstanding sense of morality and extraordinary self-sacrifice. He was an exemplary spiritual and state leader who was adjudged the best role model in ethical leadership. The Medinan State was described as the best, just, and civilized society. The legacies of the Medinan state, would ever remain a role model for generations yet unborn. These paper using mainly secondary sources of data, and content analysis in its assessment. Examines the Islamic model of the prophet Muhammad (SAW), which was widely known as the “Medinan State” his life and leadership was exemplary worthy of emulation, likewise the event that took place during and after his departure are full of lessons that has become a reference point that guides our lives today and will continue to do so till the end.
Page(s): 251-259 Date of Publication: 19 March 2021
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Globally, the outbreak of an acute respiratory disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely impacted on economies of countries and religious bodies. The emergence of the pandemic led to the interruption of most public socio-economic activities including religious gatherings, local and international flights, borders, road transportation, large commercial activities, public and private schools, among others worldwide, including Ghana. These measures sought to forestall a further spread of the disease. Suspension of religious gatherings foists considerable consequences on religious activities, especially in the developing world. In the mainstream academic discourse, scholars contended that the novel pandemic adversely affected economies of countries, but there is paucity of empirical evidence on how the pandemic has affected Christian Spirituality and religious socialization in Ghana. This study however fills this knowledge gap and unveils the possible effects of COVID-19 on Christian Spirituality in Ghana by using the Presbyterian Church of Ghana as a case. Qualitative approach was employed using data from in-depth interviews from eight (8) purposively selected respondents and four (4) regions in Ghana. The analysis revealed that, the pandemic disrupted the annual plans of churches and compelled them to alter their 2019/2020 annual plans. This affected spiritual activities like baptisms, holy matrimony and communion services, among others. It was also found that Church members had to significantly revoke their wedding schedules leading to premarital sex among especially young people. The study argues that the pandemic is a spirit-lice infestation depriving Christians of active spiritual operations. It was recommended that Church policy planners ought to broaden the scope of their programmes to accommodate supplementary programmes and activities for tackling future emergency situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Page(s): 260-268 Date of Publication: 19 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5214Download PDF
: The core focus of this study was to investigate the teaching pedagogies used in Civic Education in Zambian secondary schools and how they promote effective political participation. This study used a qualitative case study. 20 Civic Education teachers and 35 learners in Civic Education classes from 5 selected secondary schools in Lusaka District were purposively selected through homogenous sampling. One – on – one interview were used to collect data from teachers while focus group discussions were used to collected data from learners in Civic Education classes. Thematic data analysis method was used in this study. Findings established that teachers use lecture, debate, discussion, community engagement, education tour, and pupils’ management boards in teaching Civic Education in secondary schools. Apart from the lecture method which depends on the teacher as the sole source of knowledge, the other methods are incorporated well in teaching Civic Education and have potential to promote effective political participation among secondary school learners. The study recommends that schools should strengthen Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities such as Lesson Study Circle, Cluster Meetings and Professional Subject Association Workshops to reinvigorate pedagogies of Civic Education and spur innovative pedagogical approaches that promote effective political participation; The Ministry of General Education should constantly hold educational conferences to sensitise Civic Education teachers on pedagogies that help to prepare learners for political participation as outline in the 2013 Zambia Education Curriculum Framework; The Ministry of General Education and the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) should consider introducing community based assessment in Civic Education as part of final examination grading than current theoretical based approaches.
Page(s): 269-279 Date of Publication: 19 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5215Download PDF
The study investigated relationship between sports and quality education among secondary school students. The researchers used survey design of the descriptive type of research for the study, the research instrument used for this study was a self-structured closed ended questionnaire designed by the researchers. Inferential statistics of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to test the hypotheses postulated at 0.05 level of significance. The researchers affirmed that there was a significant relationship between sports and class attendance, also it was established that there was a significant relationship between sports and educational aspiration among secondary school students’ in Ondo State. The researchers recommended that, there should be orientation programme organized for secondary school students in order to make them understand the benefits of participating in sports, state government should give scholarship to students who participate in sports so as to motivate and encourage them for better and greater educational aspiration.
Page(s): 280-282 Date of Publication: 19 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5216Download PDF
Never before was exemplary leadership demonstrated as was the period of the prophet Muhammad. In him was seen a social leader, a noble character with an outstanding sense of morality and extraordinary self-sacrifice. He was an exemplary spiritual and state leader who was adjudged the best role model in ethical leadership. The Medinan State was described as the best, just, and civilized society. The legacies of the Medinan state, would ever remain a role model for generations yet unborn. These paper using mainly secondary sources of data, and content analysis in its assessment. Examines the Islamic model of the prophet Muhammad (SAW), which was widely known as the “Medinan State” his life and leadership was exemplary worthy of emulation, likewise the event that took place during and after his departure are full of lessons that has become a reference point that guides our lives today and will continue to do so till the end.
Page(s): 284-290 Date of Publication: 21 March 2021
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Community Economic Development (CED) is a popular field of study in the top North American universities. But, this field of study is completely absent in Bangladesh, even not a single course has been found in their course curricula based on their websites. Some courses are under development studies but those are insufficient compared to the required courses offered in foreign universities. Interestingly, CED approach is a countrywide approach practiced by NGOs, specialized bank and corporate houses of Bangladesh. CED approach is highly associated with sustainable development by fulfilling numerous goals successfully. The study aims at to develop urgency of the concerned stakeholders of the higher educational institutions of Bangladesh to design, implement and execute program and courses on CED in order to make the country sustainable and in doing so the paper showed CED professions in Bangladesh and in the world, which considered pragmatic in CED course at the university level. The study considered different CED study programs and courses offered by reputed universities of the world including reasons behind introducing the program in their course curriculum and expected benefits derived from the courses. The paper finally suggests ways of implementing it at the university level of Bangladesh. The study makes the concerned stakeholders aware about CED programs and courses for successful development, implementation and execution.
Page(s): 291-299 Date of Publication: 21 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5217Download PDF
This paper examines healthcare providers and outpatients relationships in three selected public hospitals in Sokoto metropolis. It is the contention of this paper that good interpersonal relationship is the key to the health and wellbeing of patients. In fact the professional ethics of healthcare givers revolves around promotion of human dignity; observation of professional ethics and respect; orientation for quality services; patients centered management; and possession of good interpersonal relationship. Data for the study was collected via administration of structured questionnaire at three public health facilities ranging from primary health care facility (Kofar Rini PHC), secondary health facility (Specialist Hospitals) and a tertiary health facility (Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto). A total of 450 respondents were selected purposively for the study. Major findings of study reveals that there seems to be a cordial relationship between healthcare givers and their patients and the management of the hospital provided an effective and efficient ways a lodging complaints or displeasure with service delivery. The study concludes by recommending ways to reduce long queues and waiting time by employment of more staffs and also the hospital management needs to be organizing regular training for staff on ethics, rules and regulations.
Page(s): 300-306 Date of Publication: 21 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5218Download PDF
Trade is identified as one of the main drivers of economic growth. It sets the basis for economic, political and social growth. In order for Informal Cross Border Trade to be achieved, language plays a pivotal role in negotiating trade transactions. Language is used to mitigate trade forms such as transportation costs, currency costs, customs costs, information acquisition and communication costs. Therefore, it is crucial to have a shared language in executing informal cross border trade. A shared culture is also identified as a communication tool since culture is engraved in language. The paper’s primary objective was to investigate the benefits of a shared language in Informal Cross border trade at Chirundu. The study employed three primary research methods, namely interviews, questionnaires, and secondary sources. Findings revealed that a shared language has many benefits that include increased bilateral transactions costs; it becomes easy to convey transaction costs; it reduces communication barriers and increases the accessibility of product information. Cultural heritage is also communicated through shared language. It was concluded that the border lacks a shared language, and Informal Cross Border Traders are experiencing communication barriers, miscommunication of business transactions, fraud, a decrease in sales rates, inaccessibility of product information, and difficulties in advertising products.
Page(s): 307-314 Date of Publication: 24 March 2021
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Firms may use several strategies to survive in periods of economic crisis. The effectiveness of these strategies however varies with the nature and scope of the economic crisis. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the risk-taking strategies on the performance of manufacturing firms during the period of the economic crisis in Zimbabwe. In addition, the study examined how the risk-taking strategies influenced profitability and growth of manufacturing firms during the period of the economic crisis. Data was collected from 86 manufacturing firms that exercised risk taking strategies to survive. The study used a survey data collection method based on the positivism research philosophy. The study revealed that while risk taking strategies may be effective in some economic crisis context, they all proved to be less effective in improving performance in periods of economic crisis experienced in the Zimbabwean context. The study indicated that firms that take on high risk business operations and ventures in periods of economic crisis experience negative profit margins and negative growth. It was noted that the adoption of limited conservative approach in major business decisions in periods of economic crisis leads to negative profit margins and negative growth. The study noted that firms that the adoption of new projects without due diligence in terms of the return and sustainability of such projects in periods of economic crisis will lead to negative profit margins and negative growth. Firms that make use of new and less “tried and tested production, marketing and operations experience negative profit margins and negative growth in periods of economic crisis. The study recommends that firms must not use risk taking strategies to survive in economic crisis like the one experienced in Zimbabwe from 1996 to 2014. In addition, where firms decided to use risk taking strategies to survive in economic crisis, it is recommended that that adopt risk management approaches. It is also recommended that manufacturing firms operating in economic crisis must use other strategies which are analysis oriented to reduce exposure of their firms to risks. Firms may also adopt other strategies that pro-active, defensive, or innovative oriented.
Page(s): 315-319 Date of Publication: 24 March 2021
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Government authorities owe their populations the responsibility to plan, facilitate and sustain the provision of communal services. This is usually achieved through several methods, one of which is decentralization. The concept of decentralization consists in breaking down heavy government machinery into smaller administrative units down at local levels. In Africa, some states are in the process of decentralizing the central government decision-making process to offer more acceptable local services. Though some states are engaged in the decentralisation process, their programs are far from being effective. The design of the decentralization process in Cameroon, an ethnically diverse country, constitutes a major challenge for state power and government. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon’s state administration has, in the last decade, resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. In Cameroon, the reorientation of the Local Governments (LGs) system towards decentralization has been a major preoccupation since the advent of democracy. This paper adopts a historical approach to provide an account of why and how the Elak-Oku Council Area via the system of Local Governments has considerably achieved in terms of economic and social development during recent times despite the difficulties faced in the decentralization process in Cameroon. This work equally highlights the historical background, difficulties faced and the way forward for Local Governments to meet the Council’s objectives.
Page(s): 320-333 Date of Publication: 24 March 2021
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This paper analyses that homeless women over the age of 55 are a product of a modern institutionalised life that is highly segmented and individualised. Life course theory forms the foundation of discussion for exploring understanding of this phenomenon. This paper acknowledges that life always takes place within a bounded agency that is subject to the social conditions of that time
Page(s): 334-338 Date of Publication: 25 March 2021
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This study aims to determine the effect of organizational culture and work motivation on employee performance (a case study on employees of Metro Cash & Credit Tebing Tinggi). The results of hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis with two independent variables and one dependent variable. The results showed that: The first hypothesis proposed states that: Organizational Culture has an effect on Employee Performance, from table 4.12 it is obtained that the tcount value is 13.878 with α = 5%, t table (5%; 40-2 = 38) obtained a t-table value of 2, 02439. From this description it can be seen that tcount (13.838)> ttable (2.02439), as well as the significance value of 0.000 <0.05, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Organizational Culture Variable (X1) affects the Employee Performance Variable (Y ). The second hypothesis proposed states that: Work Motivation has an effect on Employee Performance, from table 4:12 it is obtained that the t-count value is 2,150. With α = 5%, t table (5%; 40-2 = 38) obtained t table value of 2.02439. From this description it can be seen that tcount (2.150)> ttable (2.02439), and the significance value is 0.038 <0.05, it can be concluded that the second hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Work Motivation Variable (X2) has an effect on the Employee Performance Variable (Y). The third hypothesis proposed states that: Organizational Culture and Work Motivation simultaneously influence employee performance. Table 4.13 shows that the Fcount value is 166.004. With α = 5%, dk numerator: 2, dk denominator: n-k-1 (5%; 2; 37) obtained Ftable value of 3.25. From this description it can be seen that Fcount (166.004)> Ftable (3.25), and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, it can be concluded that the third hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Organizational Culture Variable (X1) and Work Motivation Variable (X2) have a significant effect together (simultaneously) on Employee Performance Variables (Y).
Page(s): 346-353 Date of Publication: 25 March 2021
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This paper article reviews Somalia reaction towards Kenya before and after the collapse of the Somalia Government, effects of State Collapse, efforts made to restore peace and opportunities for Kenya within the context of stabilizing Somalia. The researcher used both primary and secondary data collection techniques to gather data. Under primary, the researcher used qualitative techniques by using interview schedules and FGDs. The population comprised key informants from both Kenya and Somalia governments and opinion shapers in Somalia. The study found that the “bad neighborhood”, between Kenya and Somalia had existed since independence. Kenya had experienced cross border influenced insecurity on its Northern Frontier Districts emanating from Somalia, even before the collapse of the Somalia State in 1991 and this was manifested in form of irredentism and border contestations. Generally, the Horn of Africa(HoA), including Kenya, had been faced with threat of increase of illicit firearms, cross border criminality, terrorism, conflict spill-over and refugee crises arising from Somalia’s statelessness. The ripple effects of Somalia State failure had been witnessed through the regional insecurity perpetuated by Al Shabaab. The Somalia conflict ailed from the spoiler effect from within and without Somalia who wanted to influence the outcome of any political process. Kenya’s bitter relationship with Somalia was compounded by the formation of the Horn of Africa Cooperation (HoAC) between Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, a unified entity that could reduce the Kenyan influence in the regional politics. This notwithstanding, Kenya continued to foster its support for Somalia’s peace process and creating a positive business environment, despite the outstanding maritime dispute. The study concluded that a stable relationship between Kenya and Somalia would result in an expanded economic partnership and stable borders, which will reduce the influence of Al-Shabaab in the region.
Page(s): 346-353 Date of Publication: 25 March 2021
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This paper examines the portability of the reverse causality hypothesis between financial performance and capital structure of listed manufacturing firms in Kenya. Most research carried out in East Africa, Kenya inclusive shunned the likely effect of performance on capital therefore, to achieve this objective, financial performance was proxy by return on assets and return on equity while the capital structure was measured by total debt ratio and debt to equity ratios. The data employed covered 7 companies for the period from 2010 to 2016. While the Panel Vector Auto regression was applied and analysed using EVIEWS 10, the Wald granger causality test was carried out to determine the possibility of causality between the variables. The result reveals that past performance does not have a significant effect on the capital structure as measure by total debt ratio while it was established that capital structure composition of the firms affects their financial performance as measured by return on assets and return on equity. However, employing the debt-equity ratio as a measure of capital structure, it was established that a bi-directional relationship exists between DER and ROA while it was the opposite in the case of ROE. The study, therefore, concludes that the behaviour of the listed manufacturing firms in their choice of capital structure composition reflects both the efficiency risk and franchise value hypotheses. It, therefore, recommends that firms should strive more for returns to enhance the value of the firm to maximize the wealth of the shareholders.
Page(s): 354-360 Date of Publication: 26 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5219Download PDF
This qualitative study employed hermeneutical phenomenological method with snowball sampling technique, guided by the theoretical framework of Levy Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, to explore the teachers’ lived experiences on the face to face teaching and learning in the context of social distancing principle in private primary schools during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic. In-depth interviews and open-ended questionnaires in conjunction with participant observations were used to generate data from 16 participants. Thematic data analysis was used to present participants’ (primary school teachers and Heads) lived experiences on the phenomenon under the study. The study revealed that primary schools sternly paid attention to physical guides like tape marking on floors or signs on walls, directing young learners to remain at least 2 metres apart from each other during the lesson. It also disclosed that primary school learners fiercely concentrated on maintaining space or distance apart at all times during lessons to avoid the spread of corona virus on the expense of effective teaching and learning. The findings reveals that face to face teaching and learning in the context of social distancing principle during COVID 19 pandemic was not significantly effective due to some difficulties in implementing learner-centred teaching techniques; social distancing settings when teaching young children with varied learning disabilities such as fidgeting, attention deficit and autism spectrum disorders; and challenges in maintaining a safe distance between desks due to large number of learners per class and scarcity of classrooms. The results also revealed that social distancing principle affected primary school learners’ morale and relationship; and increased fear and stigma among young children during the lesson due to false information and dangerous myths about corona virus.The study recommended that there is need for educational psychologists to use resilience dynamics during their young children’s lessons that can serve as a crucial context where learners can make sense of their real life through narrative thoughts, recognizing and sharing their emotions hence minimizing the risk of long-lasting trauma hence promoting effective learning in the context of social distancing principle during COVID 19 pandemic. There is need for primary school teachers to assist learners to adapt to social distancing principle during the lesson. There is need for primary school teachers to provide opportunities for learners to reconnect socially within the social distancing principle of COVID 19 pandemic learning based environment through speaking up, reading aloud, and use of gestures since the mouth is covered by the face mask.
Page(s): 361-367 Date of Publication: 26 March 2021
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Canada is a country in North American continent, known as a “Land of Immigrants” where an averagely 252,962 immigrants since 2000 arrive to live permanently from worldwide every year. Canadian Immigration system is more than 200 years old. The two neighboring countries in South Asian region, India and Pakistan also participate in the immigration program equally however the percentage of migrants is not equal. Some community groups and individuals from Pakistan criticize on Canadian immigration selection policies. The descriptive-comparative research study was designed to understand the gender-wise percentage of worldwide immigration, people from India and Pakistan according to the total population and what contribution the immigrants of both countries make in the growth of overall Canadian population. The study findings are based on previous twenty years’ data from 2000 to 2019.
Page(s): 368-376 Date of Publication: 26 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5220Download PDF
Women play a key role in the development of their households because of their day to interaction with issues, needs, and emergencies. Relying on men as sole bread winner for married women, or acting as sole bread winner for single winner may be difficult, if the women do not take action. Through collective agency, many women especially in informal urban settings and rural set-ups are joining self-help groups to enhance their collective capabilities. This study sought to establish the effect of women self-help group credit access on the member’s wellbeing. The study was undertaken as quantitative survey where a targeted 135 members of the 8 different women Self-Help Groups were interviewed. The study happened during COVID-19 disease period and therefore the questionnaires were sent to the women via a mobile-based online questionnaire. The study received 130 questionnaires representing 96.3% response rate. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study utilised both descriptive and inferential statistics to generate results. Findings indicate that credit access have a positive effect on family wellbeing. It is recommended that banking solutions be tailored to suit women in self-help groups. Secondly, there is need to mobilise more women to participate in SHGs within their locality.
Page(s): 377-385 Date of Publication: 27 March 2021
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Nowadays, technology has led to cheap and easy communication through use of various social media platforms. Traditionally grapevine was communicated from one person to another directly without any media in between. The rate of transmission of information by grapevine has increased significantly due to social media. This paper seeks to find the effectiveness of grapevine as a communication strategy in tertiary administration operating during the COVID-19 pandemic. A case study was done within the department of Computer Science at a state university in Zimbabwe. Information which got to employees and students from management in a structured manner was compared to that which got to employees and students through grapevine. The information was obtained through document analysis and interviews. This information was analysed and the effectiveness of grapevine was deduced. The effectiveness of communicating through grapevine was measured in terms of the information being able to be accessed, its clarity level, the level of distortion, rate of transmission from sender to receiver and whether there was a two way communication.
Page(s): 386-392 Date of Publication: 27 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5221Download PDF
This study investigated whether the Business Environment is effective in supporting the implementation of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) policies in Education in Tanzania. The study adopted the qualitative research technique whose data collection process included: documentary reviews and interviews. Three (3) semi-structured interviews were conducted involving five (5) officials from the Tanzania National Business Council (TBNC) and Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF) officials. Findings indicated TNBC plays a leading Public-Private sector intermediary with the responsibility of coordinating and promoting the Public–Private Dialogue. Based on the TNBC experience, outstanding challenges were related to the negative mindsets on both sides of the Public-Private Dialogue (PPD), the uncoordinated approaches by the major players, and limited advocacy for PPP investment in education. It is therefore recommended that institutions like the TNBC need to increase their advocacy for the PPP policies in education in several ways including increasing the awareness of the PPP policies; increased training and capacity building for the various stakeholders before and after entering their respective PPP contractual obligations; establish information desks to serve as regular and sustainable contact points for the dissemination PPP policy guidelines and protocol.
Page(s): 393-400 Date of Publication: 28 March 2021
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This study examined admission policies and quality teaching in universities in Lagos State, Nigeria. Two research hypotheses were formulated and the study adopted descriptive survey and correlational designs. The population of the study comprised of all the 2623 academic staff and all 400 level students from three universities in used, public and private each in Lagos State, Nigeria with a sample size of 1187 using the simple random, multistage, stratify, disproportionate and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through the structured rating scale, Admission Policy Scale (APS) and Quality Teaching Questionnaire (QTQ). The instruments were validated through face, content and construct validity and were found reliable at 0.75 and 0.78 coefficient of test-retest method for each item respectively. The data collected were analysed using Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The hypotheses formulated were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The test of the first hypotheses showed a non-significant relationship between admission policies and quality teaching in universities in Lagos State, Nigeria(r=.024, p >.05), while the second hypothesis showed a no statistical significant difference in the admission policies(F (2, 584) = .989, p>.05) amongst universities in Lagos State. The study concluded that admission policies may not necessarily guarantee quality teaching in the universities. The study, therefore, recommends, among others that educational planner and policy makers in education that includes: university managements, National Universities Commission, Federal and State Ministry of Education, Joint Admission and Matriculation Board should ensure that admission into universities should be based purely on merit. The quota system of admission which constitutes catchment area and educationally less developed area for instance, which has its root in the federal character policy, negates the principle of equity and should be abolished. Also to improve quality teaching, teaching and non-teaching staff should be motivated with educational grants for further research by government, university management to make them more dedicated, devoted, committed and effective in their jobs.
Page(s): 401-407 Date of Publication: 28 March 2021
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This paper investigated ICT resources utilization among students of tertiary institutions for sustainable development in Sokoto metropolis. Survey research designed was used in this study, simple random sampling procedure was used in selecting the sample size of 300 students from sscoe, polytechnics and state university The instrument employed in this study was “ICT utilization Checklist” adapted from the work of Abubakar (2016). The checklists design for the study was validated by expert in the department of education. The reliability of the instruments was determined by the use of test re-test method and reliability index of 0.8 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using simple frequencies count and percentages. The finding of the study show that majority of the institutions have ICT facilities. But the performance of ICT training to student is negligible. It was recommended that proper training and constant power supply should be provided in order to enhance ICT utilization among students and manifested the learning among students of tertiary institutions. Audio-visual aids and computers should be provided to the tertiary institutions for effective teaching of the ICTs oriented subjects. The available ICT tools should be effectively utilized by both lecturers and students. Training and retraining of the lecturers in ICTs should be of paramount importance to stakeholders in education. Both lecturers and student should effectively utilize the ICT tools. There is need for training and retraining of ICT personnel’s at every sector of learning for effective learning outcome. Provision of ICT tools such as Audio-visual aids in educational institutions should be adopted for effective teachings.
Page(s): 408-410 Date of Publication: 28 March 2021
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Peaceful coexistence is crucial to socio-economic development. In a country like Nigeria where political, ethnic and religious crises are the order of the day, economic development becomes slow, at best, and elusive at worst. Herdsmen and land cultivators clashes have cost the country so much in terms of finance and loss of lives. Consequently, if nothing tangible is done to ameliorate the situation, more finance and human lives would go down the drain. The study takes a historical perspective on the clashes between herdsmen and land cultivators with the aim of identifying the causes and effects, as well as projecting possible solution. Textual analysis of existing literatures was carried to boost hindsight on previous researches on the subject. Also, face-to-face interviews with some resource persons were also conducted to ensure that historical methodology was adhered to. The study shows that the crises have assumed ethno-religious dimension among other findings. Consequently, deliberate, concerted and sincere effort by the different tiers of government is recommended to resolve the psychological impact of the crises.
Page(s): 411-418 Date of Publication: 30 March 2021
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The main objective of this study was to investigate teachers’ challenge of physical facilities on curriculum implementation in day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub County, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design and the systems theory (Ludwing Von Bertalanffy, 1968). The study had a sample of 12 principals and 108 teachers selected through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaire, interview and observation guides. The study tested for face and content validity. Test-retest technique enhanced instruments reliability. A pilot study was conducted IN TWO schools. Descriptive data was analysed in form of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation and presented in pie charts and tables. The inferential statistics t-test was used to test relationship of variables at 0.05 significant levels. The qualitative data was analysed in form of narratives and excerpts form. The findings established that most teachers in in day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub County had a challenge of inadequate physical facilities that limited effective curriculum implementation. The study recommended that the government should increase secondary school capitation and provide adequate physical facilities aimed at improving teacher efficiency during teaching and learning process and also ensure promote female gender in school leadership position.
Page(s): 419-426 Date of Publication: 30 March 2021
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This study investigated effect of teachers’ characteristic on child friendly school initiative in public pre-schools in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study was premised on descriptive research design. A sample of 145 that included 29 head teachers and 116 teachers were drawn from a stratified target population of 97 public pre-primary schools using purposive and simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire and observation guides were the instruments adapted to collect data. The responses were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings concluded that there is a statistical difference between schools with effective teacher characteristics and child friendly school initiatives. The study also concluded that teachers’ age and gender do not influence child friendly initiative. The study recommend that the Ministry of education and County government should motivate the pre-school teachers to improve by improving their performances with provision of work environment, increased remunerations and other privileges as compared to their professional in other levels of learning.
Page(s): 427-433 Date of Publication: 30 March 2021
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The purpose of this study was to analyse the technical and resource use efficiency of the smallholder potato farmers in Nyanga District. Measuring the efficiency levels at farm level will help inform whether farmers are using the production resources to full potential given that efficiency can be used as an indication of performance A purposive sampling method was employed in selecting 10 villages with Irish potato producers, 180 respondents were selected using the systematic random sampling method. The Stochastic Frontier Approach with the application of the Cobb Douglas function and inefficiency was used to analyse technical efficiency while allocative efficiency of the production inputs was measured using Marginal Productivity Analysis. The results show that the mean technical efficiency is estimated at 55.5% with a minimum of 4.6% and a maximum of 84.2%. Seed, labour and fertilizers positively contributed towards the improvement in the level of efficiency. The analysis further revealed that age of the farmer negatively influenced technical efficiency and experience positively influenced efficiency. The results also show that the farmers are operating at increasing returns to scale with returns to scale coefficient of 1.131. Computed allocative efficiency indices of the inputs showed that seed (0.305) was over utilized while fertilizer (1.207) and labour (5.833) were underutilized. The analysis shows that 79% of the variation in the Irish potato output is as a result of technical inefficiency. In order to enhance technical efficiency levels of the farmers the government and stakeholders in the potato sector should facilitate training and support programmes targeted for younger farmers to encourage them to engage in production of the crop. Improved farmer’s education will help farmers to allocate their production resources more efficiently. Use of improved quality seed reduces the replanting and overutilization of seed in potato production. Adherence to recommended production practices can also ensure that fertilizers are used at economic rates.
Page(s): 434-444 Date of Publication: 31 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5222Download PDF
The study investigated the application of Internet services for effective service delivery in university libraries in Plateau State. Three specific objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study. The study adopted a survey research design. The population for the study was the entire 285 library staff made up of professional and nonprofessionals in the university libraries in Plateau State which include: University of Jos and Plateau State University. Since the population was not large, the study made use of all the 285 staff in the universities. The instrument for data collection for this study was a structured questionnaire titled “Internet Services and Library Service Delivery Questionnaire” (ISLSDQ). The questionnaire was validated by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was established using Cronbach Alpha method and a reliability coefficient of 0.75 was obtained. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of Frequency Counts, Percentages, Mean and Standard Deviation to answer the research questions. Findings of the study revealed that, the kinds of internet services applied for effective services delivery in university libraries in Plateau State include: Electronic Mail (email), World Wide Web (www), Internet Chat, Internet Telephone, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), Electronic Library (e-library), Own Website, Web 2.0, Archie and Mailing list. The areas of application of internet services for effective library service delivery in university libraries in Plateau State include: acquisition services, cataloguing/classification services, awareness services, reference services, selective dissemination of information services, inter-library loan services, documentary services, circulation services, bibliographic services and resource sharing. The findings also revealed that, these internet services were applied to a high extent for library services delivery. The study concluded that, Internet services are to a high extent applied for effective library services delivery in university libraries in Plateau State. Recommendations were made that, Network and related internet services should be provided in university libraries to enhance library services delivery since the need for connectivity can no longer be ignored in this era of information and communication technology and management of university libraries should ensure that adequate hardware support facilities are provided that can enhance effective library services delivery in university libraries
Page(s): 445-450 Date of Publication: 31 March 2021
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Background: Substance abuse is a significant problem in the United States. More than half of Americans ages 12 and older are current drinkers of alcohol; Over a quarter report current use of a tobacco product and 10.2% report use of illicit drugs. Substance abuse is a significant threat to the health of our American citizens as statistics reveal it as a major cause of preventable deaths. Addressing the substance abuse crisis merits attention and skills training for our healthcare professionals. Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based simple screening tool that nurses can use to identify those at risk for substance abuse and provide brief intervention and referral to treatment. Purpose: This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of an online SBIRT training in RN to BSN nursing students by assessing the change in knowledge, readiness to perform, attitudes, and confidence related to the use of SBIRT in practice. Method: An interventional comparative method was used. The participants were asked to complete a pre and post intervention survey following a SBIRT training. The survey research design was used for gathering information from RN to BSN nursing students (n = 162) from a large private online university in the U.S. Participants were ages 18 and above, and mainly ages 45-54 (35%). Findings: The majority of the RN-BSN student nurse participants were between 45-54 years old (34.6%); 74.4%, worked in acute settings, 11 % identified as African American and 75% identified as White. A t-test was conducted, and results showed a statistically significant improvement in knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and readiness to perform SBIRT. Conclusion: This study supports the growing evidence that online SBIRT delivery is a viable tool for increasing student nurses’ knowledge, confidence in performing SBIRT, and changing students’ attitudes toward patients with substance use disorder (SUD). Nursing students who understand substance use disorder’s etiology, treatment, and rehabilitation, may treat patients with SUD, just like they treat patients with chronic diseases. Their positive attitudes toward these patients may influence their degrees of encouragement and support, which are essential to treatment and recovery. Nursing students who are confident in performing SBIRT will most likely use this tool in their routine patient care if their practice environment supports it. This study shows the utility of online SBIRT education as a tool to empower nurses to help decrease substance use disorder in the population(s) they serve.
Page(s): 451-457 Date of Publication: 31 March 2021
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This study sought to assess the impact of innovation on insurance fraud management in Zimbabwe. The study used a pragmatic philosophy because the explanatory variables chosen by the researchers are best explained using the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative approaches with the use of statistical inferences. The population of this study consisted of all the employees of insurance companies in Zimbabwe and the population size was estimated to be around 3000. The sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling since the researchers used subjective judgment drawn from practice to come up with a sample size of 180. The sample size was considered enough to make inferences about the population. The study found out that block chain creates interlinked and independent information, its information is true, it validates transactions and the information stored in it is irreversible. Moreover, it was found out that the adoption of artificial intelligence was going to be a critical move towards the reduction of the rate of over exaggerated claims. The study also found out that insurance companies’ mobile application would be highly effective because mobile technologies ensure that customers have factual and reliable information, they ensure an effective collection of customer data, they are helpful in educating customers about insurance fraud and they notify clients of their deadline. The study recommends that insurance companies take a leading role in educating its clients about insurance fraud and its implications. Moreover, insurance companies should train and develop their employees on fraud management and deploy a variety of technologies to reduce the incidence of fraud
Page(s): 458-469 Date of Publication: 31 March 2021
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The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of entrepreneurial orientation toward market orientation and business performance of SMIs in Bojonegoro, and the indirect influence of entrepreneurial orientation towards business performance through the market orientation as the mediator. This research uses descriptive and quantitative analytical research design. The population is Small Medium Industries (SMIs) in Bojonegoro Indonesia, the sample collection technique has been carried out by using non probability sampling technique in which the sample is determined based on certain criteria which is compatible with the purpose of the research. The numbers of samples which are compatible with the research criteria are 100 respondents. The data collection technique has been conducted by issuing questionnaires and performing interviews. The obtained data has been analyzed by using Partial Least Square (PLS) which is a model of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) which is component based or variant. The result of the research shows that, entrepreneurial orientation gives influence toward market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation gives influence and business performance, Market Orientation gives influence toward Business Performance of SMIs. The entrepreneurial orientation gives indirect influence toward business performance through mediation of market orientation, is not accepted
Page(s): 470-475 Date of Publication: 01 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5223Download PDF
This study dealt with the impact of the Learning Management System (LMS) as a new platform of Instruction towards learning satisfaction of BSEd English students; also, the primary objective of this study was to determine the level of student learning satisfaction in education towards the use of LMS as a learning tool and to find out if there would be a significant relationship between LMS as a learning tool and its impact to the students’ learning satisfaction among BSEd English students. Utilizing correlational research method with a total of (160) enrolled BSEd English Students of Davao del Norte State College from 1st year to 4th-year level as selected participants. Data gathering was done through the use of questionnaires via an online survey; the questionnaire was divided into three parts, namely: demographic roles students; focus on the factors of Learning Management System (LMS) and as a learning tool. Tested at 0.05 level of significance Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient was utilized resulting in rejection of the null hypothesis. There is a significant relationship in Student Learning Satisfaction to Learning Management System as a new Platform of Instruction.
Page(s): 476-482 Date of Publication: 01 April 2021
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The study examined the roles of traditional guidance and counselling among the people of Sefwi-Bekwai in the Western-North Region of Ghana, Africa. The study followed a qualitative case study design utilizing interviews to collect data. Using purposive sampling, data was collected from four natives of Sefwi-Bekwai who have lived in the traditional area for more than 50 years and are well respected. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that taboos, folktales and traditional music are some of the tools used in practicing traditional guidance and counselling in Sefwi-Bekwai. The study also discovered that occasions like marriage ceremonies, funeral, puberty, during unwanted pregnancies and travelling are some of the precipitating factors that trigger guidance and counselling. The study recommends that there should be training courses in counselling for traditional leaders. Such training can assist these counsellors to beef up their counselling services delivery. Furthermore, the study recommends that to maintain the African philosophy, the people need to go back to their roots to reclaim from their past practices that are wholesome and best, merge it with best western practices and use it to rebuild African guidance and counselling with modernity. This would enable them to render a more satisfying and effective assistance to their clients.
Page(s): 483-490 Date of Publication: 03 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5224Download PDF
Background: Experimental practices in Chemistry are vital as an instructional method for better understanding of concepts. The study was done to determine the influence of teaching resources in chemistry practicals on performance in chemistry subject. The objective of the study was to ascertain definitely how teaching resources in chemistry practicals influenced performance in the entire subject. Methodology: A survey design was adopted where a sample size of three hundred and seventy seven respondents were selected in a random manner from teachers who instructed chemistry and a cohort of students in the third year from secondary schools sponsored by the Kenyan government in Narok County. The instruments for data collection were questionnaire, interview and observation schedule. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using SPSS software and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The findings indicated that majority of laboratories were not equipped with apparatus and reagents for conducting practical. Time allocation was somehow sufficient for handling practicals but inadequate for individualized activities. Teaching resources contributed significantly to performance in chemistry subject (P<0.05). Conclusion/Recommendation: Majority of laboratories were not well equipped with apparatus and reagents. Time was inadequate for individualized practices. The government should provide adequate funding of science laboratories to enhance practical instruction in secondary schools
Page(s): 491-496 Date of Publication: 03 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5225Download PDF
The problem of maternal deaths affects all nations. This study explored postpartum cultural practices surrounding deaths associated with post childbirth in Lundazi district –Zambia. The study used a cross-sectional study design with a qualitative approach. The study used 30 Small Motherhood Action Group members (SMAGs) as study units. Three Focus Group Discussions were conducted during the month of May 2018. This study found that some postpartum women in Lundazi district- Zambia used dirty, contaminated cloths as sanitary pads. The study also found that women who sustained tears, bruises or lacerations during childbirth treated their childbirth wounds by padding or inserting into their birth canals, herbal medicines prepared under unhygienic conditions. The reality of the existence of unsafe postpartum cultural practices should never be ignored or minimized as this borders on complications and death of women after childbirth. Despite the existence of a vibrant modern health care system, women slide into harmful cultural practices post childbirth which endanger their health and their lives. The cultural practice of inserting traditional herbal medicines prepared under unhygienic conditions into the vagina for treatment of bruises, cuts and lacerations exposes women to large concentrations of harmful micro-organisms placing them in the red zone of developing complicated ascending infection with consequent death in case of delay to access health care services.
Page(s): 497-501 Date of Publication: 03 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5226Download PDF
This paper’s main objective is to understand how the family process affects youth’s educational outcomes in the U.S. Previous research does not have a conclusive understanding regarding parental influence and educational achievement. Some studies determine that some parental influence is connected with positive academic achievement, while others conclude that it is not associated with young adults’ academic achievement. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, an event history analysis was conducted to address how family process measures (family routines and parental monitoring) during adolescence change the rates and timing of the completion of a bachelor’s degree. Although mothers’ monitoring does not have a significant relationship with having an academic degree, higher father monitoring was positively associated with having the degree. Family routines provide a complex result. Average family routines are associated with a higher likelihood of academic achievements, while low and high family routines have the same outcomes. The research’s findings imply the role of fathers and the multidimensional nature of the family process, suggesting that the family process is essential in determining rates and timing of academic achievements in the U.S.
Page(s): 502-506 Date of Publication: 06 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5227Download PDF
The performance of any economy is determined by resources available to support its needs. Low resource base, which cannot adequately meet the needs of any economy, contribute to economic instability. This is a major concern for economists and policy makers in many countries. Since Kenya established devolved governments in 2013, there has been a worrying trend on how local revenue deficits and Gross County Product have been interacting. From 2013 to 2017 the average local revenue deficits decreased from 593.86 million shillings to 349.52 million shillings. Over the same period, despite the average Gross County Product increasing from 90.721 billion shillings to 163.259 billion shillings, the increase has not been as much in some devolved governments. Literature shows no consensus whether local revenue deficits have negative, positive or neutral effect on economic growth, with most studies being limited to use of national level data set. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of local revenue deficit on Gross County Product of devolved governments in Kenya. The study was modelled on Solow-Swan’s Neoclassical Economic Growth Theory and used secondary panel data set from 2013 to 2017 for all the 47 devolved governments. The data was sourced from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and Controller of Budget Reports. Random Effects model was used to estimate and interpret results of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Findings revealed that local revenue deficit had a coefficient of -0.45 with a p-value of 0.013, while its lagged value had the coefficient of -1.03 with a p-value of 0.003. This means that growth of local revenue deficit in the past as well as in the present period had a negative effect on Gross County Product. These findings led to the conclusion that growth of local revenue deficit both in the past and present period was detrimental to the economies of devolved governments in Kenya. As such, the study recommended for an improvement in local revenue collection to reduce local revenue deficit.
Page(s): 507-511 Date of Publication: 06 April 2021
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The study investigated the implementation of the Zambia Education Curriculum Framework (ZECF) – 2013 at Early Childhood Education (ECE) level in selected primary schools of Western Province, Zambia. The Objectives were to explore how the ZECF – 2013 was being implemented at ECE level and to identify the challenges faced by teachers in implementing the ZECF – 2013 at ECE level in the Primary Schools. The study was a descriptive case study within qualitative school of thought. It targeted the ECE teachers, Head teachers and Education Standards Officers. Sampling was done purposively. The type of purposive sampling used for all the target population was stakeholder sampling. The sample size was 61. The distribution of the sample was 26 ECE teachers, 26 head teachers and 09 Education Standard Officers. Semi structured interviews were used to collect data from Head teachers and Education Standards Officers. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the ECE teachers. Document analysis used teachers teaching files, school time tables, learner assessment records, classroom inventories etc. Data analysis made use of themes arising from the data. Findings were that few teachers had minimum qualifications for ECE teachers. Implementation was in situation of inadequate classroom space, teaching staff and teaching and learning materials. The recommended Assessment tool was not used. The use of the familiar language as medium of instruction was adhered to. Child Play was not emphasized. Integrated approach to teaching and planning to teach was not familiar to teachers and not used. Conclusion was that demands of ZECF 2013 were not fully adhered to. Inadequate classroom space meant that aspects of ECE learning and routine suffered. Areas of child development and establishment of development patterns in children suffered due to improper assessment. Language development & Primary Literacy Program is bound to succeed. Holistic Child development was undermined. The study recommends that satellite ECE centers under the management of the nearest primary schools be constituted using cheap and local materials so as to decongest the primary schools grappling with inadequate resources. Rigorous CPD programs should be instituted to align the teachers with the demands of ECE teaching and the ZECF – 2013.
Page(s): 512-520 Date of Publication: 06 April 2021
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This study looked at the history of labour movement in Kenya and Tanzania for the period between 1900s – 1980s. The two countries are the former British colonies and the founders of the East African Community. The study used desk review as a method of collecting necessary information and comparative method to analyse the information and compare the situation of labour movements in the two countries. It has been understood that the first labour movements in both countries appeared as spontaneous strikes carried out by workers in the transport sector (ports and railway), and that organisation into unions came later, and started as associations and friendly clubs. Situations before independence, in both countries, discouraged the development of any labour movement. British colonial regimes used different legal texts to freeze movements, until the beginning of 1940s. At this period, workers unions were weak and underground, but the struggle for independence awakened their strength. The situation after independence worsened, for the governments took complete control over the trade unions’ activities, but was little bit better in Kenya than in Tanzania. Trade unions had to wait until the introduction of political liberalization to regain their freedom. The study contributes to existing knowledge base on labour movement in East African, and in Kenya and Tanzania in particular, using comparative approach.
Page(s): 521-528 Date of Publication: 07 April 2021
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Running an education organisation in the twenty-first century is one of the difficult tasks. This is because the education system is volatile (Kaume-Mwinzi, 2016), fluid as well as convoluted (Reyes, 2015). In addition, it exists in complex and competitive twenty-first century settings (Baltaci & Balci, 2017). As such this paper explores complexity leadership in relation to the inconsistencies that occur in the school inspectorate system in Malawi. Specifically, the emerging disconnects between deep-rooted practices and newly-introduced standards. To achieve this purpose, the papers uses theories of educational leadership to describe complex leadership, outline issues in the school inspectorate system, discusses options and possible implications, and explains as well as justify choice for solutions.
Page(s): 529-533 Date of Publication: 07 April 2021
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The study had three objectives: to determine whether national values and principles are explicitly stated in the revised senior secondary school zambia education curriculum, to establish teachers’ knowledge of national values and principles (NVPs), and to establish level of integration of NVPs in daily lesson plans. In order to have an in depth understanding of the study, a qualitative case study research design was used. Using purposive sampling strategy, 50 senior secondary school teachers were selected in kabwe urban town. Only senior secondary school teachers who teach compulsory subjects namely: biology, chemistry, english language, mathematics, physics, and science 5421 were included in the study. Six softcopies of compulsory senior secondary school syllabi were used to collect data on values explicitly stated in the senior secondary school zambia education curriculum. In addition, a self-administered questionnaire was used to determine teachers’ knowledge of NVPs and explicit use of NVPs in daily lesson plans. Results show that the senior secondary school zambia education curriculum has a total of thirteen values across six compulsory senior secondary school syllabi. Of the thirteen values, only two values were categorised under sustainable development. From a total of 50 participants, 22 participants managed to identify at most eleven NVPs correctly while 28 participants managed to identify at most seven NVPs correctly. None of the participants managed to identify all the 14 NVPs. Furthermore, no one among participants identified himself or herself to be explicitly integrating NVPs in daily lesson plans.
Page(s): 534-537 Date of Publication: 07 April 2021
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As a self-regulating business model, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) also known as corporate citizenship is concerned about growing a business and giving back to the society. As important as CSR is for the society, that is, consumers and the local community, so it is for a company as it helps it to be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. It can equally help to forge a stronger bond between employees and corporations. In spite of the importance of this concept, little is known about it in Cameroon and the Mobile Telephone Network (MTN)-Cameroon in particular. Having said this, the paper seeks to explore the extent to which MTN Cameroon has embraced and implemented the concept of CSR. In so doing, the paper will provide an understanding of the concept of CSR and its implementation by MTN Cameroon. This is followed by an examination of the challenges faced by MTN in implementing the concept and ends with proposals for reform. To attain these, the paper uses the exploratory research method to gain understanding of the concept of CSR; to investigate the extent and the challenges faced by MTN Cameroon in implementing the concept. Considering that the concept of CSR is obscure to many in the country, this contribution will go a long way to provide the needed academic input for understanding the concept of CSR and its implementation by MTN in Cameroon. Again, it would contribute to the growing academic literature on CSR and its findings and recommendations will be useful to MTN and other mobile network companies to have a rethink of their CSR policies.
Page(s): 538-545 Date of Publication: 07 April 2021
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Sustainability of Communities in informal settlements who live in vulnerabilities can be addressed by tapping into the asset bases they have. This in turnis helpful when there is diversification of their livelihoods activities. Diversification of livelihoods is often influenced by many factors, which include but not limited to, seasonality, finance and credit markets, labour market, risk strategies, coping behaviour/adaptation and asset strategies. This paper discusses the influence of financial assets on the diversification of livelihoods in the informal settlements of Nairobi.It is based on a study carried out in Mukuru slums in Nairobi City County which used a cross-sectional study design and was based on a sample of 397 heads of households. It was found out that; men were the majority among the sampled respondents, in which self-employment was the main source of income for the households. As part of securing the livelihoods, challenges were faced while trying to meet the basic needs of monetary income. To address these challenges they relied on different credit sources such as from friends, family and groups. Through these sources they are able to secure their basic needs and also engage in other varied livelihood activities. In order to diversify the livelihoods of slum households there is need to develop and strengthen the different available credit sources and thereby secure a sustainable livelihood for the dwellers of informal settlements.
Page(s): 546-553 Date of Publication: 08 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5228Download PDF
This study examined the design quality and level of compliance for out-patient physical facilities at the University College Hospital (UCH) and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) with a view to developing better healthcare design policy that will improve the quality of hospital spaces and their environment in Nigeria. Hospital physical facilities mean the structure or building and interior spaces, settings, environment, including attached facilities and amenities. In architecture, design quality is defined as value, excellence performance to specifications, fitness for use, meeting and/or exceeding customers’ expectations, and consistently delighting the customer by providing products and services according to the latest functional specifications. Through the Literature review and personal appraisal of the out- patient physical facilities carried out in the selected federal university teaching hospitals in southwest, Nigeria. Major out-patient hospital physical facilities such as entrance, record unit, reception, waiting area, counseling rooms, lobbies and corridors, pharmacy room, treatment, consulting, examination spaces and maintenance facilities was reviewed and the standard requirements design setting for each spaces was identified and appraised to check the level of design compliance. The result of the study showed the transformation of design and construction strategies that is truly needed to reach our goal of providing compassionate and safe care for the out-patients. This study will serve as reference materials to architects, healthcare researchers, facility administrators, policy-makers and healthcare managers in the efficient realization of the design issues that affect Teaching Hospitals Out-Patient physical facilities in southwest, Nigeria.
Page(s): 554-563 Date of Publication: 08 April 2021
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Against all forms of distorted love, Hildebrand asserts that love is a value response to a particular person, an unrepeatable individual who bears the framework of an imago Dei. In this paper I argue that this “Hildebrandian “value response” is not a new appellation of the ancient reason for love which is based on the fulfilment of a need but a gift inhering in life itself, which arises exclusively from a participation in the value of the beloved person. In Hildebrand’s “value response” it is not selfish to want to have one’s own subjectivity, to be loved in return, to be happy in loving – as long as these desires are embedded in the value-responding affirmation of the beloved person. Therefore, love can exist only if it seeks no reward, but once it exists, it is rewarded.
Page(s): 564-576 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5229Download PDF
This paper seeks to present Hans Jonas’s view of the primacy of human existence amidst the catastrophes wrought by modern technology. It suggests that we understand the existence of mankind as the first commandment. Mankind today, more than ever before, stands as the main instrument of technological manipulation as evinced by recent scientific endeavours: genetic manipulation, human cloning as well as extension of human lifespan, not excluding the threat of a nuclear war. Although mankind has never been without technology, the negative consequences of modern technology are a call for concern. In line with Jonas’s novel ethic, we anchor the starting point of mankind’s responsibility for the care of the present and future generations on metaphysics.This is in a bid to bridge the yawning gap between the scientifically ascertained “is” and the morally binding “ought”in order to save mankind from an impending catastrophe.
Page(s): 577-588 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5230Download PDF
Throughout history, student activism and violence has been a major issue interpreted in various ways reflecting different ideological, social and political orientations. There is a general academic consensus concerning the empirical facts of increasing students’ violence in Kenya, however the questions about the causes of the increase has been more controversial. This study investigated the events leading to students’ violence in Kenyan secondary school. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of head teaches and teachers. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences software programme version 21. The study established that there are unique events that may lead to students’ violence and efforts to minimise them vary across the different schools in Kenya.
Page(s): 589-593 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
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Globally, people with disabilities are estimated to amount to more than one billion persons, accounting for about 15 per cent of the world population. Nevertheless, though they encompass a substantial assemblage with a potential to contribute to development and society, they have most often been excluded from the development agenda as well as empowerment through university education. This is made visible by the prevalence of existing barriers. Using a human rights-based approach, this study was aimed at advocating for inclusive education using universities as a tool for leveraging empowerment for those living with disabilities. Data for the study was collected through in-depth interviews based on the qualitative approach. A relevant sample of sixteen respondents from 2 universities was selected through criteria purposive sampling while analysis of data was premised on thematic analysis. Study findings indicated that barriers underlying university education frameworks and the general socio-economic environment have continued to negatively impact on those living with disabilities. In the end, the study recommended that inclusive education and development frameworks should be adopted to create opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. To realise inclusive university education, diversity should be noted as an essential facet of social, economic and human development.
Page(s): 594-601 Date of Publication: 10 April 2021
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Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a concept must be able to face the new era of disruption caused by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). For this reason, it is necessary to re-examine and renew the legal and economic paradigm. Public Private Partnership (PPP) is an effort to improve the community’s economy, such as infrastructure development. Infrastructure development need very large budget, so it requires cooperation with the private sector. The Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) contract collaboration is a new project financing model that is not only benefits the contracted parties, but have benefits the public interest also. The purpose of this study is to determine the increase in Indonesia’s readiness to participate in 4IR and the impact of the Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) cooperation agreement on infrastructure development in the Aceh region. The research method used is juridical normative by using secondary data as the main data in the form of a Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) contract, as well as empirical data issued by the World Economic Forum (Global Competitiveness 2018) to measure readiness in facing 4IR. The results of this study showed overall the method of measuring Indonesia’s readiness to participate in 4IR has increased, with the ratio of the country increasing from 47 to 45 while for the institutional pillar, the capacity of the legal and regulatory framework has increased from 40 to 37. BOT contract between the government and the private sector in large-scale infrastructure development have a positive impact on society. The conclusion of this research is optimistically that the Indonesian state is ready to participate in the 4th Industrial Revolution and there is no need for a legal vacuum to transplant legal movements, but still reconceptualize the Public Private Partnership (PPP) with the Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Contract to pursue the effectiveness of the law framework.
Page(s): 602-606 Date of Publication: 13 April 2021
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Zimbabwe is one of the least fiscally performing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with some fiscal outcomes for years 2009 to 2019 being unsatisfactory. The IMF 2020 Article IV consultation report on Zimbabwe suggested that fiscal and monetary slippages experienced in 2018 and 2019 resulted in macroeconomic imbalances in 2019 and greater part of 2020. The study adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the relationship between fiscal discipline and the budget processes in Zimbabwe. Informed by the fiscal illusion theory as well as the formative fiscal federalism theory, the study established that the growth in fiscal indiscipline in Zimbabwe leads to widening fiscal deficits, increased direct budget financing requirements on the domestic market and unsustainable debt profile. Fiscal indiscipline is driven by weak budget institutional frameworks, party institutionalisation and economic sanctions.To enhance fiscal discipline, strengthening and implementation of existing fiscal institutional frameworks and engagement of the international community on sanctions are necessary. Publication of agreed fiscal targets for credibility purposes may help. Promoting increased savings during booms for consumption smoothening in periods during periods of droughts, cyclones and pandemics is encouraged.
Page(s): 607-616 Date of Publication: 14 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5231Download PDF
This study investigated the effects of modelling technique in enhancing low academic self-concept of senior secondary school students in Onitsha education zone. One research question guided the study, while two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The design for the study is quasi-experimental, non-randomised pre-test and post-test, control group research. The target population of this study was 988 senior secondary school students having low academic self-concept in Onitsha education zone. A sample size of 108 students was selected using purposive sampling technique. A validated instrument for data collection was Academic Self-concept Survey (ASS). The internal consistency reliability coefficient for the instrument is 0.84.Data was collected through direct delivery of the instrument to the respondents. Mean scores were used to answer the research question, while the null hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA). The instrument norm 72.50 guided the decision.The finding of the study revealed that Modelling technique enhanced the academic self-concept of the secondary school students but the effect was not significant when compared with those who received conventional counselling;the findings further revealed that the difference in the effect of Modelling technique on male and female secondary school students’ Academic self-concepts is not significant. Based on the findings and implications of the study, it was recommended that the practicing counsellors and therapist should make use of the modelling in combination with other effective techniques in administering counselling and therapy of secondary school students to modify and enhance their academic self-concept.
Page(s): 617-622 Date of Publication: 14 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5232Download PDF
The paper examined the impact of global security and socio-economic development in terrorist prone regions. The study adopted the qualitative method which is hinged on historical and descriptive analysis. The theory that was used for this study is the realist theory by Hans Morgenthau and amplified by Kenneth Waltz. The paper contended that terrorism breeds insecurity and impedes sustainable national development. The paper noted that terrorism engenders loss of lives, threat to public safety, economic sabotage, capital and investment flight, negative perception of the terrorists’ prone states on international scene with attendant negative consequences on trade, tourism and foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, the analysis revealed that a number of factors including sources of funding, ideology, religion, and idleness contribute to increase in global terrorism which in turn endangers the prospects of progress with resultant economic misfortunes, closure of businesses and unemployment across the globe as well as destructive reflections on national security. Given the findings, the paper recommended, among others, an overhaul of the Security Agencies which should include the creation of State Security apparatus to tackle the menace while regional governments should improve or rather upgrade its intelligence gadgets and surveillance equipment. Moreover, emphasis should be placed on the use of improved collective security and the need to trace and back down the sources of funds used for terrorists’ activities.
Page(s): 623-631 Date of Publication: 15 April 2021
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Every human interaction both among humans and with the environment will have an impact on the environment, both positive and negative. Therefore, a legal rule is designed to regulate the balance of humans and the environment in which they live. Environmental law regulates environmental patterns and all devices and conditions with humans who live and affect the environment. This research was designed in the form of library research using various sources of literature as a source of research data. This research is a study related to the thought of a character in a certain time, so methodologically the approach used is the content approach (library). If the legal norms are only written and neatly arranged, but there is no serious handling of the law enforcement apparatus and the culture is indifferent from the community, then the legal norm is only an artificial norm. Lawless practices must be submerged in order to maintain legal certainty, justice, and benefit. In environmental law, stipulated provisions, and norms to regulate human actions with the aim of protecting the environment from damage and deterioration of its quality to ensure its sustainability so that it can be directly used by current and future generations. Environmental law is oriented to the environment, so that its nature and timing also follow the nature and character of the environment.
Page(s): 632-638 Date of Publication: 16 April 2021
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