This research is based on ‘assessing the effects of the changing climate pattern on food security in Monze district of Southern province of Zambia’. Its main purpose was to investigate compatibility issues related to improved crop varieties and how resilient the local community of Monze district in Southern province of Zambia respond to shocks as a result of changes in climate pattern. The study was guided by the following main research question ‘What are some of the compatibility issues related to improved crop varieties and how do indigenous people respond to the effects of climate change in Monze district of Southern part of Zambia?’
Both primary and secondary data were employed to collect the data used for analysis to birth this thesis. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, weight measurement of the U5s, and content analysis. Content analysis is a method of qualitative data analysis. Research participants included: key informants obtained from community leaders as well as officials from the Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives, Ministry of Lands and Natural resources, Ministry of National Planning & Budgeting under the department of Climate Change, women and men drawn from the emerging and small-scale farmers. Relevant literature from books, academic papers, journals, newspapers and the internet were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret and further explain the facts on changing climate patterns and the security of food.
The results show that the district of Monze has been experiencing severe climatic changes making the inhabitants to initiate other several coping mechanisms. On the other hand, the results show that the rural dwellers of Monze district continued for over 3 years experiencing fluid food security (not static) and that 83 percent of this rural district had their food nutrition compromised. This is because most of the rural communities rely more on rain fed agriculture for survival, and in times when food was insecure, they opted to charcoal burning for sale, sending their children to other relatives in big cities for school, men marry several wives as cheap labour and opt to heavy drinking habits. Based on these findings, the study concluded that mean annual temperature and rainfall were not the main determinants of the rural household food security situation in Monze district. To deal with this contribution of effects of climatic change on food security, the study recommends that rural households begin to adopt other crops other than maize that can perform well under the prevailing climatic conditions. It is further recommended that the rural dwellers of Monze district should embark on other alternative ways of livelihoods and also consider running their agriculture enterprises as a business venture (typically for profit).

Page(s): 393-415                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 14 March 2022

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.6219

 Bornface Mafwela
United Church of Zambia Synod, Zambia

 Prof. Dominic Byarugaba (PhD)
University of Lusaka, Zambia

 Prof. John Bwalya (PhD)
University of Lusaka, Zambia

[1] Andrew, J.A., (1997). The other side of the sixties: Young Americans for freedom and the rise of conservative politics. Rutgers University Press.
[2] Armstrong, M., Kimmerer, R. W., & Vergun, J. (2007). Education and research opportunities for traditional ecological knowledge. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5 (4), W12-W14.
[3] Babbie, E. (1990). Survey Research Methods (2nd Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
[4] Berg, B.L. (2004). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[5] Boko M. I., Nianga A and Nyong, C., (2007). “Africa in Climate Change”, In Yanda, P. Z and Mubaya, C. P (2011) Managing a Changing Climate in Africa-Local Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Experiences. Dar es Salaam, Mkuki Na Nyota Publishers Ltd.
[6] Boko, M. I., (2007). Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK: 433–467.
[7] Bonti-Ankomah, S., (2001). Addressing food insecurity in South Africa, The National Institute for Economic Policy, Paper presented at the SARPN conference on Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa. Pretoria.
[8] Bonti-Ankomah, S., (2001). Addressing food insecurity in South Africa, The National Institute for Economic Policy, Paper presented at the SARPN conference on Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa. Pretoria. Bryant, C.R., (2000). Adaptation in Canadian agriculture to climatic variability and change. Climatic Change, 45:181–201.
[9] Bromley, D. J. (1991). Environment and economy: property rights and public policy.
[10] Bryman, A. (1988) Quantity and Quality in Social Research, Routledge, London.
[11] Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) Business Research Methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford
[12] Bwalya, S.M. (2013). Climate Change in Zambia: Opportunities for adaptation and mitigation through Africa Bio-Carbon initiative. Lusaka: Centre for International Forest Research Southern Africa Regional Office.
[13] Campbell, C. C. (1991). Food insecurity: a nutritional outcome or a predictor variable?. The Journal of nutrition, 121(3), 408-415.
[14] Caracelli, V. J., & Greene, J. C. (1993). Data analysis strategies for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15, 195-207.
[15] Carr, M. and Hartl, M., (2008). Gender and non-timber forest products: promoting food security and economic empowerment. IFAD, UK.
[16] Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education, knowledge and action research. London: Falmer Press
[17] Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (2009). Educational action research: A critical approach. The SAGE handbook of educational action research, 74-84.
[18] Central Statistical Office (2010). Population census Zambia 2010. Lusaka, Central Statistical Office, Zambia.
[19] Challinor, A. J., Watson, J., Lobell, D. B., Howden, S. M., Smith, D. R., & Chhetri, N. (2014). A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 4(4), 287-291.
[20] Chen, H. T. (2006). A theory-driven evaluation perspective on mixed methods research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 75-83
[21] Chigunta, Francis & Chisanga, Benson & Masiye, F. (1998). ‘Will the poor always be with us? Campaign Against Poverty Reduction. Lusaka.
[22] Creswell, J. (2003) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and missed methods,
[23] Creswell, J. W. (1999). Mixed-method research: Introduction and application. In Handbook of educational policy (pp. 455-472). Academic press.
[24] Creswell, J. W. (1999). Mixed-method research: Introduction and application. In Handbook of educational policy (pp. 455-472). Academic press.
[25] Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
[26] Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[27] Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
[28] Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. SAGE publications.
[29] Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (1994). Research design.
[30] Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. (1st ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[31] Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[32] Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E. (2003). Advanced mixed methods research designs. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 209(240), 209-240.
[33] Creswell, J.W., (2009). Mapping the field of mixed methods research.
[34] Creswell, John W. (2009): Third Edition Research Design – Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage publications Ltd. London.
[35] CSO (2010). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Lusaka, Central Statistics Office
[36] Denzin, N. K. (2000). Aesthetics and the practices of qualitative inquiry. Qualitative inquiry, 6(2), 256-265.
[37] Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU), (2005). The Zambia National Disaster Management Policy. Lusaka: Office of the Vice-President. [Accessed on 12 October 2019].
[38] FAO. (2005). FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission to Swaziland, Special report, June 2005.
[39] FAO. (2008). World Food Crisis. New York: United Nations.
[40] Ferguson, J., (1999). Expectations of modernity: myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian Copperbelt (Vol. 57). Univ of California Press
[41] Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research methods. Bloomsbury Publishing.Grbich, C. (2012). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Sage. Guba, E. (1990) The Paradigm Dialog, Sage, California.
[42] Gleadow, A. W., & Lovering, J. F. (1989). Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 4. Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescales. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geosciences Section, 79(2), 155-182.
[43] Greene J & Caracelli V (Eds) (1997). Advances in Mixed-Method Evaluation: The Challenges and Benefits of Integrating Diverse Paradigms, Jossey-Bass Inc., San Francisco.
[44] Gregory P. J., Ingram J.S.I and. Brklacich M., (2005). Climate Change and Food Security. Phil. Trans.R. Soc. B 360, 2139–2148.
[45] GRZ. (2007). The National Adaptation Programme on Action, Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natiral Resources.
[46] Guba E (1990). The Paradigm Dialog, Sage, California. Green, P. F., Duddy, I. R., Laslett, G. M., Hegarty, K. A.,
[47] Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(163-194), 105.
[48] Hammersley, M., & Traianou, A. (2012). Ethics and educational research. London: British Educational Research Association.
[49] Hegerl, G. C., Zwiers, F. W., Braconnot, P., Gillett, N. P., Luo, Y., Orsini, J. A. M., … & Planton, S. (2007). Understanding and attributing climate change.
[50] Henning, E., Smit, B. and Van Rensburg, W. (2004). Finding your way in qualitative research. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
[51] Herbert, W., Seliger, H. W., Shohamy, E. G., & Shohamy, E. (1989). Second language research methods. Oxford University Press.
[52] Hinds, D. (2002). Research instruments. In The researcher’s toolkit (pp. 57-58). Routledge.
[53] Hofstee, E.J., 1987. TBR en TBS: de TBR in rechtshistorisch perspectief (Doctoral dissertation, Arnhem: Gouda Quint).
[54] Ingram J.S, Ericksen P and Liverman D., (2010). Food security and global environmental change. Earthscan.
[55] Ingram, J.S.I., Gregory, P.J. and Izac, A.M., (2008). The role of agronomic research in climate change and food security policy. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 126(1-2), pp.4-12.
[56] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[57] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),.(2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policy Makers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds)]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[58] International Association of Community Development. 2005. The Yaonde Declaration: The Role of Community Development in Building Civil Society in Africa. Retrieved online on 15/03/2013 from http://www.iacdglobal.org.
[59] IPCC, (2001). Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.
[60] IPCC. (2007a).Changing climate patterns 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
[61] IPCC. (2007b).Changing climate patterns 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Changing climate patterns. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
[62] IPCC. (2007c). Changing climate patterns 2007: Mitigating the effects of changing climate patterns. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Changing climate patterns. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
[63] Ivankova, N.V. and Creswell, J.W., (2009). Mixed methods. Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction, 23, pp.135-161.
[64] Jain S., 2007. An empirical economic assessment of impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zambia: Policy research working paper, World Bank development research group.
[65] Jain, A.K., Flynn, P. and Ross, A.A. eds., 2007. Handbook of biometrics. Springer Science & Business Media.
[66] Kabubo‐Mariara, J. (2008, May). Climate change adaptation and livestock activity choices in Kenya: An economic analysis. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 131-141). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
[67] Kanyanga, J. K. (2008). Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Atmospheric Transport over Southern Africa (Doctoral dissertation, PhD thesis, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg).
[68] Kinnick, M. K., & Kempner, K. (1988). Beyond “front door” access: Attaining the bachelor’s degree. Research in Higher Education, 29(4), 299-318.
[69] Klassen, C., & Burnaby, B. (1993). “Those who know”: Views on literacy among adult immigrants in Canada. Tesol Quarterly, 27(3), 377-397.
[70] Kombo, D.K. and Tromp, D.L.A. (2006). Proposal and Thesis Writing. Nairobi: Pauline Publications Africa.
[71] Kothari, C. R. (2009). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers.
[72] Kvale, S. (1996). The 1,000-page question. Qualitative inquiry, 2(3), 275-284.
[73] Leichenko, R.M. and O’brien, K.L., 2002. The dynamics of rural vulnerability to global change: the case of southern Africa. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 7(1), pp.1-18.
[74] Mafwela, B. and Muloongo, A. H. (2010). A comparative study on Fertiliser Support Program (FSP) and Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) regarding the impact on food security in Monze and Mazabuka districts of Zambia. Unpublished CSPR report.
[75] Maree, K. (2007). First steps in research Pretoria, Van Schaik
[76] Mason, J. (2002). Researching your own practice: The discipline of noticing. Routledge.
[77] Moore, G. (2001). Corporate social and financial performance: An investigation in the UK supermarket industry. Journal of Business ethics, 34(3), 299-315.
[78] Morgan, D. L. (1998). Practical strategies for combining qualitative and quantitative methods: Applications to health research. Qualitative Health Research, 3, 362-376.
[79] Morton, J.F., (2007). The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 104(50), pp.19680-19685.
[80] Msabila, D. T., & Nalaila, S. G. (2013). Research proposal and Dissertation writing: Principles and practice. Dar es Salaam: Nyambari Nyangwine Publishers.
[81] MTENR, (2007). Formulation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change. Lusaka: Ministry of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources.
[82] Mudzonga, E., & Chigwada, T. (2009). Agriculture, Future Scenarios for Southern Africa: A Case Study of Zimbabwe’s Food Security. International Institute for Sustainable Development.
[83] Muswazi M.T. Kanhukamwe, O., and Bird, A. (2001) Research Methods in Physical Education Module PES 303. Zimbabwe Open University. Harare.
[84] Mwanaumo, A., (1999), June. Agricultural marketing policy reforms in Zambia. In Workshop on agricultural transformation in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.National Research Council (US). Transportation Research Board. Committee for the National Tire Efficiency Study, 2006. Tires and passenger vehicle fuel economy: informing consumers, improving performance (Vol. 286). Transportation Research Board.
[85] Nasuirma D.K, (2000).Survey sampling theory and methods. University of Nairobi press
[86] Neumann, R. (2014). Making political ecology. Routledge.
[87] Nunan, T. (1999). Graduate qualities, employment and mass higher education (Doctoral dissertation, HERDSA).
[88] Obasi, I.O. and Uwanekwu, G.A., 2015. Effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria. J. Agric. Econ. Rural Dev, 2, pp.22-25.
[89] O’Brien, K.L. and Leichenko, R.M., (2003). Winners and losers in the context of global change. Annals of the association of American geographers, 93(1), pp.89-103.
[90] Oluoko-Odingo A., (2006). Food security and poverty among small scale farmers in Nyando district, Kenya. PHD Thesis, University of Nairobi.
[91] Ornstein, A. C. & Hankins, F. (1993). Curriculum: Foundations, Principals, and Theory. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[92] Orodho, A.J, Waweru, P.N, Ndichu.,& Nthinguri (2013). Basic education in Kenya: Focus on strategies applied to cope with school-based challenges inhibiting effective implementation of curriculum. International Journal of Education and Research. Vol 1.No.11 November, 2013 pp1-10.www.ijern.com.
[93] Orodho, A.J. (2009a). Elements of Education and Social Science Research Methods: Maseno, Kenya: Kanezja Publishers.
[94] Orodho, A.J. (2014).The equity and quality of free day secondary education (FDSE) Policy in Kenya: What is the unfinished business in the financial management. International Journal of Current Research.Vol.8. Issue 03(March, 2014) 5582-5591. http://www.journalcra.com.
[95] Orodho, A.J. 2009b. Techniques of Data Analysis Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Computer Package. Maseno, Kenya: Kanezja Publishers.
[96] Orodho, A.J. 2012. Techniques of Writing Research proposals in Education and Social Sciences: Maseno, Kenya: Kanezja Publishers.
[97] Orodho, A.J., Waweru, P.N., Getange,K.N & Miriti, J.M.2013.Progress towards attainment of education for All (EFA) among nomadic pastoralists: Do home-based variables make a difference in Kenya?
[98] Osbahr, H., Twyman, C., Adger, W.N. and Thomas, D.S., (2008). Effective livelihood adaptation to climate change disturbance: scale dimensions of practice inMozambique. Geoforum, 39(6), pp.1951-1964.
[99] Ostry, A. S., Rose, A., Enns, J. and Miro, A. (2010). Food for thought: the issues and challenges of food security. Vancouver, B.C.: Provincial Health Services Authority.
[100] Owusu, K. and Waylen, P.R., (2013). The changing rainy season climatology of mid-Ghana. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 112(3), pp.419-430.
[101] Ozor N., Madukwe M.C., Onokala P.C., Enete A., Garforth C.J., Eboh O., Ujah O., Amaechina E., (2010). A Framework for Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Nigeria. A Development Partnerships in Higher Education (DelPHE) 326 Project Executive Summary supported by DFID and implemented by the British Council; Enugu; African Institute for Applied Economics.
[102] Pandey, V. C., Pandey, D. N., & Singh, N. (2015). Sustainable phytoremediation based on naturally colonizing and economically valuable plants. Journal of cleaner Production, 86, 37-39.
[103] Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative social work, 1(3), 261-283.Pewo (1985)
[104] Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., Hungler, B.P. (2001) Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilisation (5th edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
[105] Porter, J. R., Xie, L., Challinor, A. J., Cochrane, K., Howden, S. M., Iqbal, M. M., … & Travasso, M. I. (2014). Food security and food production systems.
[106] Price, J. H., & Murnan, J. (2004). Research limitations and the necessity of reporting them. American journal of health education, 35(2), 66.
[107] Proctor, S. (1998) Linking philosophy and method in the research process: the case for realism. Nurse Researcher 5:4, 73–89.
[108] Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol3.No.21, 2013 pp54-67.www.iiste.org .
[109] Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. W. (2013). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Routledge.
[110] Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 15(4), 13-32.
[111] Rwegoshora, H., M. M. (2006). A Guide to social science research.
[112] Rÿser, R.C., (2012). Indigenous and traditional knowledge. Encyclopedia of Sustainability, 5, pp.1-15.
[113] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Pearson education.Schumacher & McMillan, 1989
[114] Shields, P. M., & Rangarajan, N. (2013). A playbook for research methods: Integrating conceptual frameworks and project management. New Forums Press.
[115] Shields, Patricia M. and Rangarajan, Nandhini (2013). A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press.
[116] Sianungu, P., (2015). The implications of climate variability and change on rural household food security in Zambia: experiences from Choma district, southern province (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
[117] Sichingabula, H. M. (1995) The Climate System and Climate Change; Global Warming, Drought and Desertification in Zambia. Paper Presented on 23-24th June 1995 at Intercontinental Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia.
[118] Sichingabula, H. M. (1998) “”Rainfall Variability, Drought and Implications of its Impacts on Zambia, 1886- 1996″ in Water Resources Variability in Africa during the XXth Century ” International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 252: 125-134.
[119] Sidhu, R. K. (2006). Universities and globalization: To market, to market. Routledge.
[120] Sikanwe, N.S. (2014) ‘Climate Change’s Impact on Zambian Elephants.’ Retrieved from http://www.times.co.zm on 22/09/2019.
[121] Singh J and Dhillon S.S., (1987) Agricultural Geography. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd
[122] Singh J and Dhillon S.S., (1987). Agricultural Geography. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd.
[123] Smit, B. and Skinner, M.W., (2002). Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: a typology. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 7(1), pp.85-114.
[124] Sowunmi, F.A., and Akintola, J.O. (2010). Effect of Climate Variability on Maize Production in Nigeria. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 2(1): 19-30
[125] Stake, R. E., Easley, J. A., & Anastasiou, C. J. (1978). Case studies in science education (Vol. 1). Center for Instructional Research and Curriculum Evaluation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Strydom and Venter, 1996
[126] Switzer, G. E., Wisniewski, S. R., Belle, S. H., Dew, M. A., & Schultz, R. (1999). Selecting, developing, and evaluating research instruments. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 34(8), 399-409.Tashakkori, A., & Creswell, J. W. (2007). The new era of mixed methods. Journal of mixed methods research, 1(1), 3-7.
[127] Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Applied Social Research Methods Series (Vol. 46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[128] Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003). Hand book of mixed methods in social and behavioural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
[129] Terre Blanche, M. Durkheim, & K., Painter, D. (2006). Research in Practice.Palmason, A. (2001). Human Development Report 2001: UNDP report focuses on role of technology in advancing development and reducing poverty. IMF Survey, 30(016).UNDP, 2008
[130] Vogel, D.J., (2005). Is there a market for virtue?: The business case for corporate social responsibility. California management review, 47(4), pp.19-45.
[131] Wambua, B. N. (2008). Food security in semi-arid areas: An analysis of socio-economic and institutional factors with reference to Makueni District, Eastern Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
[132] Wambua, B.N., (2008). Food security in semi-arid areas: An analysis of socio-economic and institutional factors with reference to Makueni District, Eastern Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
[133] Wilson, G. A. (2001). From productivism to post‐productivism… and back again? Exploring the (un) changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers, 26(1), 77-102.WIPO, 2012, http://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/, 05.06.2020
[134] World Bank Group, (2016). World development report 2016: digital dividends. World Bank Publications.
[135] Yin, R. K. (1992). The case study method as a tool for doing evaluation. Current sociology, 40(1), 121-137
[136] Zambia National Adaptation Programme Action. (2016). Adverse impacts of climate change and development challenges: Integrating adaptation in policy and development in Zambia. Lusaka: Mimeo.
[137] Zohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and Reporting Findings. Theory & practice in language studies, 3(2).
[138] Zohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and Reporting Findings. Theory & practice in language studies, 3(2). Accessed on 12/09/2022
[139] ZVAC, (2008). Southern province rapid flood impact assessment report, January, Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee, Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Office of the Vice-President, Lusaka

Bornface Mafwela, Prof. Dominic Byarugaba (PhD), Prof. John Bwalya (PhD), “An Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change Pattern on Food Security and the Coping Strategies of the Rural Communities in Monze District of Zambia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.393-415 February 2022 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2022.6219

Download PDF

An Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change Pattern on Food Security and the Coping Strategies of the Rural Communities in Monze District of Zambia